Risk Management and Safety

Risk Management and Safety
Camp Auburn Safety Annex
971 Camp Auburn Road
Auburn University, Alabama
AC CIDENT
1
I NVESTIGATION

What is an Accident
 An unintended happening, mishap.
 Most often an accident is any unplanned event that
results in personal injury or in property damage.
 The failure of people, equipment, supplies or
surroundings to behave or react as expected causes
most accidents.
2

Types of Accidents
 Minor Accidents
Accidents that cause minor injury/illness, requiring
little or no treatment or property damage.
 Serious Accidents
Accidents that cause lost time cases, visits to the local
emergency room, accidents where victims are
hospitalized, an accident involving a fatality, or
damage to equipment and/or property.
3

 Near Miss
An unplanned event that interrupts the completion of
an activity which directly involves the workers and
does not result in personal injury, illness or in
property damage.
4
Types of Accidents

Causes and Contributing
Factors of Accidents
 Accident Causation Model
5

 Task
 Ergonomics
 Safety work procedures
 Condition changes
 Process
 Materials
 Workers
 Appropriate tools/materials
 Safety devices (including lockout)
6

 Material
 Equipment failure
 Machinery design/guarding
 Hazardous substances
 Substandard material
7

 Environment
 Weather conditions
 Housekeeping
 Temperature
 Lighting
 Air contaminants
 Personal protective equipment
8

 Human Factor
 Level of experience
 Level of training
 Physical capability
 Health
 Fatigue
 Stress
9

 Management/Process Failure
 Visible active senior management support for
safety
 Safety policies
 Enforcement of safety policies
 Adequate supervision
 Knowledge of hazards
 Hazard corrective action
 Preventive maintenance
 Regular audits
10

Who Should Perform the
Accident Investigation?
 Supervisor
 Minor accidents
 Near Misses
 Trends i.e., slip, trips, and falls
 RMS
 Serious accidents
 Trends i.e., struck by
11

Purpose of Accident
Investigation
 Determine the sequences of events leading to
failure.
 Identify the cause of the accident.
 Find methods to prevent accident from recurring.
Investigation is not intended to place blame.
12

Be Prepared
 Accident Investigation Kit - Preparing a kit of
necessary forms and tools will help you be more
effective once your investigation begins. Keep the
kit where it is easily accessed.
 Accident investigation forms
 Accident Statements
 Interview Question forms
 Graph Paper
 Other forms and worksheets, as applicable (or
can be accessed online when needed)
13

 Barricade tape
 Camera
 Flashlight
 Pens/pencils
 Rubber gloves
 Sample bags or
containers with labels
 Tape measure
 Personal protective
equipment
 Safety glasses
 Hearing protection
 Gloves
 Steel-toed shoes
(dependent upon
location)
 Hard hat (dependent
upon location)
 Coveralls
14
Be Prepared

Initial Response
(Serious Accident)
 Get the first aid kit and assist the victim following
accepted standards of care, if trained to do so.
Otherwise, wait for emergency medical services to
arrive.
 Do not move the victim unless it is absolutely
necessary (e.g. the building is on fire, there are
hazardous fumes in the area, etc.)
 Turn off any equipment or power switches that
need to be turned off.
 Do not move anything in the area.
15

 Make a note of the people involved that will need to
be interviewed later.
 Use barricade tape or other means to block off the
area.
 Notify your departmental safety representative,
management, and RMS at 844-4870.
 Employees and students should be directed to
return to work to reduce interference with rescue
workers and to prevent secondary accidents.
 Make sure an On the Job Injury Claim is completed
and filed. 16
Initial Response
(Serious Accident)

 Get the first aid kit and assist the victim following accepted
standards of care, if required.
 Turn off any equipment or power switches that need to be
turned off. Do not move anything in the area.
 Make a note of the people involved that you will want to
interview later.
 Notify your departmental safety representative and
management.
 Get your accident investigation kit and begin your
investigation.
 Make sure an On the Job Injury Claim is completed and filed.
17
Initial Response
(Minor Accident)

Principal Questions to be
Answered
18

WHO?
 Who was working with him/her?
 Who else witnessed the accident?
 Who else was involved in the accident?
 Who is the employee's immediate supervisor?
 Who rendered first aid or medical treatment?
19

WHAT?
 What was the injured employee’s explanation?
 What were they doing at the time of the accident?
 What was the position at the time of the accident?
 What is the exact nature of the injury?
 What operation was being performed?
 What materials were being used?
 What safe-work procedures were provided?
20

 What personal protective equipment was used?
 What PPE was required?
 What elements could have contributed?
 What guards were available but not used?
 What environmental conditions contributed?
 What related safety procedures need revision?
 What hours were the employee or student
working?
 What ergonomic factors were involved?
21
WHAT?

