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Romanesque to Eclecticism
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- 3. TH • 11 th 12 and Century • WesternEurope • Contains elements of Early Medieval, Carolingian and Byzantine Art. • Derived from Roman Art.
- 4. 1. The RoundArch a. semi-circular – round arch whose intrados is a full semicircle GREAT BRITAIN, DURHAM, CATHEDRAL
- 5. • 1. TheRound Arc b. segmental – shallow arc; arc that is less than a semicircle PERSIMMON HOMES
- 6. • The RoundArch c. stilted –arc begins above the impost line ALHAMBRA, GRANADA, SPAIN
- 7. • The RoundArch d. horseshoe arch- also called moorish arc and keyhole arc The Reales Alcazares of Sevilla
- 8. • Mouldings andOrnamentations a. chevron – zigzag WORMS CATHEDRAL
- 9. • Mouldings andOrnamentations b. nailheads- series of small contiguous projecting pyramids Ross, St. Mary's Church, New County Wexford - Piscina
- 10. • Mouldings andOrnamentations c. billet – formed by series of circular, cylinders, disposed alternately with notches STRAGGLETHORPE
- 11. • Mouldings andOrnamentations d. lozenges – tongue-like prostrusions - diamond shape ROCHESTER
- 12. • Mouldings andOrnamentations e. cable – imitation of rope or cord BECKFORD
- 13. • Mouldings andOrnamentations f. star- also called chip-carved star, motive star flower, or saltire cross ALHAMBRA
- 14. • Capitals a. Cushion-modeled like a bowl -also called block cushion or cubic capital MICHAELSKIRCHE, HILDESHEIM
- 15. • Capitals a. Scalloped– each lunette is developed into several truncated cones. ST. PETER’S CHURCH
- 16. • Roofs -over hungthe walls for drainage purposes -supported by a cornice at the top of the wall (gutters) -stood upon corbels *corbel table – cornice & corbels
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- 18. • Ribbed Vault– vault in which the surface is divided into webs by a framework of diagonal arched ribs *vault – an arched brick or stone ceiling or roof
- 19. • Doorways - innerarch was filled by a stone slab called a TYMPANUM which acted as the focal point of the ornament ST. GERMANUS CHURCH CHURCH OF THE BLESSED KILPECK
- 20. FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE •Cathedrals - cruciform plan * Latin cross plan – nave is longer *Greek Cross Plan – four equal arms
- 21. FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE •Cathedrals - three horizontal stages a. Ground floor arcade b. Triforium arcade
- 22. FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE •Cathedrals -clerestory arcade – comprises a row of windows -towers and steeples were simple, wide, low, richly ornamented on all four faces with arcading
- 23. FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE •Monasteries -arrange around a quadrangle -sited just outside the city gates a. church b. cloister c. dormitory d. library e. almonry f. infirmary g. abbot’s lodging
- 24. FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE •Monasteries *Monastery of Saint-Martin-duConigou France, 1001-26
- 25. FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE •Castles - first called as keep -stood on hills -started as defense structure
- 26. FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE •Castles Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany Cardiffe Castle, England
- 27. FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE •Fortress - buildings or structures designed for the defense of territories
- 29. • 12TH –15TH Century • OPUS FRANGENICUM (French Work) • dating from after the Norman period but before the renaissance.
