An introduction to Semantic Web and Linked Data

Semantic Web and Linked Data
or how to link data
and schemas on the web
a W3C tutorial by Fabien Gandon, http://fabien.info, @fabien_gandon
WWW 2014

semantic web
mentioned by Tim BL
in 1994 at WWW
[Tim Berners-Lee 1994, http://www.w3.org/Talks/WWW94Tim/]

machines don’t.
we identify and interpret information,

IRI
HTML
HTTP
identification
address
communication
WEB

W3C®SEMANTIC WEB STANDARD STACK

RDFstands for
Resource: pages, dogs, ideas...
everything that can have a URI
Description: attributes, features, and
relations of the resources
Framework: model, languages and
syntaxes for these descriptions

RDFis a triple model i.e. every
piece of knowledge is broken down into
( subject , predicate , object )

doc.html has for author Fabien
and has for theme Music

doc.html has for author Fabien
doc.html has for theme Music

( doc.html , author , Fabien )
( doc.html , theme , Music )
( subject , predicate , object )

Predicate
Subject
Object
a triplethe RDF atom

RDFis also a graph model
to link the descriptions of resources

RDFtriples can be seen as arcs
of a graph (vertex,edge,vertex)

( doc.html , theme , Music )

Fabien
author
doc.html
theme
Music

identify what
exists on the
web
http://my-site.fr
identify,
on the web,
what exists
http://animals.org/this-zebra

http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me
http://inria.fr/schema#author
http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html
http://inria.fr/schema#theme
Music

open and link data in a
global giant graph

RDFin values of properties can also be
literals i.e. strings of characters

( doc.html , theme , "Music" )

"Music"

Music

<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-
rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:inria="http://inria.fr/schema#" >
<rdf:Description
rdf:about="http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html">
<inria:author rdf:resource=
"http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me"/>
<inria:theme>Music</inria:theme>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

RDFhas other syntaxes
(Turtle, TriG, N-Triples, N-Quads, JSON, RDFa)

Turtle
@prefix rdf:
<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix inria: <http://inria.fr/schema#> .
<http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html>
inria:author
<http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me> ;
inria:theme "Music" .

N-Triples
<http://inria.fr/schema#author>
<http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me> .
<http://inria.fr/schema#theme> "Music" .

writing rules for RDF triples
• the subject is always a resource (never a literal)
• properties are binary relations and their types are
identified by IRIs
• the value is a resource or a literal

blank nodes (bnodes)
http://bu.ch/l23.html
author
"My Life"
title
"John"
surname
"Doe"
firstname
handy anonymous nodes (existential quantification)
there exist a resource such that… {  r ; …}
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://bu.ch/123.html ">
<author>
<rdf:Description>
<surname>Doe</surname>
<firstname>John</firstname>
</rdf:Description>
</author>
<title>My Life</title>
</rdf:Description>
<http://bu.ch/123.html>
author
[surname "Doe" ;
firstname "John" . ] ;
title "My Life" .

XML schema datatypes & literals
standard literals are xsd:string
type literals with datatypes from XML Schema
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#Fabien">
<teaching rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean">
true</teaching>
<birth rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date">
1975-07-31</birth>
</rdf:Description/>
#Fabien teaching "true"^^xsd:boolean ;
birth "1975-07-31"^^xsd:date .
#Fabien "true"^^xsd:boolean
"1975-07-31"^^xsd:date
teaching
birth

XML Schema datatypes
W3C-http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/

langue
<Book>
<title xml:lang=‘fr’>Seigneur des anneaux</title>
<title xml:lang=‘en’>Lord of the rings</title>
</Book>
<Book> title "Seigneur des anneaux"@fr ;
title "Lord of the rings"@en .
literals with languages and without are disjoint
“Fabien”  “Fabien”@en  “Fabien”@fr

typing resources
using URIs to identify the types
<urn://~fgandon> rdf:type <http://www.inria.fr/schema#Person>
a resource can have several types
<urn://~fgandon> rdf:type <http://www.inria.fr/schema#Person>
<urn://~fgandon> rdf:type <http://www.inria.fr/schema#Researcher>
<urn://~fgandon> rdf:type <http://www.mit.edu/schema#Lecturer>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="urn://~fgandon">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.inria.fr/schema#Person" />
<name>Fabien</name>
</rdf:Description>
<in:Person rdf:about="urn://~fgandon">
<name>Fabien</name>
</in:Person>
<urn://~fgandon>
a in:Person ;
name "Fabien" .

question:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:exs="http://example.org/schema#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/doc.html">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://example.org/schema#Report"/>
<exs:theme rdf:resource="http://example.org#Music"/>
<exs:theme rdf:resource="http://example.org#History"/>
<exs:nbPages rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#int">23</exs:nbPages>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
meaning ?

