Roshan Chandurkar Definition & History of Plant Breeding

Roshan Chandurkar Definition & History of Plant Breeding

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  PRINCIPLES OF PLANTBREEDING NAME:-ROSHAN .SANJAY. CHANDURKAR REG NO:- 2020A/102M DEPT:- PLANT PATHOLOGY COURSE NO:-GP-503 COURSE TEACHER:-DR JAYKUMAR DESHMUKH SIR
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  CONTENTS:- 1. PLANT BREEDING- DEFINITION 2.INDIAN & WORLD HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING {PRE & POST MENDELIAN ERA}
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  1. DEFINITION Plant Breedingcan be defined as a science as well as an art of improving the genetic make up of plant in relation to their economic use. Plant Breeding is defined as a technology of developing superior crop plants. Plant Breeding is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for the benefit of mankind.
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  History Of PlantBreeding Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture, particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially, early human farmers selected food plants with desirable characteristics and used these as a seed source for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of characteristics over time.
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  PRE MENDELIAN HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING:- YEAR SCIENTISTSCONTRIBUTION 1694 R. Camararious Discovered sexual reproduction in plants. 1717 Thomas Fairchild Developed first INTER-SPECIFIC hybrid between Sweet William* Carnation popularly known as “Fairchild Mule” He is known as “Father of Plant Breeding” 1800 T. A. Knight First used artificial hybridization in fruit crops. 1890 Rimpu Made first INTER-GENERIC cross between BREAD WHEAT [TRITICUM AESTIVUM] & RYE [SECAL CEREAL] which later gave rise to TRITICALE.
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  MENDEL’S CONTRIBUTION  GREGORJOHANN MENDEL was an Austrian Botanist who laid the foundation of the science of Genetics.  He worked with GARDEN PEA [PISUM SATIVUM] and formulated two important laws of Inheritance.  He presented his results at meetings of Natural History Society and his work was published in The Proceedings of the Society in 1866.  However, his results were neglected for 34 years until they were rediscovered in 1900.
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  The two law’sformulated by Mendel are:- 1.Law of Segregation. 2.Law of Independent Assortment.
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  POST MENDELIAN HISTORYOF PLANT BREEDING:- YEAR SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTION 1900 Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, Tschemark Rediscoverd Mendel’s laws of inheritance independently. 1903 W. L. Johannsen Coined the term gene, genotype, phenotype & developed the concept of pure line. 1914 G. H. Shull First used the term Heterosis for Hybrid Vigour . 1917 D. F. Jones Gave the idea of Double Cross Hybrid in Maize.
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  YEAR SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION 1928Muller & Stadler First used X-rays for induction of mutations. 1953 N. E. Borlaug First outlined the method of developing Multi Lines in Wheat in GREEN REVOLTUION. 1956 H. H. Flor Developed the concept of Gene for Gene hypothesis in Flax for Flax Rust. 1963 Vander Plank Developed the concept of Vertical & Horizontal resistance. 1968 Donald Developed the concept of crop ideotype in Wheat. 1978 Yuan Long Ping Developed world’s first Pigeon pea Hybrid [ICPH-8] for commercial cultivation in the world. 1983 Fraley Development of World First Transgenic Plant [Genetically Engineered] in Tobacco in USA.
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  - 1871 –The Government of India created the Department of Agriculture - 1905 – The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was established in Pusa, Bihar - 1934 – The buildings of the institute damaged in earthquake - 1936 – Shifted to New Delhi - 1946 – Name was changed Indian Agricultural Research Institute - 1901-05 – Agricultural Colleges were established at Kanpur, Pune, Sabour, Llyalpur, Coimbatore - 1929 – Imperial council of Agricultural Research was established - 1946 – Name was change to Indian Council Agricultural Research - 1921 – Indian Central Cotton Committee was established – Notable researches on breeding and cultivation of cotton. Eg : 70 improved varieties of cotton - 1956 – Project for intensification of regional research on cotton, oilseeds and millets (PIRRCOM) was initiated to intensify research on these crops – located at 17 different centres through out the country - 1957 – All India Coordinated maize improvement project was started with objective of exploiting heterosis - 1961 - The first hybrid maize varieties released by the project - ICAR initiated coordinated projects for improvement of the other crops - 1960 – First Agricultural University established at Pantnagar, Nainital, U.P. History of Plant Breeding in India
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  Contribution of Some Indian Plant Breeder’s DrM. S. Swaminathan-He is a famous plant breeder who developed high yielding varieties of Wheat & Rice which was responsible for Green Revolution. He is known as “Father of Green Revolution” in India. He received World Food Prize in 1987. T. S. Venkatraman- He was an eminent Sugarcane breeder. Developed several varieties of sugarcane having high yield & sugar content, known as “Nobalization of Sugarcane”. Dr B. P. Pal- He was an eminent breeder known for his contribution to the breeding of disease resistant varieties of Wheat. He was the first DG of ICAR. Pushkarnath- A famous Potato breeder. He was director of CPRI, Shimla. C. T. Patel- He was a famous Cotton breeder. Developed world’s first cotton hybrid [H-4] in 1970 for commercial cultivation in India. He is known as Father of Hybrid Cotton.
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  Dr K. L.Chadda- He was a prominent Pomologist. Known as Father of GOLDEN REVOLUTION in India. Dr N. G. P. Rao- Famous Sorghum breeder. He was chairman of ASRB and Vice Chancellor of VNMKV. K. Ramiah- Prominent Rice breeder. He was Director of CRRI, Cuttack. Dr R. S. Paroda- Forage breeder. He was DG of ICAR. D. S. Athwal- Prominent Bajra breeder. Bosisen- Prominent Maize breeder.