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SINGLE CELL PROTEINS
The document discusses environmental biotechnology, focusing specifically on single-cell proteins (SCP) derived from microorganisms as protein supplements for food and animal feed. It outlines the history, production methods, advantages, and applications of SCP, emphasizing its potential to address food shortages and environmental issues while noting the challenges of nucleic acid content and poor digestibility. The content highlights the significance of genetic improvements in microorganisms to enhance production quality and address global food supply concerns.
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SINGLE CELL PROTEINS
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- 2. CONTENTS • Introduction • History •SCP production in India • Raw materials • SCP production • Advantages and Disadvantages • Applications • Conclusion • References
- 3. Environmental Biotechnology maybe referred as application of biotechnological techniques to solve the problems and issues of environment. Biomass as the name suggests consists of all organic matter that grows by photosynthetic conversion of solar energy. This biomass is available abundantly and is estimated to contain 3x 10²¹ joules of energy, some 10 times the yearly worldwide consumption. Utilization of Biomass would lead to- a. Help solve modern waste disposal problems. b. Decrease in environmental pollution. c. Help activate shortage of food and animal feed.
- 4. WHATARESINGLECELLPROTEINS? • SCP aredried cells ofmicro organisms which can be used as dietary protein supplement. • They are used asanimal feed &can beused forhuman feed as protein supplement. • Also called ‘Novel Food’ & ‘Minifood’.
- 5. HISTORY • Part ofour diet since ancient times. • Earlier known as ‘Microbial Protein’. • Name was introduced byProf. Scrimshow ofMIT in1967 • In 1950’s British Petroleum initiated production of SCP on commercial basis. • Pruteen was the 1st commercial SCP used as animal feed additive • Pruteen was produced from bacteria Methylophilus methylotrophus cultured onmethanol &had 72 protein content.
- 7. SCPPRODUCTIONININDIA • National BotanicalResearch Institute (NBRI). • Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI). • In CFTRI, SCP is produced from algae cultured on sewage.
- 8. RAWMATERIALS • Production ofSCP requires micro-organisms that serve as the protein source and the substrate that is biomass on which they grow. • There is a variety of both the sources that can be used for the production of SCP. • The biomass used can be plant biomass or organic biomass. • The micro-organisms used belong to the group of Algae, Fungi and Bacteria.
- 9. MICROORGANISMS •Micro-organisms used arefungi ,yeast, algae & bacteria. •The following table shows average different compositions of main groups of micro– organisms dry wt.) OMPOSITON FUNGI ALGAE YEAST BACTERIA PROTEIN 30- 40 % 40- 60 % 45- 55 % 50- 65 % FAT 9-14 % 8-10 % 5-10 % 3-7 %
- 10. NUCLEIC ACID 7-10 % 3-8% 6-12 % 8-12 %
- 11. Alistofthemicro-organisms usedforSCPproduction Fungi • Aspergillusfumigatus • Aspergillus niger • Rhizopus cyclopium Yeast • Saccharomyces cerevisae • Candida tropicalis • Candida utilis Algae • Spirulina sps. • Chlorella pyrenoidosa • Chondrus crispus Bacteria • Pseudomonas fluroescens • Lactobacillus • Bacillus megaterium
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- 13. COMPARISIONOFMICRO-ORGANISMS ADVANTAGES DIS ADVANTAGES FUNGIEasy to grow & harvest Lower growth rates & lower protein content ALGAE Easy to grow & harvest & high quality protein Non –digestible cellulosic cell wall, concentrate heavy metals YEAST Larger in size, lower NA content , familiarity & acceptability Poor digestibility, low protein content, slow growth rate
- 14. BACTERIA High proteincontent, digestible cell wall High NA content, small in size, low density
- 15. Biomass • Biomass alsoplaysaveryimportant roleinthe production of SCP. • Selection of biomass depends on the micro-organisms used for theproduction. • For eg. Algae are cultivated on sewage whereas Yeast are cultured on agro-industrial wastes.
- 16. Algal Biomass • Algaegrows auto- tropically. • Requires low intensity of light. • Temperature – 35 -40 C& pH – 8. 5 -10.5 • Cultivated inlarge trenches of sewage oxidation ponds.
- 17. Bacterial&Fungalbiomass • Bacteria &fungican begrown easily on a wide range of substrates. • They require a minimum temperature of 15º-34ºc & a pH of 5- 7.
