![International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No.1, March 2013
SECURE IMAGE TRANSFER IN THE DOMAIN
TRANSFORM DFT
Rakotondraina Tahina Ezéchiel1 and Rakotomalala Mamy Alain2
Department of Telecommunication, High School Polytechnic of Antananarivo,
University of Antananarivo, Madagascar
1
tahina.ezechiel@gmail.com
Department of Telecommunication, High School Polytechnic of Antananarivo,
University of Antananarivo, Madagascar
2
rakotomamialain@yahoo.fr
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new approach for secure image transmission. It consists of three treatments
including: a compression based on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), a use of symmetric encryption
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and a Data Hidden Insertion technique for the transport of sensitive
information.
KEYWORDS
DFT, Cryptography, Watermarking, LSFR, Secure Image Transmission
1. INTRODUCTION
Our research is based on the combination of three methods of information processing.
Firstly, the information to be transferred, an image, undergoes a source coding which is a
compression of the signal used for the purpose of eliminating all redundancy and optimize the
computing power. For this we used the Discrete Fourier Transform on digital information. The
use of this mode is that, firstly, the DFT coefficients represent the image as a complex form,
which increases the choice of the use of these coefficients and, secondly, it simplifies the matrix
representation of the image and reduces the number of calculations and manipulations to do [1].
Secondly, we developed an algorithm for generating random key that is able to provide session
keys used to encrypt the information. The encryption algorithm used is AES, this symmetric
encryption algorithm is known, used and implemented in various computer systems because of its
speed and robustness against various types of known attacks, according to [2]. The encryption
system operates only on a part of the information, we use a selective encryption. We therefore
chose a part of the representation of the image obtained after the use of the Fourier transform,
which represents the coefficients representative of the information, that is to say, the real part of
the transform.
Thirdly, for the transport of the session keys, which will be used for decryption, we insert them in
the other part of the coefficients, which is the imaginary part. For this, we used an additive
watermarking technique because of his resistance to the types of geometric attacks [3]. We
present two techniques that differ from each other by their robustness against attacks.
DOI:10.5121/ijcis.2013.3101 1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3113ijcis01-130411055627-phpapp02/85/Secure-Image-Transfer-in-The-Domain-Transform-DFT-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No.1, March 2013
2. PROPOSED APPROACH
At the emission, we have the diagram (Figure 1). At the reception, the restitution of the
information is done through a series of reverse operation to that proposed.
Original Image
DFT
Imaginary Part Real Part
Pseudo-random
number generator
(LSFR)
Symmetric
watermarking key encryption
Imaginary Part Real Part
watermaked crypted
Crypted-
watermarked Image
Figure 1. Emission Datagram
3. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
As the encryption method used is a symmetric encryption, the same key will still be used for
decryption at the receiver. To enable secure sharing of the session key we insert and hide it in
another part of the information to be sent. For this, we used a technique for watermarking
information. The type of data insertion is based on watermarking robust to compression and
geometric transformation such as rotation and translation, explicitly as in [4] and [5]. For this, we
chose to use the additive watermarking method.
It should be noted that in the program, we added different techniques of diffusion and confusion
to make the algorithm difficult to understand by a cryptanalyst, but rapid at the same time. Series
of test are carried out on a personal Computer running with Intel Pentium Dual Core 2.2 GHz
with 3072 MB of RAM.
We can see at the Figure 2 that the operation generates a loss of information equivalent to the
“peak signal to noise ratio” PSNR = 31.3674 dB, a “mean square error” MSE = 47.4619 and a
“maximum of deviation quadratic” maxerr = 38.9445. The method used in this section has been
applied in the LSB of each pixel, which is why this method is more robust as we come again to
extract the session key after an attack by median filtering and after adding noise type "salt and
pepper". This approach does not stand face to geometrical attacks.
2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3113ijcis01-130411055627-phpapp02/85/Secure-Image-Transfer-in-The-Domain-Transform-DFT-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No.1, March 2013
Original Image Crypted-watermarked Reconstitute
Image Image
Histogram of Histogram of
Histogram of Original Crypted- Reconstitute Image
Image watermarked Image
Figure 2. Column 1: original image and his histogram, column 2 : crypted-watermarked image and his
histogram, column 3 : reconstitute image and his histogram
The correlation between the original image and the reconstructed image is corr = 0.9933, which
corresponds to an acceptable result according to its importance [3]. Table 1 shows the
effectiveness of the program both on transmission and reception. The implementation of this
program is optimized when using on a platform with limited resources such as embedded systems
or cameras.
Table 1: Implementation time of the algorithm
Implementation
CPU Time
time
Transmission 0.4315 s 0.4212 s
Reception 0.0829 s 0.0936 s
In a second approach, shown in Figure 3, the operation is done not on the least significant bits,
but rather on the set of bits. Therefore, we are faced with much loss of information at reception
because we use the low coefficients of the image obtained after the Fourier transform.