question:
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:exs="http://example.org/schema#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/doc.html">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://example.org/schema#Report"/>
<exs:theme rdf:resource="http://example.org#Music"/>
<exs:theme rdf:resource="http://example.org#History"/>
<exs:nbPages rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#int">23</exs:nbPages>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF> exs:Report
rdf:type
exs:nbPages
“23”^^xsd:int
exs:theme
http://example.org/doc.html
http://example.org#Music
http://example.org#History
exs:theme

bags = unordered groups
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#">
<author>
<rdf:Bag>
<rdf:li>Ivan Herman</rdf:li>
<rdf:li>Fabien Gandon</rdf:li>
</rdf:Bag>
</author>
</rdf:Description>
<#> author _:a
_:a rdf:_1 “Ivan Herman”
_:a rdf:_2 “Fabien Gandon”
<#> author [
a rdf:Bag ;
rdf:li "Ivan Herman" ;
rdf:li "Fabien Gandon" . ] .

sequence
ordered group of resources or literals
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#partition">
<contains>
<rdf:Seq>
<rdf:li rdf:about="#C"/>
<rdf:li rdf:about="#D"/>
<rdf:li rdf:about="#E"/>
</rdf:Seq>
</contains>
</rdf:Description>
<partition>
contains [
a rdf:Seq ;
rdf:li "C" ;
rdf:li "C" ;
rdf:li "C" ;
rdf:li "D" ;
rdf:li "E" .
] .

alternativese.g. title of a book in different languages
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#book">
<title>
<rdf:Alt>
<rdf:li xml:lang="fr">l’homme qui prenait sa femme
pour un chapeau</rdf:li>
<rdf:li xml:lang="en">the man who mistook his wife
for a hat</rdf:li>
</rdf:Alt>
</title>
</rdf:Description>
<#book>
title [
a rdf:Alt ;
rdf:li "l’homme…"@fr ;
rdf:li "the man…"@en .
] .

collectionexhaustive and ordered list
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#week">
<dividedIn rdf:parseType="Collection">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#monday"/>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#tuesday"/>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#wednesday"/>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#thursday"/>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#friday"/>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#saturday"/>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="#sunday"/>
</devidedIn>
</rdf:Description>
wednesday
friday
sunday
nil
monday
tuesday
thursday
saturday
firstrest
List
_:a
_:b
_:c
_:d
_:e
_:f
_:g
<#week> dividedIn
( <#monday> <#tuesday> <#wednesday>
<#thursday> <#friday> <#saturday> <#sunday>
) .

RDF(named) graphs
group triples in graphs named by IRIs

Music
http://inria.fr/people
http://inria.fr/topics

TriG
@prefix rdf:
<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix inria: <http://inria.fr/schema#> .
GRAPH <http://inria.fr/people>
{ <http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html>
inria:author
<http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me> .
}
GRAPH <http://inria.fr/topics>
{ <http://inria.fr/rr/doc.html>
inria:theme "Music" .
}

N-Quads
<http://inria.fr/schema#author>
<http://ns.inria.fr/fabien.gandon#me>
<http://inria.fr/people> .
<http://inria.fr/schema#theme> "Music"
<http://inria.fr/topics> .

rdf:about
rdf:type
ex:ingredients
rdf:label
dc:creator
ex:weight

openmodel
• extensible vocabulary based on URIs
• anyone can say anything about anything
http://my_domain.org/my_path/my_type

An introduction to Semantic Web and Linked Data

May 2007 April 2008 September 2008
March 2009
September 2010
Linking Open Data
Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/
September 2011
0
100
200
300
400
10/10/2006 28/04/2007 14/11/2007 01/06/2008 18/12/2008 06/07/2009 22/01/2010 10/08/2010 26/02/2011 14/09/2011 01/04/2012

thematic content
Domains
Number of
datasets
Number of
Triples
% Out links %
Media 25 1 841 852 061 5,82 % 50 440 705 10,01 %
Geography 31 6145 532 484 19,43 % 35 812 328 7,11 %
Government 49 13 315 009 400 42,09 % 19 343 519 3,84 %
Publications 87 2 950 720 693 9,33 % 139 925 218 27,76 %
Inter-domain 41 4 184 635 715 13,23 % 63 183 065 12,54 %
Life Sciences 41 3 036 336 004 9,60 % 191 844 090 38,06 %
Users’ content 20 134 127 413 0,42 % 3 449 143 0,68 %
295 31 634 213 770 503 998 829
42%
20%
13%
10%
9%
6%
0%
Government
Geography
Inter-domain
Life Sciences
Publications
Media
Users' content

linked data principles Use RDF as data format
 Use HTTP URIs as names for things so that
people can look up those names
 When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information
(RDF, HTML, etc.) using content negotiation
 Include links to other URIs so that related things can be discovered
HTTP URI
GET
HTML,RDF,…
GET
303

