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The document discusses Object Oriented Programming (OOP) and C++. It states that C++ is a popular language for developing large and complex programs because it allows for better management of complex code compared to procedural languages. Procedural languages like C organize code as lists of instructions, which can become unwieldy for large programs, whereas OOP languages like C++ use concepts like classes, objects, inheritance and polymorphism to structure programs in a more modular way. The document then introduces some key concepts of OOP like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It explains that C++ combines procedural programming elements of C with OOP, making it a very flexible and high-performance language for developing large standalone

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C++ in Hindi B c c F a l n a . c o m 0 9 7 9 9 4 - 5 5 5 0 5 Kuldeep Chand C with Class is C++. It means, without understanding Object Oriented Programming System (OOPS) Concepts properly, no one can understand C++ and any other Modern Programming Language like Java, C#, VB.Net, etc… So, In this EBook, I have covered each and every concept related to OOPS and I have tried to Implement each OOPS Concept with easy to understand Demo C++ Program. In this EBook, I have defined more then 350 Programs and hundreds of Code Fragement to clear each and every C++ and OOPS Concept. So, This EBook would not only be easy to learn OOPS and C++ but also very useful if you are interested in learning Java or .NET Language like C# or VB.NET.
1 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Kuldeep Chand BetaLab Computer Center Falna
2 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi C++ Programming Language in Hindi Copyright © 2011 by Kuldeep Chand All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Betalab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 e-mail bccfalna@gmail.com, or visit http://www.bccfalna.com For information on translations, please contact Betalab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 Phone 097994-55505 The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, the author shall not have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this book.
3 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi This book is dedicated to those who really wants to be a ProfessionAl Developer
4 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Index of Contents
5 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Table of Contents OOPS and C++ ................................................................................ 11 The Object-Oriented Approach................................................................................14 Features of Object-Oriented Languages .................................................................16 Classes .................................................................................................................18 Data Hiding, Data Abstraction and Encapsulation ..................................................20 Inheritance ............................................................................................................22 Reusability ............................................................................................................22 Creating New Data Types ....................................................................................23 Polymorphism and Overloading ...........................................................................23 Dynamic Binding...................................................................................................24 Message Passing .................................................................................................25 Benefits Of OOPS....................................................................................................28 Object Oriented Languages .....................................................................................28 Object-Based Programming Language ...................................................................29 Object-Oriented Programming Language................................................................29 OOPS with C++ ................................................................................ 31 Class and Objects....................................................................................................31 Basic C++ Data Types.............................................................................................55 Assignment Operator ( = )........................................................................................56 Escape Sequences ..................................................................................................56 Integers.....................................................................................................................57 Unsigned Integers.................................................................................................58 Floating Point ...........................................................................................................58 Comments................................................................................................................60 Type Conversion ( Type Casting )...........................................................................73 Abstract Data Types.................................................................................................83 Reusability..............................................................................................................119 Arrays and Strings..........................................................................154 Array Fundamentals...............................................................................................154 Defining an Array....................................................................................................154 Multidimensional Arrays.........................................................................................159 Arrays as Instance Data.........................................................................................160 Employee Class .....................................................................................................161 The Enter Key.....................................................................................................165 Postfix and Prefix Increment Operators .............................................................166 The Stack Class..................................................................................................166 Pushing and Popping .........................................................................................168 An Array Disguised as a Stack...........................................................................170 Arrays of Objects ................................................................................................170 Array of Time Objects.........................................................................................171 Strings ....................................................................................................................173 String Variables ..................................................................................................173 String Constants .................................................................................................174 Using const Variables.........................................................................................176 String Library Functions......................................................................................181 Copying String (strcpy() Function).........................................................................182 Appending Strings (strcat() Function) ................................................................182 Comparing Strings (strcmp() Function)..............................................................183 Self-Made String Class ..........................................................................................184
6 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Arrays of Strings .................................................................................................188 The weekday Class ............................................................................................190 Functions ........................................................................................206 Function Calls.........................................................................................................206 Function Definitions................................................................................................208 Function Declarations ............................................................................................211 Standalone Member Functions..............................................................................213 Inline Functions ......................................................................................................213 Specifying an Inline Function .............................................................................214 Member Functions Defined Within a Class ...........................................................215 Member Functions Defined Outside a Class.........................................................216 Revised weekdays Program..................................................................................217 Macros....................................................................................................................220 Overloaded Functions............................................................................................221 Default Arguments .................................................................................................226 