Sentiment Analysis Using Hybrid Structure of Machine Learning Algorithms

1. Sentiment Analysis A descriptive approach towards its Classi

2. cation Techniques Sangeeth Nagarajan MR1-CSE Roll No :13 Guided By Asst Prof: Rejimoan R July 29, 2014 Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 1 / 54

3. Content 1 Introdction 2 Sentiment Analysis 3 Related Works 4 General Procedure 5 Data Preparation And Feature Extraction 6 Fuzzy Control System for Sentiment Analysis 7 Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Sentiment Analysis 8 Hidden Markov Model for Sentiment Analysis 9 Hybrid Structure 10 Conclusion 11 References Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 2 / 54

4. Case Study 1 In late 1980s, a person is planning to buy a black and television . What can be done to verify the quality and performance of the system? Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 3 / 54

5. Case Study 1 Solutions: He can check with the person who were using the system Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 4 / 54

6. Case Study 1 Solutions: He can check with the person who were using the system He can directly discuss with customer care person. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 4 / 54

7. Case Study 2 Imagine you want to buy a smartphone with latest features. What will you don to know the features provided by dierent companies? Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 5 / 54

8. Case Study 2 Solutions: He can check with the person who were using the system He can directly discuss with customer care person. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 6 / 54

9. Case Study 2 Solutions: He can check with the person who were using the system He can directly discuss with customer care person. Added to these, you can surf website that provide compartive features of smartphone and Users Review Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 6 / 54

10. Sentiment Analysis Process of determining the overall rating of a commodity from users review is called Sentiment Analysis Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 7 / 54

11. Introduction I Process used to determine the attitude/ opinion/ emotion expressed by a person about a particular topic. Uses natural language processing and text analytics to identify and extract subjective information in source materials. Automatically characterize the overall feeling or mood of consumers toward a speci

12. c brand or company and determine whether they are viewed positively or negatively. Companies and organizations are interested in

13. nding out customers opinions about products and services via social media. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 8 / 54

14. Introduction II The main Goal is for : Detecting whether a segment of text contains an expression of opinion. Detecting the overall polarity of the text :- positive or negative. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 9 / 54

15. Sentiment Analysis I Sentiment Analysis have many other name 1 Opinion Extraction 2 Opinion Mining 3 Sentiment Mining 4 Subjective Analysis Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 10 / 54

16. Sentiment Analysis II Why Sentiment Analysis? Movie : Is this review postive or negative? Products: What do people think about the new iPhone? Politics: What do people think about the candidate or issue? Prediction : Predict emotion outcomes or market trends from sentiment. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 11 / 54

17. Related Works I 1 Learning Methods: The dierent learning types are as follows Supervised learning: Learning classi

18. er from training data and assign class labels to test data. Unsupervised learning: Learning without training data. Semi-supervised learning: Amalgamate both labeled and unlabeled training data. 2 Classi

19. cation methods: There are Natural Language Processing and pattern-based, machine learning algorithms,such as Naive Bayes (NB) Maximum Entropy (ME) Support Vector Machines (SVM) Fuzzy Interface System Class

20. cation Neural Fuzzy Interface System Class

21. cation Hidden Markov Model Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 12 / 54

22. Related Works II 3 Feature Extaction Methods: There are four feature categories feature extraction methods used in sentiment analysis studies. These include Syntactic Feature Semantic Feature Link-Based Feature Stylistic Feature Based On Occurences of Word in Corpus Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 13 / 54

23. General Procedure I Figure : Steps And Techniques used in Sentiment Analysis Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 14 / 54

24. General Procedure II 1 Text Preprocessing:- Divided into two subcategories. Tokenization:- The documents are separated as tokens and used for further processing. Removal of Stop Words:- Some of the more frequently used stop words for English include a, of, the, I, it, you, and and these are generally regarded as 'functional words' which do not carry meaning. It is practical to remove those words which appear too often. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 15 / 54

25. General Procedure III 2 Text Transformation The score of each sentence is calculated by sum of weight of each term in the corresponding sentences. The weight of each term is calculated by multiplication of TF and IDF of that word based on adjective word extracted from Parts of speech tags. TF(t) = P N (1) where, P=Number of times the adjective term occurs in document(d) N=Total Number of adjective in document (d). IDF (t) = log ND DF(t) (2) ND = total number of document in the document collection DF (t) = number of documents in which adjective term (t) occurs in the document collection. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 16 / 54

26. General Procedure IV 3 Feature Selection The simplest statistical approach for feature selection is to use the most frequently occurring words in the corpus as polarity indicators. The majority of the approaches for sentiment analysis involve a two-step process: i. Identify the parts of the document to contribute the positive or negative sentiments. ii. Join these parts of the document in ways that increase the odds of the document falling into one of these two polar categories. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 17 / 54

