Role of infrastructure in economic development

Role of infrastructure in economic development

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  1 Table of Contents Contents............................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................2 Typesof Infrastructures..................................................................................2 Role of Economic and Social Infrastructure............................................... 2-3 Conclusion........................................................................................................4 References ........................................................................................................4
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  2 Role of InfrastructureinEconomic Development Introduction Infrastructure represents those types of capital goods that serve the activities of many industries included paved roads, railroads, seaports, communication networks, financial systems, and energy supplies – that all support production and marketing for industries within the country. Besides that, the quality of an Infrastructure directly affects a country's economic growth potential and the ability of an enterprise to engage effectively. They are basic essential services that should be put in place to enable development to occur. Socio- economic development can be facilitated and accelerated by the presence of social and economic infrastructures. If these facilities and services are not in place, development will be very difficult and in fact can be likened to a very scarce commodity that can only be secured at a very high price and cost. Types ofInfrastructure  Economic Infrastructures: Economic infrastructure is the combination of basic facilities which is helpful in economic development of an economy and businesses. It includes facilities of telecommunication, electricity, transportation, energy etc.  Social Infrastructures: Social infrastructure is the combination of basic facilities which are necessary for human development. It includes health (hospitals), education (school, colleges etc.) and housing. Both of these infrastructures are complementary to each other and are necessary for the overall development of an economy. ROLE OF ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE Economic infrastructure has played a very significantly positive role in the growth performance of countries in recent times. Where development of economic infrastructures has followed a rational, well - coordinated and harmonized path, growth and development has received a big boost. Examples are Korea and Japan. Where the growth of infrastructures has not followed such a rational and coordinated path, growth and development has been stunted. Examples can be found in most other LDCs. In most countries economic infrastructure includes public utilities such as power, telecommunications, piped water supply, sanitation and sewage, solid waste collection and disposal and piped gas as well as public works which include roads, major dam and canal works for irrigation and drainage, and other transport projects like urban and interurban railways, urban transport, seaports and waterways and airports. Normally infrastructure does three things: (1) It provides services that are part of the consumption bundle of residents;
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  3 (2) large -scale expenditures for public works increase aggregate demand and provide short- run stimulus to the economy; and (3) It serves as an input into private sector production, thus augmenting output and productivity. The provision of economic infrastructure can expand the productive capacity of the Improvements in maintenance- the so- called maintenance culture- would enhance the quality of existing infrastructure and give rise to a ‘vent for surplus. The development of projects such as railways, road, transport, telecommunications, gas, electricity, irrigation works, et cetera “entails large investments which are beyond the capacity of private enterprises “in LDCs. Better management of economic infrastructure would have positive output, income, and employment effects on the economy. Moreover, it will impact directly on the poor, thus reducing poverty. Greater supply elasticity of goods and lower production costs of DPAs (Development projects) should have an anti - inflationary effect. With domestic price levels falling, such an economy’s export competitiveness in international trade will ensure an improved balance of trade, balance of payments, and less foreign debt burden. THE ROLE OF SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE Education and health are social goods. It has an enormous importance therefore it is important for the state to provide the finance and other complementary resources for the take- off of such social infrastructural projects. The state necessarily has to operate or manage a social infrastructure, as well as it is necessary for the state to provide guidelines for and monitor its operation. Education is a very important source of economic growth as the Denison study shows. Even though education may be a social investment, it is also an economic investment since it enhances the stock of human capital. Denison’s conclusions on the economic contribution of education may be summarized in his own words: From 1929 to 1957 the amount of education the average worker had received was increasing almost 2 percent a year, and this was raising the average quality of labor by 0.97 percent a year, and contributing 0.67 percentage point to the growth rate of real national income. Thus, it was the source of 23 percent of the growth of total real national income and 42 percent of the growth of real national income per person employed…. Despite the controversies surrounding the contribution of human resource development to economic growth, it is clear that “programs of human resource development must be designed to provide the knowledge, the skills, and the incentives required by a productive economy”…… Human resource development may be a more realistic and reliable indicator of modernization or development than any other single measure. It is one of the necessary conditions for all kinds of growth –social, political, cultural, or economic.”
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  4 Thus, economic developmentis not possible without education and investment in human capital which is highly productive. The deregulation of the educational sector to allow for private sector participation is a trend in the LDCs. It has long been so in the developed economies of Europe and North America. It has the potential of increasing the number of educational institutions thus enhancing the capacity of the system to meet the adequacy and accessibility requirements of the society. The role of education as a social infrastructure and as a stimulant of growth and development can be enhanced only if it is qualitatively provided. Health, like education, is a very important argument in the socio- economic production function. A popular saying is that a sound mind usually resides in a healthy body. Health is one of the major determinants of labor productivity and efficiency. Again, since health as a social good provides externalities, large- scale health facilities can only be provided with public resources. Public health deals with the environment in which economic activities take place. If that environment were possible, it would allow accelerated growth and development. Public health measures include the improvement of environmental sanitation both in rural and urban areas, removal of stagnant and polluted water, slum clearance, better housing, clean water supply, better sewage facilities, control of communicable diseases, provision of medical and health services especially in maternal and child welfare, health education, and above all, for the training of health and medical personnel. Conclusion Those with the most to gain from infrastructure development are the poor. Investment in infrastructure is often considered as one of the most effective tools for fighting poverty. Access to infrastructure is essential for improving economic opportunities and decreasing inequality. For example, adequate transportation networks in developing countries could give the poor better access to schools, hospitals, and centers of commerce, which in turn would improve the education, health, and entrepreneurial opportunities that strengthen a country's economic potential. References 1. Denison Edward F., “Education, Economic Growth, and Gaps in Information”, Journal of Political Economy (Supplement), Vol. 70, no, 5 part 2 pp. 124- 128, October, 1962, p.127. 2. Frederick Harbison and Charles A. Meyers, (1974) Education, Manpower, and Economic Growth :( New Delhi; Galab Prilani, Oxford & IBH P ublishing Co,), pp.13- 14. 3. Jhingan M. L., op. cit, p.333. 4. Cesar Queiroz and Surhid Gautam, Road Infrastructure and Economic Development: Some Diagnostic Indicators, (World Bank, D.C. ,June 1992, WPS 921).