Role of computer and its efficiency in management.pptx
- 1. Role of computers in research Important characteristics 1. Speed: computers can perform calculations in just a few seconds that a human beings would need weeks to do. 2. Storage: end number of data can be stored in the computer and retrieved when needed. Whereas a human mind can remember limited information and unimportant data can be forgot sometimes. 3. Accuracy: the computer’s accuracy is consistently high. Almost without exception, the errors in computing are due to human rather than to technological weakness. i. e. due to imprecise thinking by the programmer or due to inaccurate data or due to poorly designed system.
- 2. 4. Automation: the computer programmes are automatic in nature. Individual instructions to perform which programme is needed [email protected] 1 5. Diligence: being a machine computer does not suffer from human traits of tiredness and lack of concentration. A computer can perform n number of calculations continuously with the same accuracy and speed
- 3. Computers in Research The computers are indispensable throughout the research process. The role of computer becomes more important when the research is on a large sample. Data can be stored in computers for immediate use or can be stored in auxiliary memories like floppy discs, compact discs, universal serial buses (pen drives) or memory cards, so that the same can be retrieved later. The computers assist the researcher throughout different phases of research process
- 4. Phases of Research Process There are five major phases of the research process. They are: 1) Conceptual phase 2) Design and planning phase 3) Empirical phase 4) Analytic phase and 5) Dissemination phase
- 5. 1) Role of Computer in Conceptual Phase The conceptual phase consists of formulation of research problem, review of literature, theoretical frame work and formulation of hypothesis. 2) Role of Computers in Literature Review: Computers help for searching the literatures (for review of literature) and bibliographic references stored in the electronic databases of the world wide webs. It can thus be used for storing relevant published articles to be retrieved whenever needed. This has the advantage over searching the literatures in the form of books, journals and other news letters at the libraries which consume considerable amount of time and effort.
- 6. 3) Role of Computers in Design and planning phase Design and planning phase consist of research design, population, research variables, sampling plan, reviewing research plan and pilot study. Role of Computers for Sample Size Calculation: Several softwares are available to calculate the sample size required for a proposed study. The standard deviation of the data from the pilot study is required for the sample size calculation
- 7. 3) Role of Computers in Empirical phase Empirical phase consist of collecting and preparing the data for analysis. Data Storage: The data obtained from the subjects are stored in computers as word files or excel spread sheets. Making necessary corrections or editing the whole layout of the tables if needed, which is impossible or time consuming incase of writing in papers. Thus, computers help in data entry, data editing, data management including follow up actions etc. Computers also allow for greater flexibility in recording the data while they are collected as well as greater ease during the analysis of these data. In research studies, the preparation and inputting data is the most labor-intensive and time consuming aspect of the work. Typically the data will be initially recorded on a questionnaire or record form suitable for its acceptance by the computer.
- 8. Computers also allow for greater flexibility in recording the data while they are collected as well as greater ease during the analysis of these data. In research studies, the preparation and inputting data is the most labor- intensive and time consuming aspect of the work. Typically the data will be initially recorded on a questionnaire or record form suitable for its acceptance by the computer. To do this the researcher in conjunction with the statistician and the programmer, will convert the data into Microsoft word file or excel spreadsheet. These spreadsheets can be directly opened with statistical software for analysis.
- 9. 4) Role of Computers in Data Analysis This phase consists of statistical analysis of the data and interpretation of results. Data Analysis: Many softwares are now available to perform the ‘mathematical part’of the research process i.e. the calculations using various statistical methods. Softwares like SPSS, STATA, Excel, SPS and R are some of the widely used. They can be like calculating the sample size for a proposed study, hypothesis testing and calculating the power of the study. Familiarity with any one package will suffice to carry out the most intricate statistical analyses. Computers are useful not only for statistical analyses, but also to monitor the accuracy and completeness of the data as they are collected.
- 10. 5) Role of Computers in Research Dissemination This phase is the publication of the research study. Research publishing: The research article is typed in word format and converted to portable data format (PDF) and stored and/or published in the World Wide Web.