27. General Procedure V 4 Sentiment Classi

28. cation Classi

29. cation of sentences into postive, negative and neutral polarity. Not a clear boundary between the concepts of positive,negative and neutral. We can use fuzzy set classi

30. cation or machine learning methods for this process. In fuzzy set, membership function for each set is de

31. ned and options havings highest membership function is allocated to the group set. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 18 / 54

32. General Procedure VI 5 Parameters for Evaluation Table : Contegency Table Correct labels Positive Negative Classi

33. ed labels Positive TP(True Positive) FP(False Positive) Negative FN(False Negative) TN(True Negative) Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 19 / 54

34. General Procedure VII Accuracy = TP + TN TP + TN + FP + FN (3) Precision = TP TP + FP (4) Recall = TP TP + FN (5) F = 2 Precision Recall Precision + Recall (6) Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 20 / 54

35. Data Preparation And Feature Extraction I Feature Extraction algorithm consists of two parts: i. Data Preparation. ii. Calculation of Feature Vectors. Data Preparation Use a sentiment polarity dataset v2.0. Machine learning based Classi

36. cation consist of two set 1) Training set: Used by an automatic classi

37. er to learn the dierentiating characteristics of documents. 2) Test set : Validate the performance of the automatic classi

38. er. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 21 / 54

39. Data Preparation And Feature Extraction II Operations carried out are as follows: * Combine all

40. les from the corpus and make one text

41. le. * Convert the text to an array of words. * Sort the array of words ascending order. * Code:V = fv1; :::; vMg, where M is the number of dierent words (terms) in the corpusCombine all

42. les from the corpus and make one text

43. le. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 22 / 54

44. Data Preparation And Feature Extraction III Calculation of Feature Vectors r2 r1 N is the number of classes. M is the number of dierent words (terms) in the corpus. R is the number of observed sequences in the training process. W = fw;w; ::;wrT r g are the reviews in the training dataset, where Tr is the length of r-th review, r = 1; 2; :::; R. i ;j describes the association between i-th term (word) and the j-th class. ci ;j is the number of times i-th term occurred in the j-th class. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 23 / 54

45. Data Preparation And Feature Extraction IV ei is the normalized entropy of the i-th term in the corpus ei = 1 lgN NP j=1 ( ci ;j ti lg ci ;j ti ), i = 1; :::;M;j = 1; :::;N. ti = P j ci ;j denotes the occurrence times of the i-th term in the corpus. Calucate Membership degree of term by an analytical formula: i ;j = 8 : ci ;j MP v=1 cv;j (1ei ) NP f t=1 MP v=1 cv;j (1ei )g ; ni nmin 0; ni nmin (7) where nmin = 40 Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 24 / 54

46. Fuzzy Control System for Sentiment Analysis I Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from given input(s) to output(s) using fuzzy logic. The process involves membership functions, logic operations, and if-then rules. At

47. rst stage membership function is estimated, then apply fuzzy operations and modify parameters by the back-propagation algorithm. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 25 / 54

48. Fuzzy Control System for Sentiment Analysis II Figure : Realization scheme of fuzzy control process 1 The membership degree of terms (ri ;j ) of the r -th review are calculated by (7). Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 26 / 54

49. Fuzzy Control System for Sentiment Analysis III 2 Maximum membership degree is found with respect to the classes for every term of the r-th sentiment ri ;j = ri ;j ; j = arg ( max 1vN ri ;v ); i = 1; ::;M: (8) 3 Means of maxima are calculated for all classes: r j = P k2Zr j r k;j l r j ; Zr j = fi : ri ;v ) = max 1vN ri ;v g; j = 1; ::;N: (9) where l r j = jZr j j is the number of elements of the set Zr j Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 27 / 54

50. Fuzzy Control System for Sentiment Analysis IV Use the centre of gravity defuzzi

51. cation method for defuzzi

52. cation operation. It avoids ambiguities which may arise when an output degree of membership comes from more than one crisp output value. The objective function is de

53. ned as follows: E(y) = 1 2 XR r=1 ( r j yj NP j=1 r j dr )2 ! min y2RN ; (10) y = y1; y2; ::; yN; dr 2 f1; 2; ::;Ng Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 28 / 54

54. Fuzzy Control System for Sentiment Analysis V The partial derivatives of this function are calculated in following form: @E(y) @yt = XR r=1 r j NP j=1 r j ( NP r j yj NP j=1 j=1 r j dr ); t = 1; 2; ::N: (11) Rounding of y shows the index of the classes obtained in the result y = NP j=1 jy j NP j=1 j (12) Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 29 / 54

