Review Paper on VANET

International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing
Vol. 9, No. 4 (2016), pp.325-334
http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2016.9.4.29
ISSN: 2005-4262 IJGDC
Copyright 2016 SERSC
A Review on Trust Model in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
Pallavi Agarwal1
and Neha Bhardwaj2
1
Research Scholar, CSE & IT Dept., Madhav Institute of Technology & Science,
Gwalior, India
2
Assistant Professor, CSE & IT Dept., Madhav Institute of Technology & Science,
Gwalior, India
1
pallaviagarwal015@gmail.com, 2
bhardwaj.neha08@gmail.com
Abstract
In vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs), the applications mainly focused on the road
challenging subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which empowers smart transmission
among vehicles and between vehicles and roadside frameworks. It is an optimistic
methodology for the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). There are numerous difficulties to
be tended while utilizing VANET. It is flexible and has a high dynamic topology and
flexibility which makes the conventional MANET protocols unacceptable for VANET.
Trust is a principal element which is used to create a trustful environment to improve the
security in vehicular networks. Trust can be calculated by observing the human behavior
which creates a trusted communicating environment. In this paper, we define the
architecture of VANET, then the communication establishment and various challenges.
Some trust models had been defined in this paper to enforce honest information sharing
between communicating nodes. Trust establishment is compulsory among communicating
vehicles to build a secure messages exchange and reliability.
Keywords: VANET, V2V, V2I, Challenges, Trust models, Security
1. Introduction
Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a newly emerged technology, which is utilized
to set up a communication among the vehicles. It provides the communication among
vehicles to vehicles and vehicles to roadside units within the short range of 100 to 300 m.
In a VANET every node communicates by sharing data of traffic jam and accidental alerts
while driving. It put an extra effort to enhance the condition of road related system like
collision detection & avoidance, traffic visibility system, message sharing and crash
reporting, all these bodily functions must be done safely. The primary intention of made
system is to satisfy reliable delivery of the entire message among the nodes (vehicles).
Vehicles should follow traffic pattern and road limit to avoid accident. The malicious
node can create many problems which can generate false messages like wrong
information of traffic jam and an accident.
2. Architecture of VANET
Current vehicles are frequently planned as LAN, with the capacity to unite different
implanted PCs, which can impart among themselves and in addition with different
vehicles by means of various remote associations. The VANET is accordingly being
utilized as a part of numerous business applications like giving efficient direction of data
to alternate vehicles, advising the drivers about the activity conditions, mischance, street
conditions, etc. For this reason the VANET utilizes sensor gadgets to monitor the network
conditions, for example, vibration, weight, movement, temperature and sound. Each

Vol. 9, No. 4 (2016)
326 Copyright 2016 SERSC
sensor is prepared for social event huge information and transmits the data to others.
These sensor devices are very little, ease and can be sent in a substantial number on the
network. In VANET, such type of radio communication vehicles to vehicles is complex
[1].
The two main reasons are:
1. The atmosphere in which the vehicles move has numerous radio reflective surfaces.
2. Vehicles go at a high range of speeds, bringing about disturbance of radio
communication.
Figure 1. Architecture of VANET
VANETs consist of Road-Side unit (RSU), On-Board unit (OBU) and Trusted
Authority (TA). RSU is based on infrastructure which is fixed node and all the messages
are transferred by the RSU to all the vehicles within its range. It also helps the vehicles to
connect to the internet. OBU is a sensor which is located in the vehicles to collect all the
data from the surroundings. Its main function includes reliable message transfer and
routing information. Trusted Authority is a third party which provides security to the
network. Certificate authority provides the keys and certificates to the vehicles or RSUs
and authenticates the vehicles for the secure communication. All the messages are
encrypted with the keys provide which is generated by the TA and also identify an attack
performed.
2.1. Communication
Basically, in VANET vehicular communication are three types:
2.1.1. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (V2V): In V2V, vehicles can communicate
to exchange the information within the range. It includes the information regarding the
number of people in
There is no need of any roadside unit and allow vehicles to communicate directly.
2.1.2. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication (V2I): In V2I, vehicles can
communicate with the roadside unit which is fixed. RSU is placed within the specified
range at the corner of the road and enables higher data rates. RSU is connected to the
internet which provides various facilities related to the entertainment.