DNShe who controls the name
controls the access
ex. bit.ly & Libya
.fr
*
.inria
isicil

query with SPARQL
SPARQL Protocol and RDF
Query Language

SPARQL in 3 parts
part 1: query language
part 2: result format
part 3: access protocol

SPARQL query
SELECT ...
FROM ...
WHERE { ... }

examplepersons at least 18-year old
PREFIX ex: <http://inria.fr/schema#>
SELECT ?person ?name
WHERE {
?person rdf:type ex:Person .
?person ex:name ?name .
?person ex:age ?age .
FILTER (?age > 17)
}

left left
x
*
z
left(x,y)
left(y,z)
right(z,v)
right(z,u)
right(u,v)
left(x,?p) left(?p,z)

right
x
y
z
u v
right
left left

graph mapping / projection
classical three clauses:
– Select: clause to select the values to be returned
– Where: triple/graph pattern to match
– Filter: constraints expressed using test functions
(XPath 2.0 or external)

SPARQL triples
• triples and question marks for variables:
?x rdf:type ex:Person
• graph patterns to match:
SELECT ?subject ?proprerty ?value
WHERE {?subject ?proprerty ?value}
• a pattern is, by default, a conjunction of triples
SELECT ?x WHERE
{ ?x rdf:type ex:Person .
?x ex:name ?name . }

question:
• Query:
SELECT ?name WHERE {
?x name ?name .
?x email ?email .
}
• Base:
_:a name "Fabien"
_:b name "Thomas"
_:c name "Lincoln"
_:d name "Aline"
_:b email <mailto:thom@chaka.sn>
_:a email <mailto:Fabien.Gandon@inria.fr>
_:d email <mailto:avalandre@pachinko.jp>
_:a email <mailto:bafien@fabien.info>
• Results ?
x2

prefixes
to use namespaces:
PREFIX mit: <http://www.mit.edu#>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
SELECT ?student
WHERE {
?student mit:registeredAt ?x .
?x foaf:homepage <http://www.mit.edu> .
}
Base namespace : BASE <…>

SPARQL result
failure/ success
values found

result formats
• a binding i.e. list of all the selected values
(SELECT) for each answer found;
(stable XML format ; e.g. for XSLT transformations)
• RDF sub-graphs for each answer found
(RDF/XML format ; e.g. for application integration)
• JSON (eg. ajax web applications)
• CSV/TSV (eg. export)

example of binding
results for previous query in XML
<sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#">
<head>
<variable name="student"/>
</head>
<results ordered="false" distinct="false">
<result>
<binding name="student">
<uri>http//www.mit.edu/data.rdf#ndieng</uri></binding>
</result>
<result>
<binding name="student">
<uri>http//www.mit.edu/data.rdf#jdoe</uri></binding>
</result>
</sparql>

simplified syntax
triples with a common subject:
SELECT ?name ?fname
WHERE {
?x a Person;
name ?name ;
firstname ?fname ;
author ?y . }
list of values
?x firstname "Fabien", "Lucien" .
blank node
[firstname "Fabien"] or [] firstname "Fabien"
SELECT ?name ?fname
WHERE {
?x rdf:type Person .
?x name ?name .
?x firstname ?fname .
?x author ?y .
}

source
FROM http//www.mit.edu/data.rdf
SELECT ?student
WHERE {
}

optional part
SELECT ?student ?name
WHERE {
OPTIONAL {? student foaf:name ?name . }
}
possibly unbound

union
alternative graph patterns
WHERE {
{
{
}
UNION
{
?x foaf:homepage <www.stanford.edu/> .
}
}
}

sort, filter and limit answers
WHERE {
?student foaf:name ?name .
? student foaf:age ?age .
FILTER (?age > 22)
}
ORDER BY ?name
LIMIT 20
OFFSET 20
students older than 22 years sorted by name
results from number #21 to #40

operators
• Inside the FILTER:
– Comparators: <, >, =, <=, >=, !=
– Tests on variables : isURI(?x), isBlank(?x),
isLiteral(?x), bound(?x)
– Regular expression regex(?x, "A.*")
– Attributes and values: lang(), datatype(), str()
– Casting: xsd:integer(?x)
– External functions and extensions
– Boolean combinations: &&, ||
• In the where WHERE: @fr , ^^xsd:integer
• In the SELECT: distinct

other functions (v 1.1)
isNumeric(Val) test it is a numeric value
coalesce(val,…, val) first valid value
IRI(Str)/URI(Str) to build an iri/uri from a string
BNODE(ID) to build a blank node
RAND() random value between 0 and 1
ABS(Val) absolute value
CEIL(Val), FLOOR(Val), ROUND(Val)
NOW() today’s date
DAY(Date), HOURS(Date), MINUTES(Date),
MONTH(Date), SECONDS(Date),
TIMEZONE(Date), TZ(Date), YEAR(Date)
to access different parts of a date
MD5(Val), SHA1(Val), SHA256(Val),
SHA384(Val), SHA512(Val) hash functions

