Zero Downtime Schema Changes - Galera Cluster - Best Practices
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The document discusses schema upgrades in Galera clusters focusing on methods for online DDL operations while maintaining system availability. Key techniques include Total Order Isolation (TOI) for strict consistency, Rolling Schema Upgrades (RSU), and the use of the pt-online-schema-change tool for non-blocking schema changes. Emphasis is placed on ensuring backward compatibility for applications and row replication during upgrades.
Zero Downtime Schema Changes - Galera Cluster - Best Practices
- 2. Agenda ● Schema Upgrades in Synchronous Cluster ● DDL Classification ● Schema Backwards Compatibility ● Alternatives for Schema Upgrades ● ● ● ● ● ● TOI RSU / desync wsrep_desync / wsrep_on method Dropping Node for DDL pt-online-schema-change Summary www.codership.com 2
- 3. Schema Upgrades Applications have evolution, and there will be needs to change database schema in new application revisions With 24/7 online requirements, the schema upgrade must happen while the system is online Synchronous database cluster, requires that all active nodes must have same data – Note that schema may differ, as long as data content is logically same We need to figure out way(s) to roll schema upgrades in online cluster with minimal disruption for the service www.codership.com 3
- 4. What is DDL? SQL statements can be classified in several classes: DML Data Manipulation Language – Transactional data manipulations – SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE... DDL Data Definition Language – CREATE..., DROP..., ALTER... DCL Data Control Language – GRANT, REVOKE TCL Transaction Control Language … http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/MySQL/Language/Definitions:_what_are_DDL,_DML_and_DQL%3F www.codership.com 4
- 5. DML vs DDL But the bottom line is division between transactional and nontransactional statements: Transactional SQL – All DML on InnoDB – NON Transactional SQL Can be rolled back ● Not possible to rollback – ● DDL, DCL..., DML on non transactional SE – ● – Requires up-front locking Galera uses optimistic concurrency control, and depends on possibility to rollback a conflicting operation Only transactional SQL can be replicated through Galera transactional replication For others (DDL, DCL...), we either have to skip replication or use up-front locking www.codership.com 5
- 6. DML vs DDL Notes on some DDL: TRUNCATE – is DDL! – Is fast to execute, but nevertheless has some impact OPTIMIZE, REPAIR, ANALYZE – Table admin commands are now replicated CREATE / DROP INDEX – Hold MDL on affected table, and can stall the replication www.codership.com 6
- 8. Backward Compatibility App v1 MySQL Schema v1 App v1 Schema Upgrade MySQL Schema v2 App Upgrade App v2 MySQL Schema v2 Old application version must be able to use the new schema www.codership.com 9
- 9. Backward Compatibility App v1 MySQL Schema v1 App Upgrade App v2 MySQL Schema v1 App v2 Schema Upgrade MySQL Schema v2 New application version must be able to use the old schema www.codership.com 10
- 10. Backwards Compatibility New/old application should be able to use both old and new schema Application should be backwards compatible ROW replication between old and new schema should be possible Schema change should be backwards compatible www.codership.com 11
- 11. App Backwards Compatibility New/old application should be able to use both old and new schema – New application can have compatibility mode to detect the version of underlying database – If old app cannot use new schema, the old app must connect to one node only, which will be the last to upgrade Dropping tables or columns can be a problem – But drops can be done delayed: e.g. in v2 -> v3 upgrade, obsolete v1 elements can be dropped as neither v2 or v3 app will use them any more www.codership.com 12
- 12. ROW Replication Compatibility MySQL guarantees ROW replication event compatibility with some limitations Newer MySQL versions tolerate more variation between source and target tables, check out this page for latest status: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/replication-features-differing-tables.html ● ● Source and target can have different number of columns But columns must be in same order ● New columns in the end, and must have default values ● Some data type conversions are also supported www.codership.com 13
- 13. ROW Replication Compatibility Insert into table-A(col-a,col-b) values (5,7) col-a col-b col-a Table A col-b col-c Table A www.codership.com 14
- 14. ROW Replication Compatibility Insert into table-A(col-a,col-b) values (5,7) col-a col-b col-a col-b col-c 5 7 5 7 def Replication Table A Table A www.codership.com 15
- 15. STATEMENT Replication In STATEMENT format, schema compatibility is not an issue Galera does not currently support STATEMENT replication, but: – Enabling STATEMENT replication is minor task Consistency is at risk ● Parallel applying must be limited (OFF, Database or Table level) ● STATEMENT replication, in general, is phasing out Supporting STATEMENT replication for schema upgrades, is one potential extension we are looking for ● – www.codership.com 16
- 16. Schema Upgrades in Galera Cluster
- 17. Schema Upgrades in Galera Galera Cluster has two inbuilt methods for DDL replication: – TOI – Total Order Isolation – RSU – Rolling Schema Upgrade The method of choice is declared by variable: wsrep_osu_method = TOI | RSU Pt-online-schema-change is valid tool for upgrades, these and other DDL replication alternatives are discussed in following chapters. www.codership.com 18
- 19. TOI Total oder Isolation (TOI) is the default DDL replication method ● ● ● ● wsrep_osu_method = TOI “master node” detects DDL at parsing time and sends out replication event for the SQL statement before even starting the DDL processing DDL replication happens in STATEMENT format Every node in the cluster will process the replicated DDL at the same “slot” in the cluster transaction stream (Total Order) www.codership.com 20