Vol. 9, No. 4 (2016)
Copyright 2016 SERSC 327
2.1.3. Infrastructure-to-Infrastructure Communication (I2I): In I2I or Hybrid
communication, it offers communication between RSUs or RSU and Base Stations. It
mainly increases the communication range and connects all the vehicles in the network
[2] [3].
2.2.Roles of Vehicle
There are different roles that are played by the vehicles:
2.2.1. Event reporter (ER): The vehicle senses the surrounding and then transmits the
alarm messages to other neighboring vehicles. It should be trustful, so that every vehicle
can trust them.
2.2.2. Event Observer (EO): The behavior of the event messages of ER is observed by
the vehicles within one hop.
2.2.3. Event Participant (EP): All the vehicles beyond one hop of an event reporter can
receive and forward the event messages. The behavior of the event participants are not
possible to identify.
Figure 2. Role of Vehicles
3. Challenges in VANET
There are numerous difficulties that should be tended to while making such system.
One of the difficulties confronting unarranged systems is the topology of the system
changes quickly. Vehicles in a VANET have a high level of versatility. The average time
of direct communication of two vehicles is approximately one minute. Another drawback
restricting the widespread adoption of ad hoc networks is many of the protocols used for
802.11 are centralized and new distributed algorithms must be developed.
The 802.11 standard provides a limited ad hoc mode with the independent basic
service set (IBS) configuration but it is sufficient for vehicular ad hoc networks.
Furthermore, wireless communication is unreliable. The error rate in a wireless network is
much higher than Ethernet. All of the issues make implementing a VANET difficult.
Although the attributes of VANET recognize it a different network, however a few
qualities forces a few difficulties to convey the VANET [4].
3.2.Technical Challenges
The technical difficulties manage with the technical snags which should to be
determined before the deployment of VANET. A few difficulties are given below:

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Network Management: The network topology and channel condition change quickly due
to high mobility. Because of this, we cannot set up and manage the structure as quickly as
the topology change.
Congestion and Collision Control: The unlimited size of a network creates a major
challenge. In rural area, the traffic load is low and also at night in the rural area. Because
of this, the network segments as often as possible happens while in surge hours the
activity burden is high and thus the network is congested and a collision happens in the
network.
Environmental Impact: VANETs use the electromagnetic waves for transferring the
messages from one to another. These waves are controlled by the earth. Hence the
environmental impact must be examined to deploy the VANET.
MAC Design: VANET for the most part utilize the shared medium to convey hence the
MAC outline is the key issue. Numerous methodologies have been given like TDMA,
SDMA, and CSMA and so on. IEEE 802.11 embraced the CSMA based Mac for VANET.
Decentralized: The network has no centralized infrastructure and the vehicles can enter
or exit the network at any time. There are also less possibilities of not interacting with the
previous vehicles in future again.
Cost: New communication standards have been introduced for the vehicular
communication. It requires extra hardware modules on vehicles which increase the cost
for the consumers.
Security: As VANET gives the road safety applications which is life basic in this manner
security of these messages must be fulfilled.
3.3.Social and Economic Challenges:
Apart from the technical difficulties to convey the VANET, social and economic
challenges should to be considered. It is hard to persuade producers to fabricate a system
that passes on the activity signal infringement on the grounds that a purchaser may reject
such kind of checking. Then again, purchaser values the notification message of a police
trap. So to persuade the maker to convey VANET will get short incentive.
3.4.Security in VANET:
VANET must fulfill some security prerequisites before they are transferred. A security
system in VANET should fulfill the following necessary condition [5]:
Authentication: Authentication guarantees that the message is produced by the honest to
legitimate client. In VANET a vehicle responds upon the information originated from the
other vehicle consequently authentication must be fulfilled.
Availability: Availability obliges that the data must be accessible to the real clients. It
blocked the entire network to affect the services. DOS Attacks can cut down the network
and hence information can't be shared.
Non-Repudiation: Non-repudiation implies a node can't deny that he/she doesn't transmit
the message. It might be pivotal to focus the right arrangement in accident reproduction.

