Sexually transmitted diseases in humans.pptx

SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
DISEASES (STD)

Objectives
 Define terms: venereal diseases/ Sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs)
 Name STDs commonly found in Pakistan and in
developing countries.
 Discuss the prevalence of STDs from research work
 Discuss WHO guidelines for the management of
STDs
 Discuss possible complications of STDs.
 Explain the role of a nurse educator in the
prevention of STDs.

What is an STD
STIs/venereal diseases are spread predominantly by
sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex.
Some STIs can also be spread through non-sexual
means such as via blood or blood products.
Many STIs—including syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV,
chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, and HPV—can also
be transmitted from mother to child during
pregnancy and childbirth

Factors contributing to the spread
 Limited access to healthcare
 Cultural taboos and stigma
 Lack of education and awareness
 Unsafe sexual practices

Some common STIs
 AIDS
 Chlamydial Infection
 Chancroid
 Genital Herpes
 Gonorrhea
 Papillomavirus Infections
 Syphilis
 Trichomoniasis
 HepatitisA,Band C

Epidemiology
 More than 1 million STIs are acquired every day.
 In 2016, WHO estimated 376 million new infections with 1 of 4 STIs:
chlamydia (127 million), gonorrhoea (87 million), syphilis (6.3
million) and trichomoniasis (156 million).
 More than 500 million people are living with genital HSV (herpes)
infection and an estimated 300 million women have an HPV
infection, the primary cause of cervical cancer.
 An estimated 240 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B
globally. Both HPV and hepatitis B infections are preventable with
vaccination.

In Pakistan
In a study conducted, the prevalence of STDs was found to be 4.4% in
Pakistani males.
The incidence of sexually-acquired infections (SAIs) was as high as
60% and 36% among eunuchs and commercial sex workers
respectively.

GONORRHEA
Gonorrhoea is highly contagious sexually transmitted
infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhea, which can
cause an infection of the urethra, cervix, anus, throat and
eyes.
 Rarely gonorrhoea can infect the bloodstream and cause
fever, joint pain and skin lesions.
 It can infect both males and females.
The bacteria are mainly found in discharge from the penis
and vaginal fluid from infected men and women.

INCUBATION PERIOD
1-14 days
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
vaginal or anal sex with an infected partner
oral sex (less common)
close physical contact
from a mother to her baby at birth

Gonorrhea Symptoms in Women
 strong smelling vaginal discharge-thin & watery/ thick &
yellow/green
irritation or discharge from the anus
abnormal vaginal bleeding
possibly some low abdominal or pelvic tenderness
pain or a burning sensation when passing urine
low abdominal pain sometimes with nausea
Gonorrhea Symptoms in Men
white, yellow or green thick discharge from the tip of the penis
inflammation of the testicles & prostate gland
irritation or discharge from the anus
urethral itch & pain or burning sensation when passing
urine

DIAGNOSIS
 Urine test
 Swab of affected area

TREATMENT
Uncomplicated infections of the
cervix, urethra, and rectum in adults
Ceftriaxone, Cefixime,
ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin,
levofloxacin
Gonococcal infections in
pregnancy
Ceftriaxone, Cefixime
Disseminated gonococcal infection
in adults (>45 kg)
Ceftriaxone
Uncomplicated infections of the cervix,
urethra,
and rectum in children (<45 kg)
Ceftriaxone
Gonococcal conjunctivitis in
adults
Ceftriaxone
Ophthalmia neonatorum Ceftriaxone
Infants born to mothers with
gonococcal infection (prophylaxis)
Erythromycin, Tetracycline

SYPHILIS
Syphilis is a venereal (sexually-
transmitted) bacterial disease caused
by Treponema pallidum usually spread
by sexual contact.
The disease starts as a painless sore
(typically on genitals, rectum or mouth).

Incubation Period:
10 days- 3 weeks (may be upto 3 months)
Mode Of Transmission
Sexual intercourse
Transfusion of infected blood
Vertical transmission

Primary syphilis
Secondary syphilis
Latent syphilis
Tertiary (late) syphilis
Clinical manifestation

Stages of Syphilis
Primary stage
 The first symptom is often a
small, round, ulcer ( no sore)
called a chancre in penis,
vulva, or vagina… that appears
about 3 weeks after you are
infected. Nearby lymph glands
are often swollen. Thechancre
disappears in about 3 to 6
weeks whether or not you are
treated.
Secondary stage
 Most people have a skin rash on
the palms of your hands and
soles of your feet that doesn't
itch.The rash appears 2 to 10
weeks after the chancre is
healing or already healed.
Other common symptoms
include: Sore throat, Tiredness,
Headache, Swollen lymph
nodes. Secondary syphilis will
seem to disappear even without
treatment and can return.

Stages of Syphilis
Latent Syphilis
 The latent (hidden) stage of
syphilis begins when primary and
secondary symptoms disappear.
 In early latent syphilis, the signs
and symptoms of syphilis disappear,
but the infection remains in your body
within past 12 months.In late part of
latent syphilis, the infection is quiet
and the risk of infecting a sexual
partner is low or not present and lasts
for years.
Tertiary Syphilis
 In this stage, the bacteria will damage
your heart, eyes, nervous system,
bones or almost any other part of
your body. This damage can happen
years or even decades after the
primary stage.
 Late syphilis can result in mental
illness, blindness,deafness (điếc),
memory loss or other neurologic
problems, heart disease, and death.
Late neurosyphilis (brain or spinal cord
damage) is one of the most severe
signs of this stage

DIAGNOSIS
1. Dark field microscopic examination:
Direct fluorescent antibody (test) for T. pallidum
(DFA-TP)
2. Serological tests:
• Nontreponemal tests
 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)
slide test
 rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test
 unheated serum reagin (USR) test
 toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST).

