Role of non government organizations in disaster management

Role of non government organizations in disaster management

• 1.
  ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTORGANIZATIONS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT Introduction • “NGO‟s are Non – profit organizations or associations of private citizens with a common interest to assist the disaster affected people”. • NGOs play and important role in disaster response, mitigation, disaster reduction and recuse, coordination indifferent regions. • NGO response focused on emergency food relief, temporary shelter, emergency medical aid, debris removal and habitat restoration, trauma counseling, and raising families. • The shift is from a relief centric approach to a multi- dimensional endeavor involving diverse scientific, engineering financial and social processes to adopt a multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approach. • Provides support like health, education, water supply and sanitation, shelter and infrastructure, NGOs are active in responding to various disasters in different phases. • In the pre – disaster phase should include awareness generation, education, training, and formation of village level Task Force. Disaster Management Committees and Teams, development of Disaster Management Plans, conduct of mock drills, vulnerability assessment and coordination with Government and non-government agencies. • Play a key role in the immediate aftermath of disasters by extending assistance in rescue and first aid, sanitation and hygiene, damage assessment and assistance to external agencies bringing relief materials. • During the post disaster phase, the NGOs can take a lead by providing technical and material support for safe construction, revival of educational institutions and restoration of means of livelihood and assist the government in monitoring the pace of implementation for various reconstruction and recovery program me. • Restoration of livelihood, food security and nutrition, environment, etc., • NGOs have also started to collaborate with corporate entities in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives in the field of DM at State, District and Sub-district levels. • NGOs are organizations registered under various Indian laws such as the Societies Registration Act, 1860, Section 25(1) of Companies Act, 1956 meant for non-profit companies, or State- specific Public Charitable Trust Acts. • NGOs have also come together through networks, coalitions and alliances so as to offer value added humanitarian services, notable examples being Voluntary Health Association of India (VHAI), Voluntary Action Network India (VANI), Sphere India, Alliance for Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (AADRR), and Confederation of Voluntary Associations (COVA). Objective and importance of NGOs with regard to disaster NGOs can be different size, with different area of operation and different fields of expertise. Though organised in nature and unorganised in character, the NGO sector covers a whole range of activities, through its various types of organization. Some major types of NGOs are given as under.
• 2.
  NGOs with dedicatedfield operations and resource backup These are large organization, such as the international national Red Cross society have specific areas in which they carry out field operations. They have access to large resource bases and have the capability to extend material, financial, as well as technical support and resource from all over the world and come to the rescue of the affected persons almost immediately. Development technology related NGOs These are involved in developing and propagating development technologies, such as Sulabh international, which has renowned activities in the field of low cost sanitation. These NGOs are active in times of peace, carrying out their development projects, and can be called upon at times of emergency du to natural disaster for providing the affected community with immediate physical infrastructure that they may require. When in non-disaster times their services are useful for retrofitting in areas of building technology, so as to minimize death and destruction in future disaster. Opportunities Numerous opportunities that are provided by the NGOs, as given below, which need to be optimally utilized.  Setting up a Functional NGO Coordination Platform during non – emergency times will ensure that appropriate coordination happens during response operations and development interventions.  NGO institutional arrangements need to be made in order to collaborate in developing the roadmap for short, medium and long term operational strategies and plans.  Common accessibility to disaster affected areas can become a reality if NGOs engage with local bodies, district and State level disaster management focal points right from developing DM planning and operational strategies.  Focus on the most vulnerable needs to be the approach for responding to disasters as well as reducing disaster risks. Updated information should be maintained to support this.  Setting and Committing to Minim um standards by NGO: Ready and user – friendly instruments for humanitarian standards need to be adopted and contextualized as a collective initiative, along with transparency and accountability principles to be institutionalized at all levels. Challenges Key challenges and opportunities in disaster management need to be identified and steps taken for building synergy among Government and Non – Governmental Organizations (GO – NGO). Some of the challenges encountered while responding to disaster are the following:  Weak Coordination: Inadequate coordination among government officials and Civil Society humanitarian personnel results in weak response and suboptimal performance, as well as differences in the quality of inputs provided by different NGOs.  Brief time - spans for relief interventions: Many NGOs provide relief in the first 15 to 60 days, shut down the operations and move away without any linkage to long term rehabilitation and recovery of the disaster – affected communities.
• 3.
   Neglect ofremote and inaccessible disaster – affected areas: Inadequate physical access to the affected communities and officials hampers assessments, information coordination, convergence and sustained operations.  Tendency to rush to the epicenter of disasters: While the epicenters require special attention, it is also equally important to ensure that the peripheral areas impacted by disasters are not neglected or ignored while formulating intervention strategies.  Inadequate adherence to humanitarian standards and good practices:In general, there is a growing realization the global instruments setting minimum standards in disaster response have not been contextualized to India.  Inadequate transparency and accountability to donors and disaster affected communities: The process of disaster relief is sometimes seen as a charitable humanitarian activity which does not require the practice of transparency and accountability towards donors and disasters affected communities.  Neglect of Rural Urban Diversity and Primacy of Attention to Rural Areas: The humanitarian assistance is still primarily targeted towards rural areas and the diverse needs of vulnerable urban poor are often not addressed adequately.  Lack of clear exit strategy during transition: Most often, the scope and timeline of the response is not defined. When an NGO withdraws from the area, the communities are left to fend for themselves.  Advocacy Role of NGOs – “Do No Harm Approach”: Development projects, if not formulated with a comprehension of disaster risk and vulnerability profiles at the local levels, can increase disaster risk and vulnerability of people, assets, environment and their livelihoods. Fundamental Principles of DisasterResponse The following principles of ideal humanitarian response are largely aspirational and they reflect the good practices in humanitarian response in disaster contexts. Most governments and international, national and local level NGOs try to adhere to these principles while responding to disasters in their jurisdictions.