- 30. • Early Englishor Lancet -made use of plain quadripartite ribbed vault, slender tower with spires and butresses CATHEDRAL OF MILAN
- 31. • Early Englishor Lancet - windows were lancets - developed TRACERY *trefoil *quatrefoil *cinque foil CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL
- 32. • Decorated - twotypes of tracery a. geometric-motifs based upon the circle and its components parts b. curvilinear-complicated patterns
- 33. • Decorated - bartracery -stone vaulting 1. intervening ribs 2. lierne ribs SAINT SEVERIN, PARIS
- 34. • Perpendicular -horizontal paneldecoration (WAINSCOTING) -windows are vertically divided by MULLIONS -windows are horizontally divided by TRANSOMS -the head may be enclosed by obtuse arch or FOUR CENTERED ARCH
- 35. • Perpendicular -fan vaulting -timberroof -rose windows
- 36. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHICARCHITECTURE 1. Pointed arch- flexible than the round arch 2. Ribbed vaulting to fan vaulting 3. Thin pointed vaults supported by slender columns 4. Flying buttress- provide support at strategic positions
- 37. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHICARCHITECTURE 5. Pinnacles- a small turret-like termination on top of buttresses, parapets or elsewhere, bunches of foilage called CROCKET 6. Spire- the tapering termination of a tower 7. Gables- Triangular position of wall 8. Piers -clustered pillars were used instead of column 9. Lierne ribs- flame like ribs branching from a main rib
- 39. • French wordmeaning “rebirth” • Considered to be a cultural movement • Rebirth of the art of classic antiquity that occurred in Italy in the 14th C • Successfully adapted in France • Humanism was recognized
- 40. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.Florentine • Dante -Dante Alighieri -Philospher, Scholar, Poet - The Divine Comedy
- 41. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.Florentine • Petrarch -Francisco Petrarca -Philospher, Poet - Father of Humanism - Father of the Renaissance
- 42. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.Florentine • Boccaccio -Giovanni Boccaccio -Poet, Storyteller - Decameron
- 43. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.Florentine • Renaissance Architecture -largely inspired by the rediscovery of classical form s and principles Examples: a. Dome of the Cathedral of Florence • Filippo Brunelleschi - Bruneslleschi studied classical architecture in Rome - Architect, Engineer - Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
- 44. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.Florentine • Renaissance Architecture Examples: a. Dome of the Cathedral of Florence • Filippo Brunelleschi - Considered the founder of the Renaissance style - Devised a double shell structure - Gothic principle of construction - Corinthian orders - Pilasters and entablature
- 45. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.Florentine • Renaissance Architecture Examples: b. Ospedale Degli Innocenti (Foundling Hospital) - Brunelleschi - Built by Giovanni Medici for the poor, forgotten and homeless - italian banker - founder of Medici Bank - Symmetry of designs
- 46. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.Florentine • Renaissance Architecture Examples: c. Palazzo Medici-Ricardi (1444) - Architect Michelozzo under the instruction of Cosimo de Medici -Michelozzo an italian architect & sculptor -Cosimo de Medici known as “Cosimo the Elder” & “Cosimo Pater Patriae” - (16th C.) Michaelangelo added pedimented windows - (17th C.) bought by Ricadi Family
- 47. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.Florentine • Renaissance Architecture Examples: d. Palazzo Pitti (AD 1435) - Erected by Luca Pitti, a friend of Cosimo de Medici, is the largest palace in Italy excepting Vatican - Luca Pitti was a florentine banker - Symmetrical plan - Ashlar masonry
- 48. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.Florentine • Renaissance Architecture Examples: e. Palazzo Rucellai • Leon Battista Alberti - author, artist, poet, linguist, philosopher, cryptographerr -Renaissance humanist polymath • Superimposed pilasters • Use of 3 different orders: 1. TUSCAN – ground 2. COMPOSITE – second 3. CORINTHIAN – third • Alberti adapted the articulation of the Colisseum
