Scaling Next-Generation Internet TV on AWS With Docker, Packer, and Chef

Scaling next-generation
Internet TV on AWS with
Docker, Packer, and Chef
Peter Shannon & Bridget Kromhout

@pietroshannon @bridgetkromhout
Peter Shannon
Operations Engineer, DramaFever
Bridget Kromhout
Principal Technologist, Pivotal

DramaFever.com
Streaming international
content starting in 2009
Docker in production since
October 2013

docclub.com since Fall 2014

shudder.com since Summer 2015

15K 70 15 20M
Peak load: tens of thousands of requests per second
Traffic variance: swings 10-20x throughout the week

autoscaling in AWS
streaming delivery via Akamai

Software Stack
Python/Django
Upstreams routed via nginx
Go microservices
State in RDS, DynamoDB,
Elasticache
API endpoints for native clients
Celery/SQS for async tasks

consistent development repeatable deployment
Why Docker?

Vagrant for local development
Manage project dependencies across remote team
chef-solo provisioner
Maintaining state in vagrant is problematic (schema
changes, etc.)
17 minute turnaround
Previously, on DramaFever...

Deploying code changes together with
dependencies
Faster development cycle
Better consistency between dev, qa, staging, and
prod
Focus on the app, not the host
Docker build once, team docker pulls
And now, on DramaFever...

docker toolbox
Images built and pushed on jenkins
MySQL image built with fixtures
Run master or qa image (or even prod)
Build new local images from Dockerfiles

docker in production: in theory

docker in production: in practice

Distributed private S3-backed
Docker registry:
registry container on each ec2
instance
more effective scaling
Docker Registry
Post by Tim Gross: http:
//0x74696d.com/posts/host-
local-docker-registry/

docker options
# goes in /etc/default/docker to control docker's
upstart
DOCKER_OPTS="--graph=/mnt/docker --insecure-
registry=localhost-alias.com:5000 --storage-
driver=aufs"
localhost-alias.com in DNS with A record to 127.0.0.1
OS X /etc/hosts: use the docker-machine local VM
host-only network IP

registry upstart
docker pull public_registry_image
docker run -p 5000:5000 --name registry
-v /etc/docker-reg:/registry-conf
-e DOCKER_REGISTRY_CONFIG=/registry-conf/config.yml
public_registry_image

config.yml
s3_region: us-east-1
s3_access_key: <aws-accesskey>
s3_secret_key: <aws-secretkey>
s3_bucket: <bucketname>
standalone: true
storage: s3
storage_path: /registry

docker run
-d
-p 5000:5000
--name docker-reg
-v ${DFHOME}:${DFHOME}
-e DOCKER_REGISTRY_CONFIG=${DFHOME}/config/registry/config.yml
public_registry_image
private registry for dev

S3 requires clock sync
$ docker pull local-repo-alias.com:5000/mysql
Pulling repository local-repo-alias.com:5000/mysql
2015/09/24 19:44:31 HTTP code: 500
$ docker-machine ssh <MACHINE> sudo date --set "$(env
TZ=UTC date '+%F %H:%M:%S')"

Jenkins-driven image builds

weekly base builds
FROM local-repo-alias.com:5000/www-base
● include infrequently-changing
dependencies
○ ubuntu packages
○ pip requirements
○ wheels
● other builds can start from these images
(so they’re faster).

www-master build
sudo docker build -t="a12fbdc" .
sudo docker run -i -t -w /var/www -e DJANGO_TEST=1 --name
test.a12fbdc a12fbdc py.test -s
sudo docker tag a12fbdc local-repo-alias.com:5000/www:'dev'
sudo docker push local-repo-alias.com:5000/www:'dev'

container-building containers
easier with statically
linked binaries
Go microservices
Android APK

$ docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL
SIZE
local-repo-alias.com:5000/mysql dev b0dc5885f767 2 days ago 905.9 MB
local-repo-alias.com:5000/www dev 82cda604a4f1 2 days ago 1.092 GB
local-repo-alias.com:5000/micro local bed20dc84ea1 4 days ago 10.08 MB
google/golang 1.3 e3934c44b8e4 2 weeks ago 514.3 MB
public_registry_image 0.6.9 11299d377a9e 6 months ago 454.5 MB
scratch latest 511136ea3c5a 18 months ago 0 B
$
ever-smaller images

for persistent instances
# remove stopped containers
@daily docker rm `docker ps -aq`
# remove images tagged "none"
@daily docker rmi `sudo docker images | grep
none | awk -F' +' '{print $3}'`

docker and os storage race conditions
docker pull + /docker_root 100% == sadness
ImportError: No module named wsgi
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: The
SECRET_KEY setting must not be empty.