WHEN?
 When did the accident occur?
 When did the employee or student start work?
 When did the employee begin employment or
student begin classes?
 When was job-specific training received?
 When did the supervisor last visit the job?
22

WHY?
 Why did the accident occur?
 Why did the employee or student do what he/she
did?
 Why did co-workers or other students do what they
did?
 Why did conditions come together at that moment?
 Why was the employee or student in the specific
position?
 Why were the specific tool/equipment selected?
23

WHERE?
 Where did the accident occur?
 Where was the employee or student positioned?
 Where were eyewitnesses positioned?
 Where was the supervisor at the time?
 Where was first aid initially given?
24

HOW?
 How did the accident occur?
 How did the employee or student get injured
(specifically)?
 How could the injury have been avoided?
 How could witnesses have prevented it?
 How could witnesses have better helped?
 HOW COULD THE ACCIDENT HAVE BEEN
PREVENTED?
25

Facts and Physical Data
 Scene
Before objects are moved, cleaned, or removed,
record the scene as it was at the time of the accident.
26

 Take Photos!
Take pictures of the accident area from different
angles and distances to preserve the scene for later
review. Take a shot of the general area, a closer shot
of the object involved in the accident, and a close up
shot of any detail which might be important. It may
be helpful to place an object, such as a ruler or pencil,
of known size into the picture to show proportion.
27

 Sketch the Layout
Using graph paper, make a sketch of the objects in
the area and their locations. Use a tape measure to
note the actual distances between objects for exact
reference. Remember to include vertical
measurements as well as horizontal. Check the entire
area (ceiling, walls, equipment, and floor) for signs of
damage or disturbance, or which may in any way be
related to the accident. Be thorough!
28

 Document Conditions
Slips and trips are one of the most common accidents
at Auburn University, and therefore an accident
investigation is always recommended. As you are
gathering data at the scene, if a slip or trip hazard is
suspected, use the Slip and Trip Worksheet to record
conditions and help identify contributing and root
causes.
29

 Sequence of Events
You will also want to begin to establish the sequence
of events leading up to the accident. Identify the key
events involved. Begin by recording the accident.
Work your way backwards to fill in events leading up
to the accident based on witness statements and
interviews. This information can be referred to later
when determining contributing causes and identifying
the root cause.
30

 People
It will be necessary to talk to people who were involved in the
accident, a witness to the accident, or who were involved in the
reporting and response to the accident. First, identify such
persons and have them write their account of what happened as
soon as possible. The more time people have to discuss the
accident, the more their account may be influenced by other's
accounts and memory retention. Interview witnesses separately.
The accident statement form is used to record witness,
supervisor, and the injured employee or student accounts. You
will need to have several copies on hand to accommodate all
involved.
31

 Employee/Student Statement
As soon as feasibly possible, have the injured/ill
employee(s) or student(s) complete an accident
statement regarding the circumstances leading up to
the accident and what happened that resulted in the
injury/illness. The employee or student should state in
his/her own words what happened. Explain that this
type of paperwork is routine in accident
investigations.
32

 Witnesses
It is important to have all witnesses to the accident
complete an accident Statement so that information
can be reviewed later for consistencies in each
account. The witnesses should state in their own
words what they witnessed, and be encouraged to
include as much detail as possible, whether they feel
it is relevant or not. Explain that this type of
paperwork is routine in accident investigations.
33

 Supervisor
Often the supervisor is the first person notified of an
accident. He or she should complete an accident
Statement regarding details of notification and actions
taken. The supervisor may also be able to provide
information regarding earlier behavior, activities of the
person(s) involved in the accident, or related
personnel issues.
34