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Privacy: The privacy of a node against the unauthorized node should be ensured. This is
obliged to eliminate the message delay attack.
Data Verification: A generally confirmation of data is obliged to take out the false
messaging.
4. Applications in VANET
The aim of VANET is to improve driving experience and the safety of transportation.
By frequently broadcasting and receiving messages, vehicles are aware of their
surrounding road situations. The drivers can react to events happen on the road by these
messages in advance. Even in some urgent cases, the OBU can make the decision (stop or
change the lane) automatic. There are many applications used in VANET, which are
mainly classified into two parts: safety-related and user application.
4.1. Safety-Related Applications
This type of application can significantly decrease the number of accidents. Normally,
vehicles travel at very high speed, especially on the highways. Drivers have very short
time to react to the car crashes in front. If an accident occurs, then the vehicles behind it
often crash before they stop on the highway. Safety applications should give warning to
drivers in advance, so that they can change the lanes or stop, thus avoiding accidents. The
application should supply driver, the road situation and choose the best path for the driver.
This could prevent road
noticed that the security for this type of application is mandatory; even a tiny mistake can
cause serious consequences.
4.2. User Applications
User application provides drivers with information (e.g., gas station), online-payment,
entertainments and advertisements. For instance, if a driver wants to know the location of
the cheapest price gas station, he/she can get the information by sending a request to the
nearby RSU. After receiving this request, RSU checks from Internet and echoes it to the
vehicle. Security is also required but not as much important as in safety-related
application.
5. Trust
Trust is the key element in creating a trusted vehicular environment which promotes
security in vehicular networks. Trust is either in human behavior or in the deployed
hardware, where both form a trusted communicating environment. Few trust models had
been introduced to enforce honest information sharing between communicating nodes [8]
[6]. Current trust management schemes for VANETs establish trust by voting on the
reports received. This is time consuming for time critical applications and not practical in
real life especially in dense areas.
5.1. Trust Models in VANET
As shown in Figure 3, [6] there are three main trust models: entity-oriented trust
models, data-oriented trust models, combined trust models.
Entity-oriented trust models focus on the trustworthiness of peers. It is divided into
sociological trust model and multifaceted trust management model. The sociological trust
model is based on the principle of trust and confidence tagging. 1) Situational trust
depends on the node's situation. 2)
trust depends on the system security level. 4) Belief formation process is the evaluation of

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data based on the previous factors. The multi-faceted trust management model allows
vehicles to inquire the event by requesting other entities. 1) Role based trust depends on
the role a node plays in society, e.g. police car. It gives higher priority to vehicles which is
having lower roles. 2) Experience-based trust is built between nodes after several
interactions. 3) Priority based trust gives a higher priority to vehicles with a higher
experience value.
Figure 3. Trust Models in VANET
Data-oriented trust models depend on evaluating the trustworthiness of the transmitted
data. In such models, there is no long-term trust relationships between nodes are formed.
1) Data-centric trust establishment evaluates the trustworthiness of the reported data
rather than the trust of the entities. 2) Detect and correct is based on detecting and
correcting the malicious data in VANETs.
Combined trust
them. 1) Opinion piggybacking is when each
node appends its opinion to the message before forwarding it. 2) Pre Authenticated anchor
nodes are previously predefined nodes and are regarded as trustworthy. 3) Trust-based
message propagation and evaluation framework in vehicular ad-hoc networks [8], is when
nodes share information regarding road condition or safety messages and others provide
their opinions.
6. Literature Survey
Jorge h. et al. [9], proposed a watch dog algorithm with an interruption identification
system for building the trust administration. In that source node sends messages to the
neighbor's node and shows that node with ids. It forwards those messages and keeps its
trust value in trust table generally that diminishing trust estimation of that node. The
disadvantage of this strategy is to make crash in the system, and show that node until that
forward or drop. It has contained the huge checking history of the neighbor's node in the
event that it has expanded the number of neighbor nodes.
Cong. et al. [11], proposed Crowed sourcing capacities which take into account
occurrence reports in V2V correspondence and forward to those vehicles. It is used in
assessing the dependability value for vehicles. Worldwide perspective can telecast for the
individual vehicles trust value in CSC. Future work incorporates security, protection and
overhead issues.
Subir b. et al. [10], proposed an id-based proxy signature techniques by using ECDSA
for security. An ID-based technique offers a verification of a certificate-less public key,
while a proxy signature provides message authentication flexibilities. This strategy is

