SEED PRODUCTION OF COBIA
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This document provides information on the historical development and current practices for seed production of cobia. Some key points: - Cobia aquaculture research began in the 1970s, with successful captive spawning first achieved in the 1990s in the US and Taiwan. By the 2000s, several US states had developed cobia hatcheries. - In India, the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute has led efforts to develop cobia broodstock and seed production. The first captive spawning in India was achieved in 2010. - The production cycle involves broodstock development, induced spawning using hormones, hatchery rearing of eggs and larvae, nursery culture, and offshore cage grow-out.
SEED PRODUCTION OF COBIA
- 1. SEED PRODUCTION OF COBIA Radhakrishnan Nair MFK1508
- 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND • Aquaculture research with cobia was first reported in 1975 with the collection of wild caught cobia eggs off the coast of North Carolina. • By 1997 the technology to raise large quantities of cobia fry had been developed. • In the USA, the first reported captive spawning of cobia occurred in 1996 in Mississippi. • Research on cobia was also conducted in early 1990s in Taiwan Province of China and the technology to raise large quantities of cobia, fry was developed in 1997. • Between 2000 and 2006, aquaculture facilities in Virginia, Texas, South Carolina and Florida also reported spawning cobia by either capturing gravid females, administering hormone injection or implants, or using photoperiod/water temperature manipulations to induce spawning.
- 3. RECENT ADVANCES IN INDIA • Realising the immense aquaculture potential of Cobia in India , the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) has been pursuing the broodstock development & seed production of Cobia. • At Mandapam regional Centre of CMFRI, success broodstock development of Cobia had achieved on Wednesday, June 16, 2010.
- 4. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT • Cobia are pelagic and are normally solitary except for annual spawning aggregations; • They will congregate at reefs, wrecks, harbours, buoys and other structural oases. • They may also enter estuaries and mangroves in search of prey. • They are found in warm-temperate to tropical waters of the West and East Atlantic, throughout the Caribbean and in the Indo-Pacific of India , Australia and Japan.
- 6. BIOLOGY • They are able to tolerate a wide range of temperatures (eurythermal) and salinity (euryhaline) between 1.6 and 32.2°C and 5-44.5 ppt in the environment. • Cobia prefer warm water (>20 ºC) and typically have annual migratory patterns. • Spawn many times from April to September, with peak in July. • Sexual maturity -in males at 1-2 years and in females at 2-3 years • Females grow larger and faster with maximum sizes up to 60 kg. • Spawning occurs in both nearshore and offshore waters where females release thousand to million eggs (1.4 mm diameter) which are then fertilized by the males.
- 7. • The viable eggs begin development, are heavily pigmented, buoyant, and hatch in approximately 24 hours. • Cobia larvae grow rapidly and are large in comparison to most marine species • Juvenile fish are found in both nearshore and offshore waters, often among weedlines where they seek shelter from predators and can feed. • Cobia are opportunistic feeders and examinations of stomach contents have revealed various fish, shrimp, squid, and, in particular, crabs.
- 8. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM • No pronounced sexual dimorphism. • Sexual maturity is reported in males at 1-2 years and in females 2-3 years, with females growing larger and faster with maximum size upto 60 kg (Shaffer and Nakamura, 1989).
- 10. STAGES OF COBIA CULTURE Brood stock rearing Spawning & egg collection Hatchery production Nursery rearing Grow out
- 11. BROOD STOCK MANAGEMENT • Broodstock management usually includes collection, selection and domestication of brooders as well as control of maturation, spawning and egg collection. • Broodstock development is mostly practised in sea cages in order to ensure good water exchange and healthy environment. Brood fishes can be stocked at a density of about 2 kg/m3. • Trash fishes (sardines, scads etc.) are fed once in a day at the rate of 5% of biomass or till satiation. The trash fish has to be supplemented with vitamins and HUFA (fish oil, squid liver oil). Broodstock nutrition is very important and there is positive correlation between HUFA in the broodstock diets and in the eggs and larvae.
- 12. • Bigger fishes of 10-15 kg weight having normal shape without any deformity and with healthy behaviour are selected as broodstock. The other important criteria for broodstock include bright colour and with anus easily recognizable. • Best temperature for maturation is around 27 ºC and the best salinity range is 30-34 ppt. • Separation of males and females from the broodstock cage is required for conditioning the fish for breeding • Cannulation can be done to assess the maturity condition of the female. The maturation characteristics of female include egg with size above 0.7 mm, non-adhesive, white colour and round shape. • In the case of mature males, by gently pressing the belly, the milt oozes out
- 13. • Usually two males and one female are introduced to the spawning tank. Natural spawning also can be obtained if brooders are selected properly. • Induction of spawning can be done by injecting LHRHa 20 μg kg-1 for females and 10 μg kg-1 for males. • Spawning occurs within 12-24 h after the injection. • Egg collection can be done manually from the tank by employing 500 μm net.