• 4.
  The Humanitarian Imperative: Neutrality: Transparencyand openness are key neutrality Impartiality (non-discrimination) Do no harm Accountability Participation of affected populations  Water and Sanitation Water and sanitation are critical infrastructure elements that are needed to mitigate disasters, and are also priority needs of a community in the aftermath of a disaster. Water and sanitation needs are more critical for women, as they are directly related to reproductive health. Major areas of work in the water and sanitation sector are based in the local context, and can be addressed by NGOs to a very significant extent. Systems should be promoted that help reduce vulnerabilities arising from poor access to water, poor water quality, poor access to toilets, vector problems, and inadequate solid waste management, sewerage and drainage. Excreta disposal is a significant source of water and sanitation related problems in the disaster context, and needs to be addressed. All these measures will be achievable in a sustainable manner only through adequate attention to the development of local human resource capacity through appropriate sensitization, education and training.  Shelter, Public Buildings and Infrastructure Making existing houses and public buildings safe from disasters is a crucial component of disaster mitigation, NGOs can play pivotal role in this by sensitizing local communities and training masons and construction workers, who are mostly in the informal sector, in multi – hazard resilient construction techniques. The first step has to be rapid assessment of structural safety of buildings, followed by retrofitting of vulnerable public buildings. Special strengthening of lifeline buildings such as hospitals, health centers, Role o NGO’s in Disaster mitigation Water & Sanitation Disabled friendly construction Shelter, public buildings and infrastructure Awareness
• 5.
  schools, disaster shelters,and buildings and infrastructure of emergency response agencies, including the restoration of amenities like power, water supply, etc., requires special attention. At the same time, ensuring future safety of new houses and public buildings will require research, documentation and communication of appropriate materials and technologies for disaster resistant construction. Promotion of transferable indigenous technologies with appropriate adaptation and promotion of local materials and skills, and low tech, low cost technologies is very important in this process.  Disabled – friendly Construction: During rehabilitation and reconstruction phases, NGOs should take care of the needs of PWDs. Basic design standards for designing and planning buildings and utilities for PWDs, as per prevailing Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) codes, must be adopted while constructing new buildings and utilities by NGOs. Non-structural mitigation is also a very important aspect of building safety, and can avoid a very large percentage of losses and casualties. This should include heavy and hazardous building content, hazardous materials stored or used in buildings, and material with potential of falling, dislodging, flying or floating that can cause injury and damage.  Awareness, Education and Capacity Building Information for mitigation purposes at community level has to be delivered in different forms, level of details and packaging for the various stakeholder groups, with a special focus on frontline workers. NGOs have a direct role in the sensitization, orientation, education and training of most of the local stakeholders, and an indirect role through advocacy for promoting education in higher and specialized levels. It should be designed to address the specific vulnerabilities of the local area, identify vulnerabilities and capacities, link local disaster management plans with development plans, and ensure disaster risk reduction mainstreaming in all development projects. Basic awareness and sensitization of the general public is also a primary need under disaster mitigation capacity building, and is a key area of work for NGOs. Awareness campaigns on safe construction and habitat development and on sustainable development and environment friendly lifestyles are important. Sensitization events, mass media campaigns, rallies, public advertisements, messages have to be used to reach out with these issues. Special messages on radio, television, and print media are also effective and should be used. The electronic and print media can play an extremely important role in this sensitization process by raising public awareness and also by providing accurate information about alert and early warning messages issued by the concerned nodal agencies. Education and sensitization of school children has widely been recognized as the basic building block for future risk reduction. This has to include understanding disasters, kinds of disasters, causes and impacts, vulnerability and capacity, and appropriate actions before, during and after disasters. Children also need to understand the role of various stakeholders and the steps to school safety and community safety. NGOs can influence formal education streams, and can take up informal education programmes to address this need. Education to higher – level students is also significant and needs to include specific disaster management education relevant to the stream of higher education. Disaster mitigation inputs need to be mainstreamed in study of architecture, urban and rural planning, natural resource management, different branches of engineering, different branches of medicine and health, social sciences, social work, media
• 6.
  and communications, andNGOs can take up advocacy and technical support work where needed and possible. Training to special skill holders is a context specific need that can be met very effectively by NGOs. Special skill training on disaster resistant technologies to masons and other construction workers, and health and education workers is very important. Attention needs to be paid to the inclusion of the women’s work force within all these sectors. Training to community volunteers, particularly those related to development fields such as education, livelihoods, health, water and sanitation is also very important and should be taken up by NGOs in the respective areas. NGOs will have a direct role in mobilizing, creating public awareness, providing capacity building interventions like imparting training to most of the local stakeholders including general public on DRR. NGOs will also play a major advocacy role for promoting education in DRR at higher and specialized levels. NGOs should also influence formal education streams, and take up informal education programmes for educating school children in disaster risk reduction. NGOs should complement and supplement the role of NIDM and the State. CBOs Local Residents Associations Interest Groups Ex-Rotary Club Association ofLocal Occupation Groups Religious Bodies