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good for authentication and trust management in VANET which is highly dynamic and
untrustworthy as it is able to avoid potential security threats.
Tahani g. et al. [12], proposed a Markov chain model for setting up trust
administration. This model considers not just the conduct of hub in the element trust
metric yet that screenings all imperatives movement of that hub. Every vehicle regarded
as checking upgrading trust metric tables of its neighbor nodes has a place that conduct.
Making trouble and childish vehicles related to this system. It utilizes time interim and
number of moves with different hubs in trust administration. This framework utilizes
stretch and a trust, an advanced framework for trust model. In this worldwide trust ought
not be set up which is future extent of this component.
Yu-Chih w. et al. [13], proposed roadside unit (RSU) and guide based trust
administration framework to enhance well being and security area. This procedures
maxim is a speedy message conclusion and keep sending and sending from the inner
vindictive hub. This method takes choice rapidly and gives supposition in less time. The
downside of this system is not ready to contrast, trust, esteem and another node.
Felix g. et al. [14], proposed a view of TRIP (Trust and Reputation base based
proposition) calculation for activity dissecting. TRIP distinguishes malevolent and
childish hub, which spreading fake or false data in the system. The message and
movement are cautioning message sent to another hub that checks notoriety and reliable
estimation of that hub. On the off chance that hub is noxious than reject and drop bundles
from those hubs/autos. Fluffy rationale arranges and sorts trust esteem according to
operational and commercial messages. Notoriety score is registers with three
information's: past experience, encompassing vehicles and suggestion of the focal power.
Three sorts of trust qualities: Not trust-dismiss all bundles, +/ - trust-acknowledge yet not
forward and trusted-acknowledge and forward. The disadvantage of this instrument is
difficult to keep up trust esteem and the conduct of hub and we can't recognize the hub is
straightforward or vindictive.
Qing d. et al. [15], proposed repudiation based filtering model for bogus messages. The
role based notoriety component is utilized to decide approaching message is critical and
dependable to the drivers/autos. It improves trust for vehicular system. This method
incorporates arbitrary way point which is not an adequate strategy for notoriety. In future
we can infer fluffy rationale for figuring notoriety esteem for an occasion.
Tahani g. et al. [16], proposed hybrid trust model for decides trust metric. Two terms
utilized for checking trust: participation with different vehicles in the system and telecast
true blue information. Fluffy based calculation used to choose the genuineness of vehicles
and sift through vindictive vehicles. One trusted neighbor to issue CA in the PKI is
disseminated among number of vehicles. Reliable quality is ascertained through checking
helpfulness of screen vehicles and forward computed trust to neighbor vehicles.
Yi-Ming c. et al. [17], proposed Beacon-based trust administration (BTM) systems
keep the inside aggressors from sending false or fake messages in protection upgrade in
the system. Secure reference point based trust convention is utilized to assess immediate
and backhanded trust administration plan. Direct trust in dependability esteem and round
about trust sentiment transmitted from various vehicles. Dempster Shafer proof
hypothesis are utilized for numerical calculation.
Chaung et al. [18], the first mistrustful node becomes trustful and authenticated, it
obtains the sufficient authorized parameter, so it can authorize other mistrustful nodes.
The problem is, if an adversary node was authenticated as trustful, it may misuse this trust
gained to authorize and authenticate other misbehaving nodes. A user is allowed more
than one identity in the network.
Sumra et al. [19], states that if trusted node A communicates with node B safely, then
node B becomes trusted. Thus it provides chain of trust between the communicating
groups of nodes. The drawback of this protocol is the first communicating node with the
new comer node will always be the victim. Moreover, in vehicular environment nodes are

Vol. 9, No. 4 (2016)
highly dynamic, continuously leaving a group and joining a new group. Thus a malicious
node can join a new group that has no idea about its bad history and deceive nodes in this
new group.
Sumra et al. [20], it depends on a 16 digit secret code to ensure a secure key renewal.
The main drawback of this solution occurs at the entry point where client and service
provider authentication task is performed, the channel could be congested when the
number of users increases, e.g. in a highway.
Kapil et al. [21], proposed a trust based scheme for location finding in VANETs using
DST. The technique is able to evaluate the trust based location finding when evidence is
less. The simulation and results show that the proposed work can effectively find the
trustworthy location. It proved the efficacy of the proposed scheme and makes it attractive
and viable for VANET. Future work aims to perform experiments to evaluate its
performance in other message categories in a realistic environment for VANET.
Ming et al. [22] in this paper proposed a decentralized lightweight authentication
scheme called TEAM to protect valid users in VANETs from malicious attacks. The
amount of cryptographic calculation under TEAM was substantially less than in existing
schemes because it only used an XOR operation and a hash function. Moreover, TEAM is
based on the concept of transitive trust relationships to improve the performance of the
authentication procedure. In addition, TEAM has a few storage spaces to store the
authentication parameters.
7. Conclusion
In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET), trust establishment among communicating
vehicles is important to be built to secure messages exchange and reliability. We clearly
presented an application of VANET and identify the many challenges in this environment.
It is very dynamic network so it is vulnerable to attacks which should be taken into
consideration in the security section. In this survey, we mention some existing trust
models for different contexts, and point out their issues when being taken to the VANET
domain. We present a list of important properties that should be archived by trust
management for VANET, setting a specific outcome for researchers in this area.
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