- 49. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.High Renaissance – Rome - Less concerned with rational order than the visual effectiveness - Popes -Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Examples: a. Tempiettto - Donato Bramante (1441-1514) - italian architect - St. Peter’s Basilica - Small temple marked the spot of St. Peter’s crucifixion - More sculptural than architectural in the manner of Greek temples - 15ft in diameter
- 50. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.High Renaissance – Rome Examples: b. Capitoline Hill • Campidoglio Rome 1564, Michelangelo - Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni -Sculptural and humanistic -The Place of Senate, Conservatory, Capitoline Museum (overlooking the plazza; in the center stands the statue of Marcus Aurelius) • Political center of Rome in Ancient times
- 51. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.High Renaissance – Rome Examples: b. Capitoline Hill • Plazza is an abstraction of the human figure -long ramp=legs -capitoline museum=arms -senator’s palace=head -oval=body -conservatory=arms -statue=navel
- 52. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1.High Renaissance – Rome Examples: c. Villa Capra or Rotonda • Andrea Palladio, Venice -influenced by Roman & Greek Architecture -influenced by Vitruvius • Influenced by Thomas Jefferson’s plan of the White House • Villa Almerico Capra CHARACTERISTIC OF ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE 1. Walls – Ashlar Masonry in rusticated finish 2. Skylines – horizontal cornices and balustrades PALAZZO MEDICIRICADI
- 53. A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE CHARACTERISTICSOF ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE 3. Doors and Windows – molded architrave of the classic type or pediment in triangular or segmental style 4. Roofs – vaulted ceiling without ribs, dome raised 5. Columns – classic orders 6. Boldness and simplicity in style 7. Fronting narrrow street
- 54. B. FRENCH RENAISSANCE -Reigns of Francis I, Francis II, Charles IV, Henry III, Louis XIII Examples: 1. Chateau de Chambord • Domenico da Cortona • landscape, Loire • Elliptical barrel vaulting • Multi-spired chateau
- 55. B. FRENCH RENAISSANCE Examples: 2.Palais de Fontainbleu (1528) • Favorite residence of Francis I • Originally a convent • Largest palace of 16th century • Exterior had no unified design
- 56. B. FRENCH RENAISSANCE Examples: 3.Palais de Louvre • Paris(1548-1878) • Built on the site of the old gothic chateau • Patterned after an italian palazzo • French character of each sun • Began in reign of Francis I in 1546 to Napoleon III in the 19th century
- 57. B. FRENCH RENAISSANCE CHARACTERISTICOF FRENCH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE 1. Transitional Period – Gothic & Renaissance features to form a picturesque ensemble 2. In Italy – classical horizontality 3. High roofs (MANSART ROOFS) 4. Combinations of classic & medieval mouldings
- 58. C. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE -Early Modern Period - William Shakespeare, John Milton, Jon Donne, Katherine Philips 1. Tudor-Elizabethan Period -Tudor (1485-1603) -Elizabethan (1558-1603) Queen Elizabeth I’s reign • Half-Timber Construction - domestic architecture -vertical posts • Ceiling – low exposed beams • Great Hall – medieval castles • Horizontally rather than vertically • Rectangular panelling of the wainscoat • Bay windows • Pargetwork – stucco ceiling treatment • Oriel • Tudor arch
- 59. • C. ENGLISHRENAISSANCE 2. Jacobean Style (1603-1649) • Second phase of Renaissance Architecture in England • Named after King James I of England • -pilasters, entablatures, columns were combined with small wood panels panels • -Dada and pedestral motiff
- 61. CHARACTERISTICS OF THEMANNERIST MOVEMENT 1. Last phase of renaissance 2. 17th century 3. Play with space & volume 4. Exemplified by exaggeration 5. CHIAROSCURO – light & dark surfaces are given importance - invented by Roger de Piles 6. Designs such as: a. cartouche –shield b. bosses – round prostitutions c. lozenges – oval prostitutions d. grosteques – mythological 7. Revolt against classcism -clarity, visibility, stability
- 62. CHARACTERISTICS OF THEMANNERIST MOVEMENT 1. Last phase of renaissance 2. 17th century 3. Play with space & volume 4. Exemplified by exaggeration 5. CHIAROSCURO – light & dark surfaces are given importance 6. Designs such as: a. cartouche –shield b. bosses – round prostitutions c. lozenges – oval prostitutions d. grosteques – mythological 7. Revolt against classcism -clarity, visibility, stability