string / literal functions (v1.1)
STRDT(value, type) build a typed literal
STRLANG(value, lang) build a literal with a language
CONCAT(lit1,…,litn) concatenate a list of literal
CONTAINS(lit1,lit2), STRSTARTS(lit1,lit2),
STRENDS(lit1,lit2)
to test string inclusion
SUBSTR(lit, start [,length]) extract a sub string
ENCODE_FOR_URI (Str) encodes a string as URI
UCASE (Str), LCASE (Str) uppercase and lowercase
STRLEN (Str) length of the string

aggregates
group by + count, sum, min, max,
avg, group_concat, or sample
ex. average scores, grouped by the subject, but
only where the mean is greater than 10
SELECT (AVG(?score) AS ?average)
WHERE { ?student score ?score . }
GROUP BY ?student
HAVING(AVG(?score) > 10)

question:
PREFIX ex: <http://www.exemple.abc#>
SELECT ?person
WHERE {
?person rdf:type ?type .
FILTER(! ( ?type = ex:Man ))
}

minussubstract a pattern
SELECT ?person
WHERE {
{ ?x rdf:type ex:Person }
minus {?x rdf:type ex:Man}
}

not existcheck the absence of a pattern
SELECT ?person
WHERE {
?x ex:memberOf ?org .
filter (not exists
{?y ex:memberOf <Hell>})
}

if… then… else
prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
select * where {
?x foaf:name ?name ; foaf:age ?age .
filter (
if (langMatches( lang(?name), "FR"),
?age>=18, ?age>=21) )
}

test a value is in / not in a list
select * where {
?x foaf:name ?n .
filter (?n in ("fabien", "olivier",
"catherine") )
}

valuespre-defined bindings
select ?person where {
?person name ?name .
VALUES (?name)
{ "Peter" "Pedro" "Pierre" }
}

paths
select ?friends_fab where {
?x foaf:name "Fabien Gandon" ;
foaf:knows+ ?friends_fab ;
}
/ : sequence
| : alternative
+ : one or several
* : zero or several
? : optional
^ : reverse
! : negation
{min,max} : length

select expression
select ?x (year(?date) as ?year)
where {
?x birthdate ?date .
}

subquery / nested query
select ?name where {
{select (max(?age) as ?max)
where { ?person age ?age }
}
?senior age ?max
?senior name ?name
}

construct RDF as result
PREFIX corp: <http://mycorp.com/schema#>
CONSTRUCT
{ ?student rdf:type corp:FuturExecutive . }
WHERE
{ ?student rdf:type mit:Student . }

free description
DESCRIBE ?student
{ ?student rdf:type mit:Student . }
or
DESCRIBE <…URI…>

SPARQL protocol
exchange queries and their
results through the web

publication
process demo
• one-click setup
• import raw data
• transform to RDF
• publish on the web
• query online

Test on DBpedia
• Connect to:
http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ or
http://fr.dbpedia.org/sparql or …
http://wiki.dbpedia.org/Internationalization/Chapters
• Query:
SELECT * WHERE {
?x rdfs:label "Paris"@fr .
?x ?p ?v .
}
LIMIT 10

Linked Data Platform
HTTP access to LD resources & containers
get, post, put, delete resources from LD servers.
GET /people/fab HTTP/1.1
Host: data.inria.fr
PUT http://data.inria.fr/people/fab HTTP/1.1
Host: data.inria.fr
Content-Type: text/turtle
<fab> a foaf:Person ;
rdfs:label "Fabien" ;
foaf:mbox <fabien.gandon@inria.fr> .
?
!

semantic web: linked data and semantics of schemas
a little semantics in a world of links

had typed links…
the original web

publish the data schemas
180°C+ = ?

+
= 

what is the last
document
you read?

your answer relies on a
shared ontology
we infer from it
we all understood

Document
Book
Novel Short Story
sub
type

sub
type
#12
#21
#47 #48
"document"
"book"
"livre"
"novel"
"roman"
"short story"
"nouvelle"
#21  #12
#48  #21#47  #21

#21  #12
#48  #21#47  #21
ontological
knowledge formalized
#12
#21
#47 #48

languages
to formalize
ontologies

W3C®
PUBLISH
SEMANTICS
OF SCHEMAS

RDFS provides primitives to Write
lightweight ontologies

RDFS to define classes of resources
and organize their hierarchy
Document
Report

RDFS to define relations between
resources, their signature
and organize their hierarchy
creator
author
Document Person

FO  R  GF  GRmapping modulo an ontology
car
vehicle
car(x)vehicle(x)
GF
GRvehicle
car
O

an old schema of RDFS
W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327/

example of RDFS schema
<rdf:RDF xml:base ="http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs"
xmlns:rdf ="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns ="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
<Class rdf:ID="Man">
<subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/>
<subClassOf rdf:resource="#Male"/>
<label xml:lang="en">man</label>
<comment xml:lang="en">an adult male person</comment>
</Class>
<Man> a Class ; subClassOf <Person>, <Male> .