3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3113ijcis01-130411055627-phpapp02/85/Secure-Image-Transfer-in-The-Domain-Transform-DFT-3-320.jpg)
![International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No.1, March 2013
4. CONCLUSIONS
Our approach is based on the use of the representation of the image coefficients in complex form
as a result of processing by DFT. We have seen that it is advantageous to use a selective treatment
of the image especially for the manipulation and representation of the matrix. This approach
optimizes the speed in processing time and enables parallelization of the encryption operation and
watermarking. This approach is well suited to environments with low material resources and
memory space. For robustness, the combination of AES encryption and additive watermarking is
more advantageous. AES is often recommended for symmetric encryption and additive
watermarking widely used, both are known for their resistance against the types of attacks known
and very common.
REFERENCES
[1] Jerry Gibson (2000) Handbook of Image and Video processing, Academic Press Series in
Communications, Networking and Multimedia, Al Bovik.
[2] Biggs Norman (2008) Codes: An Introduction to Information Communication and Cryptography,
Springer.
[3] Cox, Miller & Bloom (2002) Digital watermarking, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.
[4] Chang, Hwang, & Chen, (2001) “A new encryption algorithm for image cryptosystems”, The Journal
of Systems and Software, No.58, pp 83–91.
[5] T. Li, (2004) “Digital fragile watermarking scheme for authentication of JPEG images”, IEEE
Proceedings Vision, Image and Signal Processing, pp.460-466.
Authors
Tahina E. Rakotondraina was born in Antsirabe, Madagascar on 1984. He received his
M.S. in 2010 at University of Antananarivo (Madagascar). He works as a Teacher
assistant and a Ph.D. student at High School Polytechnic of Antananarivo. His currents
research interests include Cryptography, multimedia, Information Hiding, VOIP. He is a
author of one paper published in international journal.
Mamy A. Rakotomalala was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, on 1970. He received
his Ph.D. in Computer Science and Information Engineering in 2011. He served since
2010 as a professor at High School Polytechnic of Antananarivo. His current research
interests include Images compression, multimedia, computer vision, information Hiding.
5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3113ijcis01-130411055627-phpapp02/85/Secure-Image-Transfer-in-The-Domain-Transform-DFT-5-320.jpg)
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Secure Image Transfer in The Domain Transform DFT
- 1. International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No.1, March 2013 SECURE IMAGE TRANSFER IN THE DOMAIN TRANSFORM DFT Rakotondraina Tahina Ezéchiel1 and Rakotomalala Mamy Alain2 Department of Telecommunication, High School Polytechnic of Antananarivo, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar 1 [email protected] Department of Telecommunication, High School Polytechnic of Antananarivo, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar 2 [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper presents a new approach for secure image transmission. It consists of three treatments including: a compression based on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), a use of symmetric encryption Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and a Data Hidden Insertion technique for the transport of sensitive information. KEYWORDS DFT, Cryptography, Watermarking, LSFR, Secure Image Transmission 1. INTRODUCTION Our research is based on the combination of three methods of information processing. Firstly, the information to be transferred, an image, undergoes a source coding which is a compression of the signal used for the purpose of eliminating all redundancy and optimize the computing power. For this we used the Discrete Fourier Transform on digital information. The use of this mode is that, firstly, the DFT coefficients represent the image as a complex form, which increases the choice of the use of these coefficients and, secondly, it simplifies the matrix representation of the image and reduces the number of calculations and manipulations to do [1]. Secondly, we developed an algorithm for generating random key that is able to provide session keys used to encrypt the information. The encryption algorithm used is AES, this symmetric encryption algorithm is known, used and implemented in various computer systems because of its speed and robustness against various types of known attacks, according to [2]. The encryption system operates only on a part of the information, we use a selective encryption. We therefore chose a part of the representation of the image obtained after the use of the Fourier transform, which represents the coefficients representative of the information, that is to say, the real part of the transform. Thirdly, for the transport of the session keys, which will be used for decryption, we insert them in the other part of the coefficients, which is the imaginary part. For this, we used an additive watermarking technique because of his resistance to the types of geometric attacks [3]. We present two techniques that differ from each other by their robustness against attacks. DOI:10.5121/ijcis.2013.3101 1