- 65. • Portuguese word“BAROCO” meaning odd shape, imperfect pearl • Developed in Later Renaissance • Revolt against Classical art • Grandeur • Sensuous richness • Drama • Vitality • Movement • Emotional exuberance
- 66. CHARACTERISTICS OF BAROQUEARCHIETECTURE 1. curves, double curves & diagonal lines 2. Strong contrast of light & shadow 3. Decoration became so abundant *Chiapas, San Cristobal De Las Casa Cathedral 4. Freedom of planning, designing and ornamentation 5. Spirit of artistic impedance 6. Columns w/ twisted shafts (SOLOMONIC COLUMNS) 7. Pediments in scrolled form 8. Carved ornament emphasized by gilding 9. Contorted curves 10. Ostentatious, extravagant *Iglesia de Nostra Senyora de Betlem
- 67. A. ITALIAN BAROQUE -Baroque was art born in Rome Examples: a. Saint Peter’s Basillica • façade – Carlo Maderno -swiss-italian architect • plazza – Bernini - Grand entrance Plazza provides sense of unity and order - 234 columns in Tuscan style • Originally Greek cross plan • Exterior – giant order of Corinthian pilaster
- 68. A. ITALIAN BAROQUE -Baroque was art born in Rome Examples: a. Saint Peter’s Basillica • Dome of St. Peter – Michelangelo - 3 horizontal zones - Greatest creation of Renaissance lantern, dome, drum, balustrades and statues piled above the gigantic pilasters are awe-inspiring in their massive grandeur. • Baldocchino - Bernini
- 69. A. ITALIAN BAROQUE -Baroque was art born in Rome Examples: b. The Fountain of Trevi • Largest & most famous • Designed by Nicola Salvi • 1760 • Planned by Bernini
- 70. A. ITALIAN BAROQUE -Baroque was art born in Rome Examples: c. Santa Maria della Salute • Refered to as “La Salute” • Venice, on the grand canal • Octagonal in form • Corinthian columns, scrolled buttresses
- 71. B. FRENCH BAROQUE -Baroque entered France on a grand scale at Versaille -Official architecture of the 17th to 18th century -sever, static and classicistic style of Bernini Examples: a. Chateau de Vaux le Vicomte (Vau Lu Vicomte) • For Nicolas Fouquet • Le Vau, 1657 • Steep roof • Classical cupola • Ionic pilasters
- 72. B. FRENCH BAROQUE Examples: b.Versaille Palace • Reign of Louis XIV • Park – Andre’ Le Notre • Palace – Mansart and Charles Le Brun • Hunting Lodge (Louis XIII) • Splendid Palace (Louis XIV)
- 73. C. ENGLISH BAROQUE -Charles III - Buildings have been characterized by dignity, practicality, consistence unique Examples: a. St. Paul’s Cathedral • London; 1675; Christopher Wren -52 churches in London • Dome is an enlarged version of Tempietto of Bramante • Lower levels were more Palladian • Mother church of the Diocese of London
- 75. • • • • • “Rocaille” and “Cocaille”meaning rockwork and shellwork Prominence = Louis XV 18th Century Gay, elegant and refined Lightness , delicay and elaborate ornamentation
- 76. CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCOCOARCHITECTURE 1. Reversal of the feeling of Baroque 2. Light and airy 3. Intimate/delicate 4. Intricate pattern 5. Favorite motif = The cockleshell
- 77. Examples: a. Petit Trianon •Made for Madame du Barry/ Marie Antoinette by Gabriel • Small chateau located on the grounds of Palace of Versailles - Used as a private refuge from the formality of courts
- 78. Examples: b. The WiesPilgrimage Church of the Scourged Saviour • Oval rococo church • Dominikus Zimmermann
- 80. • Also knownas classic revivals • During the reign of Louis XVI
- 81. Examples: a. The Madeleinein Paris • Intended as Pantheon • Build by order of Napoleon • Corinthian Columns • Greek Columnal Temple stands on a Roman-style podium • 7” high podium
- 82. Examples: b. Church ofLes Invalides • Designed by Bruant & Monsart • Remodeled by Le Vau • Greek cross plan with circular chapels • Famous dome derived from St. Peters’
- 83. Examples: c. Paris OperaHouse • 1874 • Charles Garnier • Reflects the taste of Nouveau Riche
- 84. Examples: d. Jefferson Monticello,Virginia • influenced by Lord Burlington -18th century english neoclassicist • Influenced by Andrea Palladio -16th century italian architect • Classical in detail and proportion
- 85. Examples: e. Cheswick House •Domed italianate villa • Lord Burlington built for himself • 1726
- 86.
- 87. B. Victorian - middleof 19th century - IRON discovered in Mesopotamia & Egypt Examples: a. Crystal Palace • Joseph Paxton • Iron frames • Glass panels • Wooden sash bars
- 88. B. Victorian - middleof 19th century - IRON discovered in Mesopotamia & Egypt Examples: b. The Eiffel Tower • Paris Exhibition of 1889 • 1000 ft. tall • Gustav Eiffel