- 14. Broodstock development and captive breeding at Mandapam • The wild collected cobia brood fishes (hooks and line commercial catches) • In hatchery the fishes were treated with 100 ppm formalin (2-5 min) • Conditioned for 2-3 days in 10 t FRP tanks before transferring to cages. • These fishes were fed twice daily (@5% of bw) with sardines and other fish species like Pellona and Ilisha and occasionally with squids and portunid crabs. • Vitamin and mineral supplements were also given twice a week along with the feed. • The sexes were separated by cannulation using a flexible catheter (2 mm inner diameter) and stocked in separate cages. • Thereafter, the females were cannulated every fortnight to assess the diameter of the intra-ovarian eggs.
- 18. Induced Spawning • Spawning can be obtained either naturally or by inducing with hormone • The brooders were induced for spawning with HCG at doses of 500 IU per kg body weight for female and 250 IU per kg body weight for males. • The spawning occured within 36 hours after injection. • The number of eggs spawned by cobia ranges from 0.4 to 2.5 million • Egg collection can be done manually by employing 500 micron net.
- 19. • The fertilized eggs were incubated in 2 tonne capacity rectangular / circular tanks (SD 200 to 500 eggs per litre) • The eggs were hatched after 22 h of incubation at a temperature range of 28-30 ºC. • The percentage of hatching was 80% • The newly hatched larvae measured 2.2-2.7 mm in total length
- 21. LARVICULTURE AND SEED PRODUCTION • Cobia eggs are pelagic with single oil globule which is resorbed completely at 7 dph • Larval mouth opens at 2-3 dph (temperature dependent). • Metamorphosis starts from 9-11 dph.
- 22. Stage of Larvae (dph) 3 dhp – 10 dhp • The enriched rotifer (Brachionus rotundiformis) @ 10-12 nos./ml, four times a day • Rotifers enriched with DHA SELCO at a density of 6-8 nos./ml 8 dhp - 10 dph • enriched Artemia nauplii @ 1-3 nos./ ml, 4-6 times per day. 10 dph – 18 dph • During the rotifer and Artemia feeding stage, green water technique is used in the larviculture system with the microalgae Nanochloropsis oculata at a cell density of 1x105 cells/ml. 18 dph – 25 dph • Weaning to artificial larval diets. While weaning, formulated feed has to be fed 30 min before feeding with live feeds. • Continuous water exchange is required during weaning. 25 dph -40 dph • the larvae are highly cannibalistic and hence size-grading is undertaken every four days to one week. • fry could be weaned totally to artificial diets
- 23. feeds was also started as per details given below:
- 24. • The juveniles measuring 10 cm (30 dph) length were ready for stocking in hapas • All the fingerlings of 10 cm length and above were stocked in hapas in the sea for nursery rearing for about a month before transferring them to the grow-out cages.
- 28. NURSERY REARING FIRST PHASE • 0.2 - 2g to 5g fry grow rapidly to fingerlings • Size 8-10 cm (20 to 45 dph) SECOND PHASE • 2 -5 to 30 g (45 to 75 dph) • In large ponds with green water or in hapas in the sea. • Artificial feed are provided manually to satiation, 5 to 6 times daily. • grading should be undertaken THE THIRD PHASE • 30 to 600 - 1000 g (75-150 dph to 180 dph). • Grading is undertaken only once during this stage Nursery rearing of cobia generally comprises three phases.
- 29. GROW-OUT FARMING • Cobia is cultured in offshore grow-out cages until they reach marketable size. Culture period ranges between 6-8 months. • Small scale family owned cage farms and commercial cage farms are employed for cobia grow-out farming. Usually most of the cagefarms integrate nursery and grow-out culture in one area for convenient transfer of fish stock from nursery to grow-out cages. • Sinking and floating pellet feeds are used in grow-out cages.
- 30. SEA CAGES. Norwegian type sea cage.Taiwanese type sea cage.