Declarations and Definitions ..................................................................................232 Lifetime and Visibility..............................................................................................233 Automatic Variables............................................................................................234 Register Variables ..............................................................................................235 External Variables...............................................................................................235 Local Static Variables .........................................................................................237 Objects ...................................................................................................................239 Visibility of Instance Data ...................................................................................239 Lifetime of Instance Data....................................................................................239 Creating Static Data............................................................................................240 Accessing Static Data.........................................................................................240 Static Functions ..................................................................................................241 Reference Arguments............................................................................................244 Swapping Integers ..............................................................................................244 Passing by Value ................................................................................................244 Passing by Reference ........................................................................................245 Returning by Reference......................................................................................250 Constructors ...................................................................................254 Constructor Arguments..........................................................................................261 No-Argument Constructor......................................................................................263 The One-Argument Constructor ............................................................................264 Initialize Array Size.................................................................................................271 Initializing a Member Array Elements....................................................................276 Copy Constructors .................................................................................................277 The Default Copy Constructor...............................................................................279 const for Function Arguments................................................................................280 const Objects..........................................................................................................286 const Function........................................................................................................288 Operator Overloading .....................................................................295 The operator X() Function......................................................................................296 Relational Operators ..............................................................................................304 Assignment Operators ...........................................................................................307 Overloading Unary Operators................................................................................310 Prefix Version of Operator ++.............................................................................311 Postfix Version of Operator ++...........................................................................313 The Unary Minus Operator.................................................................................316
7 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Conversion from Objects to Basic Types ..............................................................319 Type Casting: Conversion for Basic Types ...........................................................320 Conversions Between Classes..............................................................................327 Overloading the Assignment Operator (=).............................................................334 Overloading [ ] Operator.........................................................................................341 Constant Overloaded Operators............................................................................345 *this Object.............................................................................................................349 Inheritance ......................................................................................357 Reusability..............................................................................................................357 Inheritance and Program Design...........................................................................358 Composition: A “Has a” Relationship.....................................................................359 Inheritance: A “Kind of” Relationship .....................................................................360 Class Hierarchy......................................................................................................369 Reusability..............................................................................................................375 The Base Class Constructor..................................................................................379 The protected Access Specifier.............................................................................379 Constructors and Inheritance.................................................................................381 The Great Chain of Constructors .......................................................................381 No Argument Inheritance Constructor................................................................385 Arguments Inheritance Constructor ...................................................................386 Adding Functionality to the Derived Class Constructor.....................................388 Access Specifier.....................................................................................................390 Public Inheritance ...............................................................................................400 Private Inheritance..............................................................................................402 Protected Inheritance..........................................................................................404 Composition ...........................................................................................................409 Multiple Inheritance................................................................................................417 Pointers ...........................................................................................428 Addresses and Pointers.........................................................................................428 Pointers to Objects.................................................................................................434 Pointer to void ........................................................................................................438 Pointers and Arrays................................................................................................439 Pointers and Functions ..........................................................................................442 Pointers and Strings...............................................................................................447 Membership Access Operator (->).........................................................................451 newOperator..........................................................................................................454 Delete Operator......................................................................................................456 Creating Objects with new.....................................................................................459 this and const.........................................................................................................464 Pointers and the const Modifier .............................................................................469 Linked List Class....................................................................................................479 Containers ..............................................................................................................483 Virtual Functions and Friend Functions ........................................491 Polymorphism.........................................................................................................491 Normal Member Functions Accessed with Pointers..............................................493 Virtual Member Functions Accessed with Pointers ...............................................495 Late Binding ...........................................................................................................497 Arrays of Pointers to Objects.................................................................................499 Passing Reference.................................................................................................513 Passing Pointers ....................................................................................................517 Abstract Classes ....................................................................................................525