deploys
using fabric
tag for staging
tag for prod
out of ELB
restart upstart
back in ELB

Why Chef?
Wrangle
years of
spaghetti
config

#!/bin/bash
cat <<EOF > /etc/init/django.conf
description "Run Django containers for www"
start on started docker-reg
stop on runlevel [!2345] or stopped docker
respawn limit 5 30
[...]
replacing 100s of lines of userdata...

...with a chef-client run & packer build.
#!/bin/bash
# upstart configs are now created by chef
rm /etc/chef/client.pem
mkdir -p /var/log/chef
chef-client -r 'role[rolename]' -E
'environment' -L /var/log/chef/chef-client.
log

upstart config
docker run
-e DJANGO_ENVIRON=PROD
-e HAPROXY=df/haproxy-prod.cfg
-p 8000:8000
-v /var/log/containers:/var/log
--name django
localhost-alias.com:5000/www:prod
/var/www/bin/start-django

docker run
<% if @docker_rm == true -%>
--rm
<% end %>
<% @docker_env.each do |k, v| -%>
-e <%= k %>=<%= v %>
<% end %>
<% @docker_port.each do |p| -%>
-p <%= p %>
<% end %>
upstart template

<% @docker_volume.each do |v| -%>
-v <%= v %>
<% end %>
--name <%= @application_name %>
localhost-alias.com:<%= @registry_port %>/<%=
@docker_image %>:<%= @docker_tag %>
<%= @docker_command %>
upstart template
(cont)

using attributes
attribute :command, :kind_of => String, :required => true
attribute :env, :kind_of => Hash, :default => {}
attribute :port, :kind_of => Array, :default => []
attribute :volume, :kind_of => Array, :default =>
['/var/log/containers:/var/log']
attribute :rm, :kind_of => [TrueClass, FalseClass], :default => false
attribute :image, :kind_of => String, :required => true
attribute :tag, :kind_of => String, :required => true
attribute :type, :kind_of => String, :required => true
attribute :cron, :kind_of => [TrueClass, FalseClass], :default => false

recipe using LWRP
base_docker node['www']['django']['name'] do
command node['www']['django']['command']
env node['www'][service]['django'][env]['env']
image node['www']['django']['image']
port node['www'][service]['django'][env]['port']
tag node['www'][service]['django'][env]['tag']
type node['www']['django']['type']
end

Why Packer? Consistent AMIs

packer for ami building
{
"type": "chef-client",
"server_url": "https://api.opscode.com/organizations/dramafever",
"run_list": [ "base::ami" ],
"validation_key_path": "{{user `chef_validation`}}",
"validation_client_name": "dramafever-validator",
"node_name": "packer-ami"
}

packer run
$HOME/packer/packer build
-var "account_id=$AWS_ACCOUNT_ID"
-var "aws_access_key_id=$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID"
-var "aws_secret_key=$AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
-var "x509_cert_path=$AWS_X509_CERT_PATH"
-var "x509_key_path=$AWS_X509_KEY_PATH"
-var "s3_bucket=bucketname"
-var "ami_name=$AMI_NAME"
-var "source_ami=$SOURCE_AMI"
-var "chef_validation=$CHEF_VAL"
-var "chef_client=$HOME/packer/client.rb"
-only=amazon-instance
$HOME/packer/prod.json

limiting packer IAM permissions
"Action":[
"ec2:TerminateInstances",
"ec2:StopInstances",
"ec2:DeleteSnapshot",
"ec2:DetachVolume",
"ec2:DeleteVolume",
"ec2:ModifyImageAttribute"
],
"Effect":"Allow",
"Resource":"*",
"Condition":{
"StringEquals":{ "ec2:
ResourceTag/name":"Packer Builder"
}
}

Autoscaling
Packer
AMI
EC2 Instances
Jenkins
GitHub
Chef
AMI factory

and now you have a new problem...

Immutable vs Dynamic Instances

container
orchestration
evaluating - but...
+/- autoscaling
+/- discovery
complexity of platform
container density

Scaling Next-Generation Internet TV on AWS With Docker, Packer, and Chef

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