- 11. Computer application in research • Model processing • Sample size calculation • Managing missing data • Performing computations • In estimating accurate p-value • Data analysis and interpretation
- 12. Computer application in research Software Packages• SPSS – Statistical Package for Social Sciences• SAS – Statistical Analysis Software• Medcalc – Medical calculation
- 13. Performing calculation at the speed of light• Data analysis concerning large research projects• Huge storage of data• Faster retrieval• Added quality to research activity• Trial and error process frequently employed Can easily calculate computation of means, SD, correlation coefficients, ‘t’ tests, analysis of variance, multiple regression and various nonparametric analyses• Multivariate analysis can be computed• Only work of researcher is to feed in the data
- 14. Facilitate research work• Innumerable data can be processed and analyzed with greater ease and speed• Results obtained are accurate and reliable• Pictorial graphing and reporting Data organisation and coding• Storing the data• Selection of appropriate statistical measures/techniques• Selection of appropriate software package• Execution of the computer program
- 15. Use of statistical Software Package Microsoft Excel, SPSS SAS Stata R
- 16. Microsoft Excel History This is part of the Microsoft Office suite of programs. Excel version 1.0 was first released in 1985, with the latest version Excel 2016. Good points Extremely easy to use and interchanges nicely with other Microsoft products Excel spreadsheets can be read by many other statistical packages Add on module which is part of Excel for undertaking basic statistical analyses Can produce very nice graphs Bad points Excel is designed for financial calculations, although it is possible to use it for many other things Cannot undertake more sophisticated statistical analyses without purchase of expensive commercial add ons. Availability Most computers come with Microsoft software already installed. For blue-plated (UniSA) computers, contact the IT Help Desk to install the latest Microsoft office software. For your own computer, you can always purchase Microsoft Office from a retail store.
- 17. SPSS SPSS stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. It was one of the earliest statistical packages with Version 1 being released in 1968, well before the advent of desktop computers. It is now on Version 23. Good points Very easy to learn and use Can use either with menus or syntax files Quite good graphics Excels at descriptive statistics, basic regression analysis, analysis of variance, and some newer techniques such as Classification and Regression Trees (CART) Has its own structural equation modelling software AMOS, that dovetails with SPSS Bad points Focus is on statistical methods mainly used in the social sciences, market research and psychology Has advanced regression modelling procedures such as LMM and GEE, but they are awful to use with very obscure syntax Has few of the more powerful techniques required in epidemiological analysis, such as competing risk analysis or standardised rates Availability SPSS is available on blue-plated (UniSA) computers. If it is not on the one that you use, then contact the IT Help Desk to install it. Staff are allowed to use SPSS at home for a cost of $10. Unfortunately, students have no home use rights, but can purchase a pretty much full version called a Premium Grad-pack with a 2-year license for approximately $250 from Hearne software.
- 18. SAS SAS stands for Statistical Analysis System. It was developed at the North Carolina State University in 1966, so is contemporary with SPSS. Good points Can use either with menus or syntax files Much more powerful than SPSS Commonly used for data management in clinical trials Bad points Harder to learn and use than SPSS Availability Health Sciences has a Division licence for SAS 9.4M3 which is available for the Division’s staff and students. To organise installation contact the IT Help Desk. SAS also has a free version SAS University, details are available here: http://www.sas.com/en_us/software/university- edition.html
- 19. Stata Stata is a more recent statistical package with Version 1 being released in 1985. Since then, it has become increasingly popular in the areas of epidemiology and economics, and probably now rivals SPSS and SAS in it user base. We are now on Version 14. Good points Can use either with menus or syntax files Much more powerful than SPSS – probably equivalent to SAS Excels at advanced regression modelling Has its own in-built structural equation modelling Has a good suite of epidemiological procedures Researchers around the world write their own procedures in Stata, which are then available to all users Bad points Harder to learn and use than SPSS Does not yet have some specialised techniques such as CART or Partial Least squares regression Availability Stata can be downloaded onto blue-plated computers by contacting the IT Help Desk. Students can purchase a full copy with a perpetual license from the Australian distributors (Survey Design and Analysis) for about $200. The Division is currently examining licensing arrangements.
- 20. R S-plus is a statistical programming language developed in Seattle in 1988. R is a free version of S-plus developed in 1996. Since then the original team has expanded to include dozens of individuals from all over the globe. Because it is a programming language and environment, it is used by giving the software a series of commands, often saved in text documents called syntax files or scripts, rather than having a menu-based system. Because of this, it is probably best used by people already reasonably expert at statistical analaysis, or who have an affinity for computers. Good points Very powerful – easily matches or even surpasses many of the models found in SAS or Statas Researchers around the world write their own procedures in R, which are then available to all users Free! Bad points Much harder to learn and use than SAS or Stata Availability R can be downloaded from here: http://cran.csiro.au/