- 20. TOI Replication ALTER TABLE t1... Parser Replication MySQL MySQL Execution a Galera Replication WS Seqno STATEMENT event G a l e r a R e p l i c a t io n www.codership.com 21
- 21. TOI Replication ALTER TABLE t1... Parser apply continue Parser MySQL MySQL Execution Execution a Galera Replication WS Seqno slot reached www.codership.com 22
- 22. TOI Replication Pros – Strict consistency, all nodes will get same change – No worries about schema backwards compatibility Cons – Strict commit order will make every transaction to wait until DDL is over Usable, when: – DDL is short term – Schema change will not be backwards compatible – And/or there is maintenance window Some future work in road map: – TOI replication commit order can be relaxed – We are working on optimization based on this www.codership.com 23
- 24. RSU ➢ Rolling Schema Upgrade wsrep_osu_method=RSU ➢ Will desynchronize the node from replication for the duration of following DDL command ➢ Incoming replication is buffered ➢ Nothing will be replicated out of the node ➢ When DDL is over, the node will automatically join back in cluster, and catch up missed transactions from the buffer www.codership.com 25
- 25. RSU SET GLOBAL wsrep_osu_method=RSU ALTER TABLE t1... MySQL MySQL MySQL G a l e r a R e p l i c a t io n a Galera Replication www.codership.com 26
- 26. RSU ALTER TABLE MySQL MySQL WS a MySQL WS Slave queue Galera Replication www.codership.com 27
- 27. RSU ALTER TABLE t1... MySQL WS a MySQL MySQL WS Slave queue Galera Replication www.codership.com 28
- 28. RSU Pros – DDL will not slow down cluster – Automatic re-sync after DDL is over Cons – – Schema change has to be backwards compatible – a Has global effect, all sessions will be RSU'ed Only one RSU operation at a time – Rolling over cluster is manual operation www.codership.com 29
- 29. wsrep_desync
- 30. wsrep_desync Node can be set to omit flow control by: mysql> SET GLOBAL wsrep_desync=ON; A session can be declared to not replicate anything by: mysql> SET wsrep_on=OFF; ● ● Running DDL in such a session, will result in local schema change, and processing of the DDL will not hold back cluster. However, all cluster transactions will be replicated to the node, and if there are conflicts, the DDL will be aborted. wsrep_desync+wsrep_on method is good only for non-confliction operations www.codership.com 31
- 31. wsrep_desync+wsrep_on SET GLOBAL wsrep_desync=ON; SET wsrep_on=OFF; ALTER TABLE t1... t1 t2 tn MySQL a WS WS Slave queue Galera Replication www.codership.com 32
- 32. wsrep_desync We are currently working on making better use of desync mode. The goal is to protect local desynced transactions from replication aborts. This way, the DDL will succeed even if there are conflicts with the cluster. However, cluster replication will pause at first such conflict and wait until DDL is complete. But, this will be future extension, and available in some of following 3.* release. www.codership.com 33
- 33. Drop a Node for DDL
- 34. Dropping Node for DDL One way to do “manual RSU”, is to drop a node from cluster and run DDL on the stand-alone node. Joining the node back must happen through IST, as we don't want SST to bring back the old schema. Make sure to protect the node from any production connections! Load balancers should be configured first to isolate the node from unwanted connections. Adjust your gcache size big enough to allow IST after the DDL is over. www.codership.com 35
- 35. Dropping Node for DDL Load Balancer 1. configure LB 2. Drop node, e.g. set global wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm:// MySQL MySQL Galera Replication www.codership.com 36
- 36. Dropping Node for DDL Load Balancer 3. ALTER TABLE t1... MySQL MySQL Galera Replication www.codership.com 37
- 37. Dropping Node for DDL Load Balancer 4. Join back set wsrep_cluster_address... WS MySQL WS IST MySQL Galera Replication www.codership.com 38
- 38. Dropping Node for DDL Load Balancer 5. configure LB MySQL MySQL Galera Replication www.codership.com 39
- 40. pt-online-schema-change Tool in Percona Toolkit to run non blocking schema changes http://www.percona.com/doc/percona-toolkit/2.2/pt-online-schema-change.html 1. Creates a shadow copy of target table 2. Installs triggers in source table to forward updates to target table 3. Copies source table data in small chunks to target table 4. Renames target table to replace the source table Pt-osc does not replicate schema changes, but makes it possible to change schema without interfering with replication However, pt-osc requires TOI to be enabled, and TOI replication will propagate the changes to whole cluster www.codership.com 41
- 41. pt-online-schema-change updates t1-new t1 CREATE similar table and ALTER a www.codership.com 42
- 42. pt-online-schema-change updates t1-new t1 a Install trigger to forward updates to new table www.codership.com 43
- 47. pt-online-schema-change Some Caveats: ● TOI requirement – – ● Pt-osc changes will be run against whole cluster with one go Could be relaxed, imo Triggers not supported – ● Pt-osc installs new triggers in source table and does not allow any other triggers to exists in the table Foreign key support – a Two methods for dealing with FKs – Rebuilding child table FK constraint may be needed – FK constraint name will be different www.codership.com 48
- 48. Summary
- 49. Codership Schema upgrades require careful planning ➢ Find out backwards compatibility both from application and from ROW replication perspective ➢ Plan your upgrade process ➢ Rehearse with test cluster Instant methods: ➢ TOI replication, pt-osc ➢ ROW replication backwards compatibility is not an issue Rolling methods ➢ RSU, wsrep_desync/wsrep_on, node dropping ➢ Schema backwards compatibility required www.codership.com 50
- 50. Questions? Thank you for listening! Happy Clustering :-)