After all statements have been taken, the investigator
(RMS, Safety Supervisor as applicable) should review them
for consistencies/inconsistencies and common themes or
unique information. This will help the investigator
determine who will need a follow up interview and what
questions will need to be asked. Use the Interview
Questions form to write down what questions will be asked
for the face-to-face interview. Not all questions must be
written down since many will arise based on what
information is provided at the time of the interview;
however, all responses should be documented.
35

 Paperwork - There may be existing documentation that you
may need to review to determine what policies, practices,
protocols, training, and assessments are already in place.
Review the following, as appropriate.
 Written policies related to the activities of personnel
 Related health and safety programs
 Hazard assessment forms or monitoring results
 Training records
 Disciplinary action or counseling of the employee or
student injured
 Operator's manual if machinery or equipment was
involved
 Written standard operating procedures (SOP) 36

 Parts
Parts involved in an accident can be any material,
machine, equipment, or structure involved. Identify
"parts" to be further investigated and use the Parts
Worksheet to identify areas of concern. For
complicated systems, technical experts, manufacturer
representatives, or inspectors may need to be
involved in the review.
37

The first priority is to preserve the evidence. Do not
move objects or remove components until interviews
and pictures have been taken and all parties that will
be involved in the investigation are present and agree
to proceed. In serious incidences involving
manufactured products, parts or components may be
taken as evidence for legal purposes, and a chain of
custody may be required to prove that parts and
components have not been tampered with. You must
notify RMS of investigations involving outside
manufacturers, inspectors, or other representatives.
38

Data Analysis
The purpose of analyzing the data is to identify all of the
causes for which a corrective action is possible.
Management must review and select the corrective
action(s) most likely to be effective (i.e. the root cause),
beneficial (i.e. contributing causes), cost-effective, and
acceptable, and implement them.
There are a variety of accident investigation and analysis
techniques available, some of which are more complicated
than others and may require specialized training. There are
benefits and limitations associated with every method. This
program provides techniques that most investigators can
use immediately.
39

 Sequence of Events and Contributing Causes
Fill out the Sequence of Events and Contributing Causes flow
chart. You will need to consider the event in each rectangle and
ask if there was some reason (i.e. contributing cause) which
caused the event to be present or to occur. As you fill it in, you
will begin to see where you need more information and what
questions will need to be answered during interviews and
analysis.
Once all of the events and conditions have been filled in, review
the chart to identify the event or condition which could have
prevented the accident had it been controlled or did not occur.
There may be more than one causal factor. Further investigation
of events or conditions may be necessary.
40
Data Analysis

 Fishbone Diagram
For more complicated accidents involving various elements, it
may be helpful to use the Fishbone Diagram to identify ideas
regarding contributing causes. Both tools guide you through the
process of considering various aspects and causes by providing
categories to brainstorm on or common questions to ask.
To use the Fishbone Diagram, first state the problem in the form
of a "why" question to help stimulate ideas. The investigator or
team should agree on the statement of the problem. The "bones"
or branches of the diagram are categories that can be changed
or modified to suit your subject matter.
41
Data Analysis

Suggested categories include:
 People
 Policies
 Procedures
 Processes
 Machinery
 Materials
 Environment (facilities, weather, noise, lighting,
etc.)
 Technology
42
Data Analysis

Consider each category when brainstorming causes
for the problem statement. Write the cause along the
vertical line connected to the related category. The
investigator or team should review the causes to
determine which one(s) warrant further investigation.
43
Data Analysis

 The Guide for Identifying Causal Factors and
Corrective Actions is relatively self-explanatory, and
also provides possible corrective actions to
consider. Simply go through the list of questions in
the "Causal Factors" column and identify all
possible contributing causes. Once you have
answered all of the questions, you may want to
further investigate each causal factor to identify the
root cause. Lastly, note the corrective action(s) to
be taken in the last column.
44
Data Analysis

 Change Analysis
 This technique emphasizes change to correct
the problem.
 Examination of deviations from the norm are
scrutinized.
 Consider all problems to result from some
unanticipated change.
 Analyze the changes to determine its cause.
45
Data Analysis