55. Fuzzy Control System for Sentiment Analysis VI Acceptance strategy (s): s = ( is 2 I ; if y 2 (is 41; is +41) reject; otherwise (13) where is is the index of the appropriate class, I =1,2,...,N.Here 41 2 [0; 0:5) is the main quantity, which in uences the reliability of the system. Results of sentiment analysis of movie reviews with dierent values of 41 in Table 2 is as shown. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 30 / 54

56. Fuzzy Control System for Sentiment Analysis VII Table : Result of FCS for Classi

57. cation of movie reviews Folds 41 = 0:4 42 = 0:45 No Rejection Corr(%) Rej(%) Err(%) Corr(%) Rej(%) Err(%) Correct(%) 1 65 24.5 10.5 74.5 12 13.5 81 2 73.5 19 7.5 79.5 9 11.5 84 3 66 24.5 9.5 73.5 12.5 14 81 4 71.5 22 6.5 77 11.5 11.5 83.5 5 72.5 19.5 8 81 7.5 11.5 84.5 6 70 19.5 10.5 77.5 7.5 15 81.5 7 70.5 19 10.5 76.5 9 14.5 81 8 69 22 9 75.5 11.5 13 82 9 66 24 10 73 12 15 81.5 10 71.5 19.5 9 80 7.5 12.5 84.5 Averg 69.55 21.35 9.1 76.8 10 13.2 82.45 Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 31 / 54

58. Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Sentiment Analysis I Fuzzy logic systems are good at explaining their decisions, but they cannot automatically acquire the rules they use to make those decisions. Neural networks are good at recognizing patterns, they are not good at explaining how they reach their decisions. Creation of intelligent hybrid systems where two or more techniques are combined in an appropriate manner can overcome the limitations of individual techniques Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 32 / 54

59. Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Sentiment Analysis II Figure : The Structure of ANFIS Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 33 / 54

60. Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Sentiment Analysis III Table : Results of ANFIS for Classi

61. cation of movie reviews Folds 42 = 0:5;43 = 0:5 42 = 0:1;43 = 0:5 No Rejection Corr(%) Rej(%) Err(%) Corr(%) Rej(%) Err(%) Correct(%) 1 63.5 26.5 10 73.5 12.5 14 81 2 68 26 6 79 10 11 85.5 3 65 27 8 72.5 15.5 12 81 4 70.5 23.5 6 77 11 12 835 5 64 29.5 6.5 80 9 11 86 6 69 21 10 76 10 14 82.5 7 70 21 9 77 8 15 81.5 8 65.5 26 8.5 75 12 13 82.5 9 66 22.5 11.5 73.5 13 13.5 81 10 68.5 23 8.5 80 7.5 12.5 85 Averg 67 24 8.4 76.35 10.85 12.8 83 Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 34 / 54

62. Hidden Markov Model For Sentiment Analysis I Bayes' theorem Bayes' theorem gives the relationship between the probabilities of A and B, P(A) and P(B), and the conditional probabilities of A given B and B given A, P(AjB) and P(BjA) . In its most common form, it is: P(AjB) = P(BjA) P(B) P(A) (14) Helps to use a known outcome to predict the sequence of events leading up to that outcome. Example We need to know which party is ruling based on tax cut. Let there be two party A and B. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 35 / 54

63. Hidden Markov Model For Sentiment Analysis II We know since there is two parties, probability of each party to rule is 0.5. i.e. * P(A) = 0.5 * P(B) = 0.5 From the previous history we can get the details of probability of tax cut given party A or B was elected. Let * P(tjA) = 0.25, then P(t0jA)= 0.75 * P(tjB) = 0.85, then P(t0jB)= 0.15 Figure : Tree Model Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 36 / 54

64. Hidden Markov Model For Sentiment Analysis III From the tree model, we can calculate the probability of P(t). P(t) = P(tjA) P(A) + P(tjB) P(B) = (0:25 0:5) + (0:85 0:5) = 0:125 + 0:425 = 0:55 Therefore by Bayes' Theorem, P(Bjt) = P(tjB) P(B)=P(t) = (0:85 0:5)=0:55 = 0:772 P(Ajt) = P(tjA) P(A)=P(t) = (0:25 0:5)=0:55 = 0:227 Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 37 / 54

65. Hidden Markov Model For Sentiment Analysis IV Markov Model Figure : Markov Model 3 states- Bull,Bear and Even 3 observations- Up, Down and Unchanged. For given a sequence of observations,up-down-down, the state sequences is Bull-Bear-Bear Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 38 / 54

66. Hidden Markov Model For Sentiment Analysis V Figure : Hidden Markov Model The key dierence is that if we have the observation sequence, up-down-down, then we cannot say exactly what state sequence produced and thus the state sequence is hidden. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 39 / 54