- 18. Yeast biomass • Cultivatedon agro- industrial wastes such asmolasses, starchy materials, fruit pulp, wood pulp, etc. • Requires a temperature of 30 -34 c & pH of 3.5- 4.5. • Also requires addition of inorganic acids & sulphur supplements in the form of salts.
- 19. FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMASSPRODUCTION • Illumination time • Temperature • .pH • Suitable strains • Agitation • Sterile conditions
- 20. SCP PRODUCTION • Selectionof suitable strain • Fermentation • Harvesting • Post harvest treatment • SCP processing forfood
- 21. Selection of strain •Itavery critical step asthe quality ofprotein depends totally on the microbe that is used for the production. • Thus careful selection of the strain should be done. • Care should be taken that the selected strain should not produce any toxic or undesirable effects in the consumer. Fermentation • It can be carried out in the fermentor which is equipped with aerator, thermostat, pH, etc. or in the trenches or ponds. • Microbes are cultured in fed- batch culture. • Engineers have developed deep lift fermentor & air lift fermentor .
- 23. Harvesting • When thecolonies of microbes are fully developed, they are then harvested. • The bulk of cells are removed from the fermentor by decantation. Post harvest treatment • After harvesting, the cells are subjected to a variety ofprocesses. • Post harvesting treatments includes steps like separation by centrifugation,washing, drying, etc.
- 24. PROCESSING FOR FOOD Itincludes 1. Liberation of cell proteins by destruction of indigestible cell wall. A. MECHANICAL METHODS • Crushing, crumbling, grinding, pressure homogenization, etc. B. CHEMICAL METHODS • Enzymes & salts are used to digest or disrupt the cell wall. • Salts like NaCl, sodium dodecyl sulfate, etc. whereas nuclease enzymes are used. C. PHYSICAL METHODS • Freeze- thaw, osmotic shock, heating & drying.
- 25. 2. Reduction ofnucleic acid content • Chemical & enzymatic treatments are preferred. • Chemicals which are used includes acidified alcohol, salts, acids & alkalies. • Use of such chemicals leads to formation of lygino-alanine which causes hypersensitivity skin reactions. • Enzymes which are used include ribonuclease & nuclease enzymes . • These enzymes can be used exogenously or can be induced endogenously.
- 26. ADVANTAGES • Rapid successionsofgenerations. • Easily modifiable genetically. • High protein content of 43- in dry mass. • Broad spectrum of original raw material used for production, which also includes waste products. • Production in continuous cultures • consistent quality not dependant on climate in determinable amount • low land requirements, economically beneficial. • Utilization of solar energy • Cellular, molecular and genetic alterations.
- 27. DISADVANTAGES • High contentof nucleic acids leading to elevated levels of uric acid. • Development of kidney stone and gout if consumed in high quality. • Possibility for the presence of secondary toxic metabolites. • Poor digestibility • Stimulation of gastro-intestinal • Hypersensitivity skin reactions.
- 28. APPLICATIONS 1. As proteinsupplemented food- • Also source of vitamins, amino acids, minerals, crudefibers, etc. • Supplemented food for undernourished children. 2. As health food- • Controls obesity • Provides instant energy. • Example- Spirulina- part of diet of US Olympic team.
- 29. 3. In therapeuticand natural medicines- • Reduce body weight, cholesterol, stress. • Lowers blood sugar level in diabetic(due topresence ofB- linolenic acid) • Prevents accumulation of cholesterol in body. • Healthy eyes and skin (beta carotene) • Beta carotene ( anti cancer substance- UN National Cancer Research Institute) • Increase lactation.
- 30. 4.In cosmetics- • Importantrole in maintaining healthy hair (vitamin A and B). • Many herbal beauty products. • Biolipstics and herbal face cream(Phycocyanin). • Capableofreplacing coaltardye based cosmetics. 5. Poultry and cattle feed- • Excellent, convenient source of protein and other nutrients. • Used to feed cattle, fishes etc.
- 31. CONCLUSION • Atpresent SCPproductionisinitsinfancy. Oneofthe ways toenhance productivity andquality isgenetic improvements ofmicro-organisms. • Using microbial biomass as a food source deserves serious consideration because of insufficient world food supply and high protein content of most micro- organisms.
- 32. REFERENCES Books - • Biotechnology-Dubey • Basic Biotechnology- Colin & Ratledge • Molecular biotechnology- Channarayappa • Biotechnology- Satyanarayana. Websites - • Wikipedia .com
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