 Use the following steps in this method:
 Define the problem (What happened?).
 Establish the norm (What should have
happened?).
 Identify, locate, and describe the change
(What, where, when, to what extent).
 Specify what was and what was not affected.
 Identify the distinctive features of the change.
 List the possible causes.
 Select the most likely causes.
46
Data Analysis

 Ergonomic Issues
Certain activities, such as lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling,
or repetitive motion, may have been involved in the
accident. The following worksheets can be useful in
gathering certain information for further analysis. It is
recommended that you consult with RMS for a complete
and effective analysis where these activities are potentially
contributing or root causes.
 Lifting Strain Worksheet
 Carrying Worksheet
 Pushing/Pulling Worksheet
47
Data Analysis

 Behavior Analysis
Studies indicate that 90-95% of all accidents have a
human performance causal factor. This is not to say
that the person is at fault 90-95% of the time! It
simply means that a person's behavior and attitudes,
along with the culture of the workplace, are common
elements which can influence or contribute to the
cause of an accident. Where human performance is
suspected as a contributing or causal factor, further
investigation is warranted.
48
Data Analysis

Begin by filling in the Behavior Analysis Chart. Start
with the second column (i.e. the physical behavior
that resulted in injury or illness). Next, investigate all
possible things or events (i.e. antecedents) which may
have triggered the behavior. Last, for each trigger or
antecedent, evaluate the persons' perception of the
consequences to identify areas that may need
intervention or correction.
49
Data Analysis

This evaluation will involve three factors:
 Significance - whether the person perceives the
consequence as positive (+) or negative (-).
 Timing - whether the person believes that the
consequence will occur sooner (s) rather than
later (l).
 Consistency - whether the person perceives the
consequence as certain (c) or uncertain (u).
50
Data Analysis

Example: An employee was injured and sent to the hospital
because he operated a chop saw without a guard.
51
Data Analysis
Triggers (2) Behavior (1) Consequences (3) Evaluation (4)
1. Needed to get the
job done
Operated chop saw
without guard
1. Save time and get
job done
+, s, c
2. Everyone else uses
it that way
2. Will fit in with
others
+, s, c
3. "It won't happen to
me" attitude
3. Gets the job done.
Fit in
+, s, c
4.Operating
procedure was
unclear
4. Injury -, l, u

Once the triggers and consequences have been
identified and evaluated, you should use the Behavior
Analysis Worksheet to determine why the triggers
were present and why the consequences were
perceived as they were. This will provide you with
contributing causes, which can be reviewed to
determine the root cause.
52
Data Analysis

Root Cause(s)
 5 Why
Once you've identified contributing causes and/or
causal factors using one of the methods above, the
next step involves investigating why they occurred
and determining the root cause(s). (Note: It is now
generally accepted that there may be more than one
root cause to a problem.) Again, there are many
methods for determining the root cause, and all have
their limitations; however, one of the simplest
methods is the "5 Why" technique. By repeatedly
asking the question "why?" you can sort through the
layers of symptoms that lead to the root cause. 53

To complete the "5 Why" method, write down the
specific problem on the form (i.e. contributing cause,
causal factor, or the accident itself) to help formalize
and describe it. Next, ask why the problem happens
and write the answer below the question. If the
answer just provided doesn't adequately identify the
root problem, ask why again and write down that
answer. Repeat this process until you have identified
the root cause and the team is in agreement. Asking
why five times is a good rule of thumb; however, you
may only need to ask why three or four times (or six
or seven) to get to the root of the problem. 54
Root Cause(s)

 Causal Factors & Root Causes Worksheet
Another convenient tool to use when identifying
contributing and root causes is the Causal Factors &
Root Causes Worksheet. This worksheet provides you
with a list of common causes grouped by categories.
After you have completed your data gathering and
analysis, the possible causes can be checked off (on
the left) and reviewed to identify contributing causes
(check the box in the “CC” column) and the root
cause(s) (check the box in the "Root" column).
55
Root Cause(s)

Corrective and
Preventative Action(s)
Depending on the situation, there may only be one corrective
action identified to address the root cause, or there may be
several corrective actions that need to be taken to address other
root or contributing causes. The Corrective and Preventative
Actions form can be used to list those causes which require
additional action. Once the corrective or preventative action has
been identified, it should be assigned a due date and a
responsible person to coordinate completion. This form should be
reviewed periodically to ensure progress and eventually close out
the action item by filling in the completion date. At this point, the
accident is considered "closed".
56