- 2. International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No.1, March 2013 2. PROPOSED APPROACH At the emission, we have the diagram (Figure 1). At the reception, the restitution of the information is done through a series of reverse operation to that proposed. Original Image DFT Imaginary Part Real Part Pseudo-random number generator (LSFR) Symmetric watermarking key encryption Imaginary Part Real Part watermaked crypted Crypted- watermarked Image Figure 1. Emission Datagram 3. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION As the encryption method used is a symmetric encryption, the same key will still be used for decryption at the receiver. To enable secure sharing of the session key we insert and hide it in another part of the information to be sent. For this, we used a technique for watermarking information. The type of data insertion is based on watermarking robust to compression and geometric transformation such as rotation and translation, explicitly as in [4] and [5]. For this, we chose to use the additive watermarking method. It should be noted that in the program, we added different techniques of diffusion and confusion to make the algorithm difficult to understand by a cryptanalyst, but rapid at the same time. Series of test are carried out on a personal Computer running with Intel Pentium Dual Core 2.2 GHz with 3072 MB of RAM. We can see at the Figure 2 that the operation generates a loss of information equivalent to the “peak signal to noise ratio” PSNR = 31.3674 dB, a “mean square error” MSE = 47.4619 and a “maximum of deviation quadratic” maxerr = 38.9445. The method used in this section has been applied in the LSB of each pixel, which is why this method is more robust as we come again to extract the session key after an attack by median filtering and after adding noise type "salt and pepper". This approach does not stand face to geometrical attacks. 2
- 3. International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No.1, March 2013 Original Image Crypted-watermarked Reconstitute Image Image Histogram of Histogram of Histogram of Original Crypted- Reconstitute Image Image watermarked Image Figure 2. Column 1: original image and his histogram, column 2 : crypted-watermarked image and his histogram, column 3 : reconstitute image and his histogram The correlation between the original image and the reconstructed image is corr = 0.9933, which corresponds to an acceptable result according to its importance [3]. Table 1 shows the effectiveness of the program both on transmission and reception. The implementation of this program is optimized when using on a platform with limited resources such as embedded systems or cameras. Table 1: Implementation time of the algorithm Implementation CPU Time time Transmission 0.4315 s 0.4212 s Reception 0.0829 s 0.0936 s In a second approach, shown in Figure 3, the operation is done not on the least significant bits, but rather on the set of bits. Therefore, we are faced with much loss of information at reception because we use the low coefficients of the image obtained after the Fourier transform. 3
- 4. International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No.1, March 2013 Original Image crypted-watermaked Image Reconstitute Image Histogram of Original Histogram crypted- Histogram of Image watermaked Image Reconstitute Image Figure 3. Column 1: original image and his histogram, column 2: crypted-watermarked image and his histogram, column 3: reconstitute image and his histogram We have the following results: Table 2 : Results obtain PSNR (dB) MSE Maxerr Corr 7.1407 1.256 e+4 1.364e+3 -0.0028 It should be noted that this second method is not resistant against attacks by scrambeling, filters and geometric transformation. After each attack, we do not found the watermark. Table 3: Implementation time of the algorithm Implementation time CPU Time transmission 0.6518 s 0.5772 s Réception 0.1000 s 0.0936 s The second case differs from the first on the right way to represent the coefficients of the real part of the image compared with the encryption key, that is to say, by choosing to operate on the least significant bits. 4
- 5. International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No.1, March 2013 4. CONCLUSIONS Our approach is based on the use of the representation of the image coefficients in complex form as a result of processing by DFT. We have seen that it is advantageous to use a selective treatment of the image especially for the manipulation and representation of the matrix. This approach optimizes the speed in processing time and enables parallelization of the encryption operation and watermarking. This approach is well suited to environments with low material resources and memory space. For robustness, the combination of AES encryption and additive watermarking is more advantageous. AES is often recommended for symmetric encryption and additive watermarking widely used, both are known for their resistance against the types of attacks known and very common. REFERENCES [1] Jerry Gibson (2000) Handbook of Image and Video processing, Academic Press Series in Communications, Networking and Multimedia, Al Bovik. [2] Biggs Norman (2008) Codes: An Introduction to Information Communication and Cryptography, Springer. [3] Cox, Miller & Bloom (2002) Digital watermarking, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. [4] Chang, Hwang, & Chen, (2001) “A new encryption algorithm for image cryptosystems”, The Journal of Systems and Software, No.58, pp 83–91. [5] T. Li, (2004) “Digital fragile watermarking scheme for authentication of JPEG images”, IEEE Proceedings Vision, Image and Signal Processing, pp.460-466. Authors Tahina E. Rakotondraina was born in Antsirabe, Madagascar on 1984. He received his M.S. in 2010 at University of Antananarivo (Madagascar). He works as a Teacher assistant and a Ph.D. student at High School Polytechnic of Antananarivo. His currents research interests include Cryptography, multimedia, Information Hiding, VOIP. He is a author of one paper published in international journal. Mamy A. Rakotomalala was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, on 1970. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science and Information Engineering in 2011. He served since 2010 as a professor at High School Polytechnic of Antananarivo. His current research interests include Images compression, multimedia, computer vision, information Hiding. 5