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The document discusses bioremediation, specifically phytoremediation, which utilizes plants to degrade or immobilize contaminants in the environment. It outlines various bioremediation methods, including in situ and ex situ techniques, and details the types of phytoremediation based on mechanisms such as phytoaccumulation and phytodegradation. The advantages include natural environmental restoration and reduced risk to human health, while drawbacks involve limited applicability to biodegradable compounds and longer remediation times.
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- 1. BIOREMEDIATION(PHYTOREMEDIATION) A SUSTAINABLE TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Presented By Preeti Pal M.Tech 2nd year School of Environmental and Earth Sciences North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.
- 2. BIOREMEDIATION PHYTOREMEDIATION •Phytoremediation is a form of bioremediation which involves the use of plants for degrading or immobilizing contaminants in soil and ground water. •Any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants and their enzymes to remove or neutralize the pollutants that have accumulated in the environment.
- 4. bacterium corn starch CO2 + H2O contaminant degradation products Bioremediation by plants Bioremediation by bacteria
- 5. Types of bioremediation Ex situIn situ •Biosparging •Bioaugmentation •Biopiles •Bioventing On the basis of removal and transport of contaminants •Composting •Land farming •Bioreactors
- 6. TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION In situ bioremediation: No need to remove soils or water from the site in order to accomplish remediation. Involves supplying oxygen and nutrients by circulating aqueous solutions through contaminated soils to stimulate naturally occurring bacteria to degrade organic contaminants. It can be generally used for soil and groundwater treatment. Ex situ bioremediation: This process requires excavation of contaminated soil or pumping of groundwater to facilitate microbial degradation.
- 7. •Biosparging Biosparging involves the injection of air under pressur e below the water table to increase groundwater oxyg en concentrations and enhance the rate of biological degradation of contaminants by naturally occurring bac teria. •Bioaugmentation Bioremediation frequently involves the addition of microorganisms indigenous or exogenous to the con taminated sites. Types of In-situ bioremediation
- 8. •Bioventing •Involves supplying amount of oxygen necessary for the biodegradationand nutrients through wells to contaminat ed soil to stimulate the indigenous bacteria. •Bioventing employs low air flow rates. •Soil biopiles •Biopiles are a hybrid of land farming and composting. •use for treatment of surface contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons •They are a refined version of land farming that tend cont rol physical losses of the contaminants by leaching and v olatilization. •Biopiles provide a favorable environment for indigenou s aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
- 9. 1. Composting • contaminated soil is combined with nonhazardous organic components such as manure or agricultural wastes. • The presence of organic materials supports the development of a rich microbial population and elevated temperatur e characteristic of composting. 2.Land farming • Contaminated soil is excavated • Spread over a prepared bed • Periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded. Types of Ex-Situ bioremediation
- 10. 3. Bioreactors • Containment vessel used to create solid, liquid and gas phases. • Mixing condition to increase the bioreme -diation rate of soil bound and water- soluble pollutants.
- 11. TYPES OF PHYTOREMEDIATION Phytoaccumulation Phytodegradation Phytohydraulics Phytovolatilization Phytostabilization Phytosequestration Rhizodegradation Rhizofiltration On the basis of mechanism phytoremediation is of different types:
- 12. PHYTOACCUMULATION Also known as Phytoextraction Plants take up or hyperaccumulate contaminants through their roots and store them in the tissues of the stem or leaves. The contaminants are not necessarily degraded but are removed from the environment when the plants are harvested. This is particularly useful for removing metals from soil and, in some cases, the metals can be recovered for reuse, by incinerating the plants, in a process called phytomining. Phytoextraction mechanisms
- 13. PHYTODEGRADATION Contaminants are taken up into the plant tissues where they are metabolized, or biotransformed. Where the transformation takes place depends on the type of plant, and can occur in roots, stem or leaves. Phytodegradation mechanisms A: plant enzymatic activity B: photosynthetic oxidation
- 14. PHYTOHYDRAULICS Use of deep-rooted plants (usually trees) to contain, sequester or degrade ground water contaminants that come into contact with their roots.
- 15. PHYTOVOLATILIZATION Plants take up volatile compounds through their roots, and transpire the same compounds, or their metabolites, through the leaves, thereby releasing them into the atmosphere. Phytovolatilization mechanism
- 16. PHYTOSTABILISATION Many different processes fall under this category which can involve Absorption by roots Adsorption to the surface of roots The production of biochemicals by the plant that are released into the soil or ground water in the immediate vicinity of the roots, and can sequester, precipitate, or otherwise immobilize nearby contaminants.
- 17. Reduce the mobility of the contaminant and prevent migration to soil, water and air by • Immobilization of target contaminants in the root zone. • Transport proteins associated with the exterior root membrane can irreversibly bind and stabilize contaminants on the root surfaces, preventing contaminants from entering the plant. • Contaminants can be sequestered into the vacuoles of root cells, preventing further translocation to the xylem. PHYTOSEQUESTRATION
- 18. RHIZODEGRADATION •This takes place in the soil or ground water immediately surrounding the plant roots. •Exudates from plants stimulate rhizosphere bacteria to enhance biodegradation of soil contaminants.
- 19. RHIZOFILTRATION Rhizofiltration can be defined as the use of plant roots to absorb, concentrate, and/or precipitate hazardous compounds, particularly heavy metals or radionuclides, from aqueous solutions. Plants rapidly remove heavy metals from water and concentrate them in the roots and shoots. Example of plant :Brassica juncea
- 20. Plant-rhizosphere interactions including plant-endophytes relationships in environmental decontamination Plant endophyte interactions
- 21. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOREMEDIATION A natural process Useful for the complete destruction of a wide variety of contaminants. Can be carried out on site, without disrupting normal activities. Eliminates the need to transport the waste off site Eliminate the potential threats to human health. Less expansive. Limited to only biodegradable compounds. Products of biodegradation may be more toxic than the parent compound. Biological processes are often highly specific. Requires Suitable environmental growth conditions, and appropriate levels of nutrients and contaminants. Difficult to extrapolate from bench and pilot scale studies to full scale field operations. Takes longer time than other treatment options. Advantages Disadvantages
- 22. REFERENCES •Bioremediation, its Applications to Contaminated Sites in India, Dr. M.N.V. Prasad, Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad •Shilpi Sharma,2012,Bioremediation: Features, Strategies and applications, Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Life Science, vol 2 •Kumar.A ,Bisht.B.S, Joshi.V.D , Dhewa.T , 2011,Review on Bioremediation of Polluted Environment: A Management Tool,Int. J. Env. Sci., Vol 1, No 6,
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