Investigation Report
 An accident investigation is not complete until a
report is prepared and submitted to the proper
authorities.
 Suggestion of items to include in your report.
57

 Background Information
 Where and when the accident occurred
 Who and what were involved
 Operating personnel and other witnesses
 Account of the Accident (What happened?)
 Sequence of events
 Extent of damage
 Accident type
 Agency or source (of energy or hazardous
material)
58

 Discussion (Analysis of the Accident - HOW; WHY)
 Direct causes (energy sources; hazardous
materials)
 Indirect causes (unsafe acts and conditions)
 Basic causes (management policies; personal
or environmental factors)
59

 Recommendations (to prevent a recurrence) for
immediate and long-range action to remedy:
 Basic causes
 Indirect causes
 Direct causes (such as reduced quantities or
protective equipment or structures)
60

Summary
 Get help for the injured.
 Survey the scene.
 Secure the scene (initiate interim controls).
 Collect evidence.
 Analyze data (review past investigations).
 Determine causes (scientific methods).
 Follow up (eliminate hazards).
62

Case Studies
 Texas Tech University (CSB)
 Yale University (OSHA Investigation)
 Yale University (Alumni Magazine)
 UCLA (DIR Investigation Report)
 UCLA (C&EN)
63

John has to change a fluorescent bulb in a ceiling fixture. The
ceiling is twelve feet from the floor. John hurriedly selects the
seven foot fiberglass step ladder from those present in the tool
shed. Even though John has been trained differently he stands
on the top rung to reach the light fixture. Bob was holding the
replacement bulb for John and reported that as John struggled
with the bulb removal the ladder slipped and John fail to the
floor.
What is the root cause of the accident?
64
Activity

Activity
A. The top rung of a ladder should not be used.
B. The ladder was not long enough
C. The ladder was not secure
D. There is not enough information to determine the root cause.
65

Question 1
An accident is
A. An unintended happening, mishap.
B. An unplanned event that results in personal injury or in
property damage.
C. The failure of people, equipment, supplies or surroundings
to behave or react as expected causes most accidents.
D. Any of the above
67

A near miss is an unplanned event that interrupts the completion
of an activity which directly involves the workers and does not
result in personal injury, illness or in property damage.
A. True
B. False
68
Question 2

Causes and contributing factors of accidents include tasks,
material, environment, personnel, and management
A. True
B. False
69
Question 3

The Supervisor investigates which type of accidents?
A. Minor accidents
B. Near Misses
C. Trends
D. All of the above
70
Question 4

The purpose of accident investigation is to determine who was at
fault.
A. True
B. False
71
Question 5

The first priority regardless of the type of accident is to assist the
victim?
A. True
B. False
72
Question 6

In accident investigation the principal questions to be answered
are who, what, why, when, where, and how?
A. True
B. False
73
Question 7

Before objects are moved, cleaned, or removed, record the scene
as it was at the time of the accident by:
A. Taking photos
B. Sketching the scene
C. Documenting site conditions
D. All of the above
74
Question 8

Interviews should be conducted as soon as possible and of the
following:
A. Accident victim(s)
B. Supervisor
C. Witnesses
D. All of the above
75
Question 9

It is important to establish the sequence of events leading up to
the accident.
A. True
B. False
76
Question 10

The purpose of analyzing the data is to identify all of the causes
for which a corrective action is possible.
A. True
B. False
77
Question 11

Once the corrective or preventative action has been identified, it
has been assigned a due date and a responsible person has been
identified to coordinate completion the accident investigation can
be considered closed.
A. True
B. False
78
Question 12

The investigative report should address:
A. Direct causes
B. Indirect causes
C. Basic causes
D. All of the above
79
Question 13

A student is using a table saw when the stock kicks back. There
is no injury or property damage. This is referred to as a
A. Minor accident
B. Reportable accident
C. A near miss
D. None of the above
80
Question 14

Question 15
An accident investigation is not complete until a report is
prepared and submitted to the proper authorities.
A. True
B. False
81

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