- 31. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DO - >5mg/l, NH3 - <0.1mg/l, pH - 7.8-8.4, Salinity - 25-35ppt, Temperature - 24-330C
- 32. NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS JUVENILES Protein 45% Lipid 5-10% Vitamin& minerals No information Asian seabass or grouper feeds are accepted FCR 1.5-1.8
- 33. DISEASES AND CONTROL MEASURES DISEASE AGENT TYPE SYNDROME MEASURES Marine velvet disease; Amyloodiniosis Amyloodinium ocellatum Parasitic dinoflagellate Coughing; flashing; operculum flared out; reluctance to feed; visible on gills & fins; appears as small dark spots on gill filaments under a stereoscope Copper sulphate pentahydrate; decrease salinity in some cases (freshwater dip); flush system; formalin bath/treatment; mechanical filtration down to at least 40 microns Cryptocaryonosis; marine white spot Cryptocaryon irritans External protozoan White foci visible on skin; interconnected, larger masses of whitish spots Prolonged copper immersion; freshwater dips; formalin treatment; decrease salinity to 15 ‰ or less for 2 weeks; decrease system temperature to <19 ºC
- 34. Sessile, colonial, ciliate infestation Epistylis spp. Stalked ciliate Reported during larval stage; white or reddish masses on the skin/fins, gill arches, or in mouth; more common in polluted waters; often associated with gram-negative bacterial condition called red sore disease Formalin treatment; freshwater bath/dip; antibiotics for severe bacterial infection Trichodinosis Trichodina sp. Protozoan parasite Reported during nursery stage; found on skin & gills; loss of appetite; lethargy; chronic low level mortality; often leads to secondary infections Formalin treatment; freshwater bath; copper treatment; Praziquantel bath or prolonged immersion Monogenean infestation Neobenedenia sp. Monogenean flatworm parasite Reported during grow-out stage; skin damage & ulceration; eroded fins; eye lesions which can lead to blindness Formalin treatment; freshwater bath; copper treatment; Praziquantel bath or prolonged immersion
- 35. Myxidiosis Sphaerospora-like myxosporidean Myxosporidian parasite Poor appetite & ascites; enlarged kidney exhibiting patches or nodules; skin ulcers; spores in the digestive tract No known treatment; disinfect system; quarantine affected fish Coccidiosis Coccidia spp. Protozoan parasite Abdominal swelling; exopthalamy; cysts in liver tissue; varies with organ affected Treat fish with oral monensin; reduce stress Lymphocystis Iridovirus Virus Reported during nursery stage; skin, fins & gills with white, bumpy growths No known treatment; disinfect system; quarantine fish
- 36. Pasteurellosis Photobacterium damsela subsp. Piscicida Bacterium Whitish, granulomatous deposits on kidney, liver & spleen None known but vaccine being developed Vibriosis Vibrio alginolyticus; V. vulnificus & V. parahaemolyticus Bacteria Swollen abdomen; skin ulcers; protruded eyes; lethargy; darkening of skin; ascites in peritoneal cavity Administer antibiotics; remove diseased fish; disinfect system; reduce stress Secondary bacterial infection (after Neobenedenia infestation) Streptococcus sp. Bacterium Can cause blindness in cobia; protruded eyes; skin ulcers; skin darkening Administer antibiotics; remove diseased fish; disinfect system; reduce stress
- 37. Recent success in Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI Volitional spawning of cobia in RCC tanks – spawned volitionally without any hormonal induction during the month of May 2013. – The water quality parameters were maintained at highest standards with indigenously designed filtration systems. – A total of 2.5 million fertilized eggs were obtained and 85 % hatching was achieved in the volitional spawning.
- 38. First successful spawning of cobia in RAS – Was achieved at Mandapam on 20th September 2013. – The total number of eggs spawned was 2.40 million and the fertilization percentage was 86.1. – The temperature range was 27.5 – 29°C The first successful off-season spawning of cobia – through thermal regulation has been achieved in the RAS on 02nd December 2013. – Temperature was raised in the RAS to 29.7 to 30.3 °C, by titanium heaters. – Hormonal induction with hCG was done
- 40. PASSIVE INTEGRATED TRANSPORDER (PIT) • The brood fishes were sexed and tagged with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags in order to maintain the breeding history. • The PIT tag is a device to permanently mark fishes internally with radio frequency tags.
- 42. , 43395 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 TONNES GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF COBIA SOURCE:-http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Rachycentron_canadum/en Production trends 1997- 9 tonnes 2013- 43395 tonnes
- 43. • Of the production reported to FAO in 2004, 80.6 percent was produced in China and all the rest in Taiwan Province of China. The total value of the global production of this species in 2004 was USD 36206000. • Cobia aquaculture production has been steadily expanding in Asia, primarily in Taiwan, Vietnam and China, but also in other Southeast and Indo-Pacific Asian countries including the Philippines, Indonesia, Iran and Reunion Island.
- 44. CONCLUSION • Cobia, a fast growing potential marine candidate species for the future, which has already been gaining momentum in China, Taiwan, Indonesia, USA, Vietnam, Australia, etc. could be developed for culture in India. • Encourages more farmers to undertake cobia culture (hatchery and farming) for livelihood support. • 20% of the currently unutilized shrimp farms could be converted into productive cobia farms with minimum investment. • Effective utilization of near shore waters for cobia farming in floating cages. • Innovative value added fish products will be introduced in domestic and export markets. • Technologies developed would be transmitted to the fisherfolk to raise their income through cobia culture.
- 45. REFRENCES • Successful seed production of cobia Rachycentron canadum and its prospects for farming in India. G. Gopakumar Marine Fisheries Information Service T&E Ser., No. 206, 2010 • Major achievements of research MD/IDP/03 - Broodstock development, captive breeding and seed productiontechniques for selected marine finfishes and ornamental fishes (2009-2012) (AND) FISHCMFRISIL201202400024 - Development and standardization of seed production technologies for selected high value finfishes and shellfishes (2012-2014) • Broodstock development & seed production of cobia rachycentron canadum Dr. A. Gopalakrishnan • http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/1234/seed-production-of-cobia-in-india/ • http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8456/ • http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Rachycentron_canadum/en