example of RDFS properties
<rdf:RDF xml:base ="http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs"
xmlns:rdf ="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns ="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
<rdf:Property rdf:ID="hasMother">
<subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/>
<range rdf:resource="#Female"/>
<domain rdf:resource="#Human"/>
<label xml:lang="en">has for mother</label>
<comment xml:lang="en">to have for parent a female.
</comment>
</rdf:Property>
<hasMother> a rdf:Property ;
subPropertyOf <hasParent> ;
range <Female> ; domain <Human> .

example of RDF using this schema
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf ="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-
syntax-ns#"
xmlns="http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs#"
xml:base=" http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs-instances" >
<rdf:Description rdf:ID="Lucas">
<rdf:type
rdf:resource="http://inria.fr/2005/humans.rdfs#Man"/>
<hasMother rdf:resource="#Laura"/>
</rdf:Description>
<Man rdf:ID="Lucas">
<hasMother rdf:resource="#Laura"/>
</Man>
<Luca> a Man; hasMother <Laura> .

rdfs:label
a resource may have one or more labels in
one or more natural language
<rdf:Property rdf:ID='name'>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource='Person'/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource='&rdfs;Literal'/>
<rdfs:label xml:lang='fr'>nom</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:label xml:lang='fr'>nom de famille</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:label xml:lang='en'>name</rdfs:label>
</rdf:Property>
<name> a rdf:Property ;
range rdfs:Literal ; domain <Person> ;
label "nom"@fr, "nom de famille"@fr, "name"@en .

rdfs:comment & rdfs:seeAlso
comments provide definitions and explanations in natural
language
<rdfs:Class rdf:about=‘#Woman’>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang=‘fr’>une personne adulte du
sexe féminin</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang=‘en’>a female adult person
</rdfs:comment>
</rdfs:Class>
see also…
<rdfs:Class rdf:about=‘#Man’>
<rdfs:seeAlso rdf:resource=‘#Woman’/>
</rdfs:Class>
<Woman> a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf <Person> ;
rdfs:comment "adult femal person"@en ;
rdfs:comment "une adulte de sexe féminin"@fr .
<Man> a rdfs:Class ; rdfs:seeAlso <Woman> .

OWLprovides additional
primitives for
heavyweight ontologies

OWLin one…
enumeration
intersection
union
complement
 disjunction
restriction!
cardinality
1..1
algebraic properties
equivalence
[>18]
disjoint union
value restrict.
disjoint properties
qualified cardinality
1..1
!
individual prop. neg
chained prop.


keys
…

enumerated class
define a class by providing all its members
<owl:Class rdf:id="EyeColor">
<owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Thing rdf:ID="Blue"/>
<owl:Thing rdf:ID="Green"/>
<owl:Thing rdf:ID="Brown"/>
<owl:Thing rdf:ID="Black"/>
</owl:oneOf>
</owl:Class>
{a,b,c,d,e}

classes defined by union
of other classes
<owl:Class>
<owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/>
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Group"/>
</owl:unionOf>
</owl:Class>

classes defined by intersection
of other classes
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Man">
<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Male"/>
<owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/>
</owl:intersectionOf>
</owl:Class>

complement and disjunction
complement class
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Male">
<owl:complementOf rdf:resource="#Female"/>
</owl:Class>
declare a disjunction
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Square">
<owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Round"/>
</owl:Class>


restriction on all values
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Herbivore">
<subClassOf rdf:resource="#Animal"/>
<subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#eats" />
<owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Plant" />
</owl:Restriction>
</subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
!

restriction on some values
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Sportive">
<owl:equivalentClass>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hobby" />
<owl:someValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Sport" />
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:equivalentClass>
</owl:Class>
!

restriction to an exact value
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Bike">
<subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#nbWheels" />
<owl:hasValue>2</owl:hasValue>
</owl:Restriction>
</subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
!

restriction on cardinality
how many times a property is used for
a same subject but with different values
• Constraints: minimum, maximum, exact number
• Exemple
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Person">
<subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#name" />
<owl:maxCardinality>1</owl:maxCardinality>
</owl:Restriction>
</subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
1..1

types of properties
• ObjectProperty are relations between resources only
e.g. hasParent(#thomas,#stephan)
• DatatypeProperty have a literal value possibly typed
ex:hasAge(#thomas,16^^xsd:int)
• AnnotationProperty are ignored in inferences and used
for documentation and extensions

algebraic properties
• Symmetric property, xRy  yRx
<owl:SymmetricProperty rdf:ID="hasSpouse" />
• Inverse property, xR1y  yR2x
<rdf:Property rdf:ID="hasChild">
<owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/>
</rdf:Property>
• Transitive property, xRy & yRz  xRz
<owl:TransitiveProperty rdf:ID="hasAncestor" />
• Functional property, xRy & xRz  y=z
<owl:FunctionalProperty rdf:ID="hasMother" />
• Inverse functional property, xRy & zRy  x=z
<owl:InverseFunctionalProperty
rdf:ID="hasSocialSecurityNumber" />
!
!

