RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle With Laser Beam Arrangement

RF Controlled Robotic
Vehicle with Laser Beam
Arrangement

http://www.edgefxkits.com/
RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with
Laser Beam Arrangement
Introduction
 The project is designed to control a robotic vehicle by using a RF
technology for remote operation. A low power laser light is interfaced for
demonstrating the possibilities of destroying a distant object by its beam.
An 8051 series of microcontroller is used for the desired operation. At the
transmitting end using push buttons, commands are sent to the receiver
to control the movement of the robot either to move forward, backward
and left or right etc. At the receiving end two motors are interfaced to the
microcontroller where they are used for the movement of the vehicle.

Block Diagram

Hardware Requirements
 8051 series Microcontroller
 Push Buttons
 RF module
 Encoder
 Decoder
 Motor driver IC
 DC motors
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Diodes
 Batteries
 Laser Pointer

Software Requirements
 Keil compiler
 Languages: Embedded C or Assembly

Microcontroller 8051
 Microcontroller 8051 is designed in 1980’s by Intel.
 It is a computer on chip type.
 It is 40 pin dip type ic.
 It is designed for performing special type operation to do specific jobs.

Microcontroller 8051
 It has four sets of i/o pins which can be used both input and output
operations.
 It contains four ports.
 Each port contains 8 pins.
 The pin configuration is shown below

Pin diagram of 8051

Pin diagram of 8051
 Pins 1-8:it is said to be port 1 and it is used for input/output
operations.
 Pin 9 is a reset pin.
 Pins 10-17: it is port 3 is also used for input/output operations but
specially it has alternate operations
 Pin 10(RXD): - Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial
synchronous communication output.

Pin diagram of 8051
 Pin 11(TXD): Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial
synchronous communication clock output.
 Pin 12(INT 0):Interrupt 0 input.
 Pin 13(INT 1);Interrupt 1 input.
 Pin 14(T0):Counter 0 clock input.
 Pin 15(T1):Counter 1 clock input.

Pin diagram of 8051
 Pin 16(WR): Write to external (additional) RAM.
 Pin 17(RD):Read from external RAM.
 Pin 18 to 19(X1,X2):Internal oscillator.
 Pin 20(GND):Ground
 Pin 21-28(port 2): I/P or O/P port when no external memory is used.
In case external memory is used, the higher address byte.

Pin diagram of 8051
 Pin 29 (PSEN): Program Store Enable.
 If external ROM is used for storing program then a logic zero (0)
appears on it every time the microcontroller reads a byte from
memory
 Pin 30 (ALE): Address Latch Enable
 Pin 31 (EA): Enable Access.
 To use program from an ext. memory(Logic zero), to use program
from both int. as well as ext. memory (logic 1).

Pin diagram of 8051
 Pin 32-39 (port 0): -I/P or O/P when ALE is low and lower order
address byte when ALE is high.
 Pin 40(Vcc): +5v power supply.

RF Transmitter and
Receiver RF modules are normally divided into three groups, RF
transmitter module
 RF receiver module and RF transceiver module
 433MHz ASK transmitter and receiver is used for the remote
control.

RF Transmitter Module
Working
 An RF transmitter module is connected to the transmitter unit with the
help of an encoder device.
 The push buttons of the transmitter are connected to the
microcontroller as input switches.
 The commands are transferred to a receiver that controls the
movement of the robot either in forward, backward, left or right
directions corresponding to the buttons that are pressed on the
transmitter end.

RF Transmitter Module
Working An RF receiver is connected to the receiver end with the help of a
decoder device.
 The two motors are interfaced to the microcontroller through a motor
driver IC wherein they are used to move or change the directions of the
moving robotic vehicle.

Features of
RF  Range in open space(Standard Conditions) : 100 Meters
 RX Receiver Frequency : 433 MHz
 RX Typical Sensitivity : 105 Dbm
 RX Supply Current : 3.5 mA
 RX IF Frequency : 1MHz
 Low Power Consumption

Features of
RF
 Easy For Application
 RX Operating Voltage : 5V
 TX Frequency Range : 433.92 MHz
 TX Supply Voltage : 3V ~ 6V
 TX Out Put Power : 4 ~ 12 Dbm

Robotic Vehicle Working
 The robot is controlled by an RF remote wherein the commands are sent by
the transmitter
 Based on these commands, the receiver controls the directions of the robot.
 A laser beam is mounted on the robot's body whose operation is carried out
by the microcontroller output through an appropriate signal from the
transmitting end.
 The low power laser light used in this project is employed just for
demonstration purpose only because high power ones are dangerous to use.

HT 12
ENCODER
 Operating voltage is 2.4V~12V for the HT12E.
 Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
 Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at VDD=5V
 HT12A with a 38kHz carrier for infrared transmission medium
 Minimum transmission words are Four words for the HT12E
 Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor

HT 12
ENCODER
 Data code has positive polarity
 Minimal external components
 HT12A/E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

HT12
DECODER
 Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V.
 Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology.
 Low standby current.
 Capable of decoding 12 bits of information.
 Binary address setting.

HT12
DECODER
 Address/Data number combination for HT12D: 8 address bits and 4
data bits.
 Valid transmission indicator
 Minimal external components
 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package

MOTOR DRIVER
(L293D)
 Wide supply-voltage range: 4.5V to 36V
 Separate input- logic supply
 Internal ESD protection
 Thermal shutdown
 High-Noise-Immunity input

MOTOR DRIVER
(L293D)
 Functional Replacements for SGS L293 and SGS L293D
 Output current 1A per channel (600 mA for L293D)
 Peak output current 2 A per channel (1.2 A for L293D)
 Output clamp diodes for Inductive Transient suppression(L293D)

L293D Description
 L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC).
 In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven
simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction.
 The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at
pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15.
 Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10
will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.

L293D Description
 Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be
high for motors to start operating.
 When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled

DC- MOTOR
 A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC)
electricity.
 In any electric motor, operation is based on simple
electromagnetism.

DC- MOTOR
 A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet
or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a
magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).
 Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature),
stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes.

BC547 (NPN –
Transistor) The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor.
 It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547
series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
 The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of the
device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β).

BC547 (NPN –
Transistor)
 The current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is
called Alpha, (α), and is a function of the transistor itself

Working Principle
 A low power laser light is interfaced for demonstrating the possibilities
of destroying a distant object by its beam.
 An 8051 series of microcontroller is used for the desired operation.
 At the transmitting end using push buttons, commands are sent to the
receiver to control the movement of the robot either to move forward,
backward and left or right etc.
 At the receiving end two motors are interfaced to the microcontroller
where they are used for the movement of the vehicle.

Working Principle
 The RF transmitter acts as a RF remote control that has the advantage
of adequate range (up to 200 meters) with proper antenna.
 While the receiver decodes before feeding it to another
microcontroller to drive DC motors via motor driver IC for necessary
work.
 A laser pen is mounted on the robot body and its operation is carried
out from the microcontroller output through appropriate signal from
the transmitting end.

Working Principle
 The laser light used is just for demonstration purpose and not a
powerful one.
 Further the project can be enhanced using DTMF technology.
 Using this technology we can control the robotic vehicle by using cell
phone.
 This technology has an advantage over long communication range as
compared to RF technology.

Conclusion
 RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with Laser Beam Arrangement , This project is
designed to control a robotic vehicle by using a RF technology for remote operation.
A low power laser light is interfaced for demonstrating the possibilities of
destroying a distant object by its beam. An 8051 series of microcontroller is used for
the desired operation.

RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle With Laser Beam Arrangement

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