67. Hidden Markov Model For Sentiment Analysis VI Calculate the probability that the model produced the sequence, as well as which state sequence was most likely to have produced the observations. Applied in many areas of signal processing, and in particular speech processing. Also been applied with success to low level NLP tasks such as part-of-speech tagging, phrase chunking, and extracting target information from documents. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 40 / 54

68. Hidden Markov Model For Sentiment Analysis VII The parameters of the HMM applied in the system as follows 1 N is the number of states. 2 M is the number of dierent words (terms) of reviews taking part in the training process for the given problem. 3 V includes all possible observations sets, V = fv1; :::; vMg (The elements of these sets in the understanding problem are dierent words than are in the reviews taking part in the training process) 4 = figi = 1N are initial state distributions: i = P(q1 = i) Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 41 / 54

69. Hidden Markov Model For Sentiment Analysis VIII 5 A = bai ;j c is the state transition probability matrix, ai ;j = P(qt = 1jqj = i); 1 i ; j N. 6 B = fbj (ot )gNj =1 are the state-dependent observation probabilities. Here, for every state j, bj (ot ) = P(ot jqt = j) is the probability distribution of words occurring in states. 7 O(r ) = [o(r ) 1 ; o(r ) 2 ; :::; o(r ) T ] are the observation sequences, where R is the number of observed sequences, Tr is the length of r-th observed sequence, Tr T , T is the given quantity, r=1,2 ,...,R. The parameters of the HMM are estimated according to each of the corresponding classes and trained by the Baum-Welch algorithm. The calculated probabilities are passed to a decision-making block. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 42 / 54

70. Hidden Markov Model For Sentiment Analysis IX Table : Results of HMM For Polarity Reviews Folds 1 state 2 state 3 state 5 state 1 79.5 81 84 78 2 83.5 83.5 82 82 3 77.5 81.5 81 79.5 4 80.5 82.5 84.5 81 5 84.5 83 86.5 81 6 82.5 82.5 83.5 81 7 82.5 83 82 80 8 83.5 84.5 84.5 84 9 77 79 78.5 77 10 83.5 83.5 83 83 Averg 81.45 82.4 82.95 80.65 Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 43 / 54

71. Hybrid Structure I Hybrid-I. This system con

72. rms the results veri

73. ed by the FCS, ANFIS and HMM approaches. If some of these models discard understanding, then the system does not accept any decision. This system prevents the error in the understanding process and therefore is more reliable. Table : Results of Hybrid-I Folds FCS(%) ANFIS(%) HMM-3(%) Hybrid- I Corr(%) Rej(%) Err(%) 1 81 81.5 84 75.5 14 10.5 2 84 85.5 82 77.5 12 10.5 3 81 81 81 74.5 12.5 13 4 83.5 83.5 84.5 76.5 15 8.5 5 84.5 86 86.5 80 11 9 6 81.5 82.5 83.5 78 9 13 7 81 81.5 82 74.5 14 11.5 8 82 82.5 84.5 78.5 10 11.5 9 81.5 81 78.5 74 12 14 10 84.5 85 83 80 7.5 12.5 Averg 82.45 83 82.95 76.9 11.7 11.4 Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 44 / 54

74. Hybrid Structure II Hybrid-II. The method suggest in this system is a sequential method. The procedure is that if one classi

75. er fails to classify a document, the classi

76. er will pass the document onto the next classi

77. er, until the document is classi

78. ed or no other classi

79. er exists. This approach minimizes the number of rejected reviews. Table : Results of Hybrid-II Folds ANFIS(%) HMM-3(%) Hybrid- II(%) Corr(%) Rej(%) Err(%) 1 60 32 8 84 84 2 61 35 4 82 84 3 60.5 34.5 5 81 81.5 4 66.5 30 3.5 84.5 87 5 58 37 5 86.5 87.5 6 66 26 8 83.5 84 7 63.5 29.5 7 82 83 8 63.5 30 6.5 84.5 84.5 9 61 30 9 78.5 79.5 10 63 30 7 83 84.5 Averg 62.3 31.4 6.3 82.95 83.95 Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 45 / 54

80. Questions Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 46 / 54

81. Conclusion Sentiment analysis is the process used to determine the attitude/opinion/emotion expressed by a person about a particular topic. Sentiment analysis or opinion mining uses natural language processing and text analytics to identify and extract subjective information in source materials. Several Machine learning algorithms can be used for classi

82. cation of document-level sentence:-SVM, NB, ME, HMM, FCS and ANFIS The combination of multiple classi

83. ers can result in better accuracy than that achieved by any individual classi

84. er. Sangeeth Nagarajan (SCTEC) Sentiment Analysis July 29, 2014 47 / 54

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Sentiment Analysis Using Hybrid Structure of Machine Learning Algorithms

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