equivalencies and alignment
• equivalent classes : owl:equivalentClass
• equivalent properties: owl:equivalentProperty
• identical or different resources:
owl:sameAs, owl:differentFrom


document the schemas
description of the ontology
owl:Ontology, owl:imports, owl:versionInfo,
owl:priorVersion, owl:backwardCompatibleWith,
owl:incompatibleWith
versions of classes and properties
owl:DeprecatedClass, owl:DeprecatedProperty

OWL profiles
EL: large numbers of properties and/or classes
and polynomial time.
QL: large volumes of instance data, and
conjunctive query answering using
conventional relational database in LOGSPACE
RL: scalable reasoning without sacrificing too
much expressive power using rule-based
reasoning in polynomial time

VoCamp
camps for vocabulary hackers

semantic waste separation
the web is a garbage can,
the semantic web will be a semantic garbage can.

Rule Interchange Format (RIF)
core and extensions

e.g. infer new relations
rule: if a member of a team is interested in a topic then
the team as a whole is interested in that topic
?person interestedBy ?topic
?person member ?team

?team interestedBy ?topic
interestedByPerson
?person
Topic
?topic
member Team
?team
interestedBy

question: forward chaining
ex:Fabien ex:activity ex:Research
ex:Fabien ex:in ex:WimmicsTeam
ex:WimmicsTeam ex:in ex:INRIASophia
ex:INRIASophia ex:in ex:INRIA
ex:WimmicsTeam ex:activity ex:Research
ex:INRIASophia ex:activity ex:Research
ex:INRIA ex:activity ex:Research
IF
?x ex:activity ?y
?x ex:in ?z
THEN
?z ex:activity ?y

RIF Core
subset shared by most systems: add only
employee1 [function-> “executive”
bonus -> 10 ]
ForAll ?emp (?emp [ bonus -> 15 ] :-
?emp [ function -> “executive” ] )
employee1 [function -> “executive”
bonus -> 10
bonus -> 15 ]

RIF Core
monotonic Horn clause on frames
conclusion :- hyp1 and hyp2 and hyp3 …
• IRI as constants
• frames as triplets
• lists
• existential quantification in condition
• class membership and equality in condition

RIF BLD (Basic Logic Dialect)
still monotonic : no changes.
• conjunction in conclusion
• fonctions, predicates and named arguments f(?x)
Maganer(?e) :- Exists ?g (manage(?e ?g))
• disjunction in condition
• equality in conclusion
• sub-classes

RIF PRD (Production Rules Dialect)
full production rules in forward chaining
• add, delete, modify, run
• instantiate frames (new)
• negation as failure (ineg)
• no longer monotonic
Forall ?customer ?purchasesYTD
(If And( ?customer#ex:Customer
?customer[ex:purchasesYTD->?purchasesYTD]
External(pred:numeric-greater-than(?purchasesYTD 5000)) )
Then Do( Modify(?customer[ex:status->"Gold"]) ) )
(from PRD Rec. Doc.)

RIF, RIF, RIF,…
• DTB (Datatypes and Built-Ins) : data types with their
predicates and functions
• FLD: how to specify new dialects extending BLD
• SWC : syntax and semantics to combine RIF, RDF
graphs, RDFS and OWL (RL)

SKOS
knowledge
thesauri,
classifications,
subjects,
taxonomies,
folksonomies,
... controlled
vocabulary
168

natural language expressions to refer to concepts
169
inria:CorporateSemanticWeb
skos:prefLabel "corporate semantic web"@en;
skos:prefLabel "web sémantique d'entreprise"@fr;
skos:altLabel "corporate SW"@en;
skos:altLabel "CSW"@en;
skos:hiddenLabel "web semantique d'entreprise"@fr.
labels

between conceptsinria:CorporateSemanticWeb
skos:broader w3c:SemanticWeb;
skos:narrower inria:CorporateSemanticWiki;
skos:related inria:KnowledgeManagement.
relations

inria:CorporateSemanticWeb
skos:scopeNote "only within KM community";
skos:definition "a semantic web on an intranet";
skos:example "Nokia's internal use of RDF gateway";
skos:historyNote "semantic intranet until 2006";
skos:editorialNote "keep wikipedia def. uptodate";
skos:changeNote "acronym added by fabien".