antibody absorption
•Treponemal tests
 Fluorescent
treponemal
(FTA-ABS)
•Other serologic tests
 T. pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA)
 Microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to
T. pallidum (MHA-TP)
 T. pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA)

Treatment for Syphilis
 Syphilis of less than 1 year’s duration by a single
injection of benzathine peniciline G intramuscularly.
 In older or latent, benzathine peniciline G
intramuscularly is given three times a week.
 In neurosyphilis, the same therapy is
acceptable with higher dose. Other
antibiotics, tetracycline or erythromycin, can be
substituted.
 A typical Jarisch- Herxheimer reaction
may occur within hour after treatment is begun. It is
due to the release of toxin products from dying or
killed T
.pallidum

Chlamydia
Chlamydia is a common sexualtransmitted disease caused by
C.trachomatis.
get chlamydia during oral, vaginal, or anal sexwithan infected
partner.
Both menand womencan get it.

Symptoms of chlamydia
infection
 Symptomsusually appear within1to3 weeks.
 abnormal discharge(mucusor pus) from thevaginaor penis
or experiencepain while urinating.
 Inwomen,bacteria caninfectthecervix and urinary tract.If
the bacteria move into thefallopian tubes,theycancause
pelvic inflammatorydisease (PID)

Treatment for Chlamydia
 Antibiotic suchas azithromycinOD
 T
akeall your medicine,evenafter
symptomsdisappear,for theamountof time prescribed
 Goto your healthcareprovideragain if
your symptomsdo not disappear within1
to2 weeksafter finishingall your medicine
 Nothavesex until your treatmentis completedand successful
 Tellyour sexpartnersthatyou have
chlamydiaso theycanbetestedand treated,if necessary

WHO Guidelines for Management
of STDs

Screening & Diagnosis:
 Regular testing for at-risk populations (e.g., sex
workers, intravenous drug users).
Treatment Protocols:
 Antibiotics for bacterial STDs (e.g., Gonorrhea,
Chlamydia, Syphilis).
 Antiviral medications for viral STDs (e.g., HIV,
Herpes).

Prevention Measures:
 Safe sexual practices (condom use, limiting number of
sexual partners).
 Education and counseling.
 Vaccination (e.g., HPV vaccine).
Partner Notification & Treatment:
 Ensuring sexual partners of affected individuals are
tested and treated.

Get
vaccinated
 Get vaccinated. Gettingvaccinated
early, before sexual exposure, is also
effective in preventing certain types of
STIs. Vaccines are available to
prevent two viral STIs that can cause
cancer — human papillomavirus (HPV),
hepatitis A and hepatitis B.

Condom
 The easiest and most effective way
to prevent contracting an STD
is Abstinence.
 The second easiest and effective way
to protect yourself and your partner is
to use a condom.
 Latex condoms are up to 98%
effective

Alcohols, circumcision and Truvada
 Don't drink alcohol excessively or
use drugs. If you're under the
influence, you're more likely to take
sexual risks.
 Consider malecircumcision. There's
evidence that malecircumcision can
help reduce a man's risk of acquiring
HIV from an infected woman
(heterosexual transmission) by 50 to 60
percent
 When used to help prevent HIV
infection, Truvada is only appropriate if
your doctor is certain you don't
already have an HIV or hepatitis B
infection.

Possible
Complications of
STDs

Possible Complications of STDs
Chronic Health Issues:
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• Infertility
• Ectopic pregnancy
Long-Term Effects:
• Increased risk of cervical cancer (HPV)
• Chronic pain and sores (Herpes)
• HIV/AIDS progression
Transmission to Others:
• Risk of transmission to unborn children (e.g., syphilis, HIV)
• Risk to sexual partners.

Role of a Nurse Educator in STD Prevention

Health Education:
o Provide information about safe sex practices, contraception, and
hygiene.
Awareness Campaigns:
o Develop community outreach programs to raise awareness of
STDs.
Counseling and Support:
o Offer counseling for those diagnosed with STDs.
o Provide mental health support to combat stigma and anxiety.

Promote Screening & Early Detection:
o Encourage regular screenings and self-checkups.
Advocate for Safe Healthcare Practices:
o Promote condom use and access to preventive healthcare.

Conclusion
 STDs are a global health concern, particularly in developing
countries like Pakistan.
 Early detection, treatment, and prevention efforts are crucial.
 The role of nurses and health educators is vital in reducing the
spread of STDs and supporting affected individuals.

References
 Bower G. M. (2001). Managing dog, cat and human bite wounds. The Nurse Practitioner (26),
4, 36-45.
 Chin, J. (2000). Control of communicable disease manual (17th ed). Washington DC: APHA.
 Campbell. F. A., Drummond. A., & Robert. D. T. (2003) Scabies and epidemiology. The Hong
Kong Practitioner, (25), 214-2214
 Control of diphtheria, pertusis, tetanus, Heaemophilus influenza type band Hepatitis C: Field
guide. (2005). American Health organization. Retrieved on October 8, 2006 from
www.paho.org.
 Haw, L. H. (2001). Dealing with scabies. Nursing Standards, 31(15), 37-42.
 Report from WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies, Geneva, Switzerland. (5-8 October 2004)
Retrieved from http://www.who.int/rabies/trs931.
 Sack, D. A., Sack, R. B., Nair, G. B., & Siddique, A. K. (2004) Cholera: Seminar. The Lancent, 363,
223-232

Sexually transmitted diseases in humans.pptx

More Related Content

Similar to Sexually transmitted diseases in humans.pptx

Recently uploaded

Sexually transmitted diseases in humans.pptx