toward all forms of data on the web

many databuried and dormant in web pages

R2RML
a standard transformation of a
relationnal database in RDF
schema
mapping

direct mapping
• cells of a line  triples with a shared subject
• names of columns  names of properties
• each value of a cell  one object
• links between tables
name fname age
doe john 34
did sandy 45
#s1 :name "doe"
#s1 :fname "john"
#s1 :age "34"
#s2 :name "did"
#s2 :fname "sandy"
#s2 :age "45"
#s3 …

example of mapping
ISBN Author Title Year
0006511409X id_xyz The Glass Palace 2000
ID Name Homepage
id_xyz Ghosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.com
http://…isbn/000651409X
Ghosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.com
The Glass Palace
2000
a:name
a:homepage
a:author

(1) transforming
table of persons
ID Name Homepage
http://…isbn/000651409X
The Glass Palace
2000
a:name
a:homepage
a:author
:P_Table rdf:type rr:TriplesMap ;
rr:subjectMap [
rr:termtype "BlankNode" ;
rr:column "ID" ;
] ;
rr:predicateObjectMap [
rr:predicateMap [
rr:predicate a:name
];
rr:objectMap [
rr:column "Name"
]
] ;
rr:predicateMap [
rr:predicate a:homepage
];
rr:objectMap [
rr:column "Homepage" ;
rr:termtype "IRI"
]
] ;

(2) transforming
table of books
ID Name Homepage
http://…isbn/000651409X
The Glass Palace
2000
a:name
a:homepage
a:author
:B_Table rdf:type rr:TriplesMap ;
rr:subjectMap [
rr:template "http://...isbn/{ISBN}";
];
rr:predicateMap [
rr:predicate a:title
];
rr:objectMap [
rr:column "Title"
]
] ;
rr:predicateMap [
rr:predicate a:year
];
rr:objectMap [
rr:column "Year" ;
]
] ;

(3) linking tables
ID Name Homepage
http://…isbn/000651409X
The Glass Palace
2000
a:name
a:homepage
a:author
:B_Table a rr:TriplesMap ;
...
rr:refPredicateObjectMap [
rr:refPredicateMap [
rr:predicate a:author
];
rr:refObjectMap [
rr:parentTriplesMap :P_Table ;
rr:joinCondition
"{child}.Author = {parent}.ID"
]
]
].

schema.org
schemas to improve index, search and display e.g:
• Creative works, Book, Movie, MusicRecording, Recipe, TVSeries ...
• Embedded non-text objects, AudioObject, ImageObject, VideoObject
• Event
• Organization
• Person
• Place, LocalBusiness, Restaurant ...
• Product, Offer, AggregateOffer
• Review, AggregateRating
= + + +

RDFa 1.1: example on schema.org
<div vocab="http://schema.org/" typeof="Product">
<img rel="image" src="dell-30in-lcd.jpg" />
<span property="name">Dell UltraSharp 30" LCD Monitor</span>
<div rel="hasAggregateRating" >
<div typeof="http://schema.org/AggregateRating">
<span property="ratingValue">87</span>
out of <span property="bestRating">100</span>
based on <span property="ratingCount">24</span> user ratings
</div>
</div>
<div rel="offers" >
<div typeof="http://schema.org/AggregateOffer">
<span property="lowPrice">$1250</span>
to <span property="highPrice">$1495</span>
from <span property="offerCount">8</span> sellers
</div>
</div>
(…)
PS: RDFa Lite = vocab + typeof + property + about + prefix.

GRDDL opens formats
by allowing us to declare RDF extraction
algorithms inside XML documents
<head profile="http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view">
<title>The man who mistook his wife for a hat</title>
<link rel="transformation"
href="http://www.w3.org/2000/06/ dc-extract/dc-extract.xsl" />
<meta name="DC.Subject" content="clinical tales" />
…

code inside the page
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" dir="ltr" lang="en-US"
xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml">
<head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns# YOUR_NAMESPACE:
http://ogp.me/ns/apps/YOUR_NAMESPACE#">
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="YOUR_APP_ID" />
<meta property="og:type" content="YOUR_NAMESPACE:recipe" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Stuffed Cookies" />
<meta property="og:image" content="http://example.com/cookie.jpg" />
<meta property="og:description" content="The Turducken of Cookies" />
<meta property="og:url" content="http://example.com/cookie.html">
<script type="text/javascript">
function postCook()
{ FB.api('/me/YOUR_NAMESPACE:cook' +
'?recipe=http://example.com/cookie.html','post', (…) }); }
</script>
</head>
<body>
(…)
<form>
<input type="button" value="Cook" onclick="postCook()" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

VoID: describing RDF datasets/linksets

:DBpedia a void:Dataset;
void:sparqlEndpoint <http://dbpedia.org/sparql>;
void:feature :RDFXML ;
void:subset :DBpedia2Geonames ;
void:uriLookupEndpoint <http://lookup.dbpedia.org/api/search.asmx/KeywordSearch? QueryString=> ;
dcterms:modified "2008-11-17"^^xsd:date;
dcterms:title "DBPedia";
dcterms:description "RDF data extracted from Wikipedia";
dcterms:publisher :DBpedia_community;
dcterms:license <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>;
dcterms:source <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Wikipedia>.
:Geonames a void:Dataset;
void:sparqlEndpoint <http://geosparql.appspot.com/query>;
void:triples "107983838"^^xsd:integer ;
dcterms:subject <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Location> .
:DBpedia2Geonames a void:Linkset ;
void:linkPredicate owl:sameAs ;
void:target :DBpedia ;
void:target :Geonames .
e.g. DBpedia dataset

Data Cube: publish multi-dimensional
data (statistics)

CSV-LD & Linked CSV
• contexts to interpret and generate CSV
• conventions for CSV to be linked in RDF

SAWSDLsemantic annotation of WSDL (W3C Rec. 2007)

semantically
services annotated and searched
providerserviceclientrequester
directory
3
12

a (too) fast three-tier summary
RDFa, microdata,…
LDP, HTTP, JSON-LD, …
R2RML, SPARQL, RDF, …
presentation
logic
data

Provenance: PROV-DM & PROV-O
describe entities and activities
involved in providing a resource

PROV-DM & PROV-O: primer example
ex:compose prov:used ex:dataSet1 ;
prov:used ex:regionList .
ex:composition prov:wasGeneratedBy ex:compose .
ex:illustrate prov:used ex:composition .
ex:chart1 prov:wasGeneratedBy ex:illustrate .

annotating multimédia elements
• semantic description of multimedia
resources [Media Annotation]
• pointing to internal elements of
multimedia resources [Media Fragment]

multimedia fragment
• part of the URL after the #
http://www.example.com/example.ogv#track=audio&t=10,20
• dimensions:
– temporal:
t=10,20 / t=npt:,0:02:01.5 / t=clock:2009-07-26T11:19:01Z
– spatial:
xywh=pixel:160,120,320,240 / xywh=percent:25,25,50,50
– track:
track=1 / track=video&track=subtitle / track=Wide
– named:
id=chapter-1
• fragment are not sent with the URL but encoded in
the HTTP request

ontologies for multimedia descriptions
ontology for Media Resources 1.0
<video.ogv> a ma:MediaResource ;
ma:hasTrack <video.ogv#track=audio>,
<video.ogv#track=subtitle>;
ma:hasSubtitling <video.ogv#track=subtitle> ;
ma:hasSigning <video.ogv#xywh=percent:70,70,90,90> .
<video.ogv#track=audio> a ma:AudioTrack ;
ma:hasLanguage [ rdfs:label "en-GB" ] ;
ma:hasFragment <video.ogv#track=audio&t=10,20> .
<video.ogv#track=audio&t=10,20> a ma:MediaFragment ;
ma:hasLanguage [ rdfs:label "fr" ] .
<video.ogv#track=subtitle> a ma:DataTrack ;
ma:hasLanguage [ rdfs:label "es" ] .
<video.ogv#xywh=percent:70,70,90,90> a ma:MediaFragment ;
ma:hasLanguage [ rdfs:label "bfi" ] .

some pointers• W3C standards
http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/
• SW Tools
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Tools
• Linked Data Book
http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/
• W3DevCampus
http://www.w3devcampus.com/
• EUCLID material
http://www.euclid-project.eu/

http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Tools

impossible
to predict every
usage

explicit
make conceptualizations

open your data
to those who could use them

#WatchDogs #WeAreData @ubisoft

66 FOAF primitives 3 475 908 348 references (2)
x 52 millions
“a small tree ruling a big graph”(1)
(1) Franck Van Harmelen, ISWC 2011
(2) Libby Miller, 2009

“semantic web”
and not
“semanticweb”
[C. Welty, ISWC 2007]
“a lightweight ontology
allows us to do
lightweight reasoning”
[J. Hendler, ISWC 2007]

data
data bases
data models
open data
linked data
closed data
enterprise data
linked enterprise data
linked open data
data schemas
semantic web of data
data structures
linked data schemas
web of data
big data
big data streams
data streams
linked data streams web of sensors, things, …
VELOCITY
big linked data
VOLUME
VARIETY
VVeb data
linked healthcare data
VICINITY
VISIBILITY
personal data
data mining
data type

price convert?
person homepage?
more info?
web 1, 2, 3

identify
describe & link
query
reasoning
trace
URI
RDF
HTTP, SPARQL, LDP
RDFS & OWL
PROV-O
GOALS AND MEANS

identify
describe & link
query
reasoning
trace
http://fabien.fr#me
#me type man
select * {?r type ?t}
man subClassOf male
wasAttributedTo #me
GOALS AND MEANS

informal
formal
usage representation
one web…
data
person document
program
metadata

he who controls metadata, controls the web
and through the world-wide web many things in our world.
fabien, gandon, @fabien_gandon, http://fabien.info
WWW 2014

An introduction to Semantic Web and Linked Data

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