8 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Pure Virtual Functions............................................................................................527 Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions ........................................................532 Pure Virtual Functions with Bodies ........................................................................532 Virtual Destructors..................................................................................................533 Friend Functions.....................................................................................................544 Friend Classes .......................................................................................................556 Interclass Communication......................................................................................556 Pointers in Interclass Communication ...................................................................558 Nested Classes......................................................................................................561 Communication between Nested Classes.............................................................562 Exception Handling ........................................................................565 Throwing Multiple Exceptions ................................................................................572 Specifying Data in an Exception Class..................................................................587 Initializing an Exception Object..............................................................................588 Extracting Data from the Exception Object............................................................588 Exception and Function Nesting ............................................................................591 Streams and Files ...........................................................................593 Stream Classes......................................................................................................593 Stream Class Hierarchy.........................................................................................593 ios Class.................................................................................................................595 Formatting Flags.................................................................................................595 Manipulators .......................................................................................................596 Functions ............................................................................................................597 Istream Class .........................................................................................................599 The ostream Class.................................................................................................600 The iostream and the _withassign Classes...........................................................600 Predefined Stream Objects....................................................................................601 Stream Errors.........................................................................................................601 Error-Status Bits .................................................................................................602 Inputting Numbers ..............................................................................................603 Too Many Characters .........................................................................................603 No-Input Input .....................................................................................................604 Inputting Strings and Characters........................................................................605 Error-Free Distances ..........................................................................................605 All-Character Input..............................................................................................609 Disk File I/O with Streams......................................................................................609 Formatted File I/O...............................................................................................610 Writing Data........................................................................................................610 Reading Data......................................................................................................612 Strings with Embedded Blanks...........................................................................613 Detecting End-of-File..........................................................................................615 Character I/O ......................................................................................................616 Direct Access to the streambuf Object...............................................................617 Binary I/O................................................................................................................618 Object I/O............................................................................................................620 Writing an Object to Disk....................................................................................620 Reading an Object from Disk .............................................................................621 Compatible Data Structures ...............................................................................622 I/O with Multiple Objects.....................................................................................623 The fstream Class..................................................................................................626 The Mode Bits.....................................................................................................626
9 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Error Handling in File I/O ....................................................................................627 Reaction to Errors...............................................................................................628 Analyzing Errors .................................................................................................629 File Pointers ...........................................................................................................631 Specifying the Position .......................................................................................632 Specifying the Offset...........................................................................................632 The tellg() Function.............................................................................................634 File I/O Using Member Functions.......................................................................634 Object That Read and Write Themselves..............................................................634 Classes That Read and Write Themselves...........................................................638 Static Functions......................................................................................................639 Size Of Derived Objects.........................................................................................639 Using the typeid( ) Function...................................................................................640 Interaction with empl_io .........................................................................................648 Overloading the << and >> Operators...................................................................650 Overloading for cout and cin..................................................................................651 Overloading for Files ..............................................................................................654 Overloading for Binary I/O .....................................................................................657 Memory as a Stream Object..................................................................................660 Fixed Buffer Size....................................................................................................661 The ostrstream Object............................................................................................662 Input Memory Streams...........................................................................................663 Universality.............................................................................................................664 File Pointers ...........................................................................................................664 Dynamic Buffer Size...............................................................................................664 Last but not Least. There is more…...............................................666
10 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi OOPS & C++
11 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi OOPS and C++ lcls igyk loky rks ;gh gS fd C++ D;ksa lh[kk tk, ;s vkt dh izHkko”kkyh Hkk’kk gSA tc Programmers dks cMs o tfVy izksxzke cukus gksrs gSa] rc Professional Programmers C++ dks Choose djrs gSaA dbZ vkSj Hkh ljy o izHkkoh Hkk’kk,a gSa] ysfdu mudh dqN dfe;ksa dh otg ls muesa izksxzke Development dh ,d lhek gSA tSls Visual Basic Microsoft Company dh ,d cgqr gh ljy Hkk’kk gS] ysfdu tc izksxzke cgqr gh cMs o tfVy gksrs gSa] rc bl Hkk’kk esa Program Develop djuk le>nkjh dh ckr ugha gksrh gSA D;ksafd bl Hkk’kk esa Graphics dk cgqr iz;ksx gksrk gS] vkSj Hkh dbZ dkj.k gSa] ftlls ;fn bl Hkk’kk esa cMs izksxzke Develop fd, tk,a rks izksxzke dh Speed cgqr de gks tkrh gSA Assembly Hkk’kk Hkh dkQh vPNh gSA blesa fy[ks x, izksxzkeksa dh xfr dkQh vPNh gksrh gS] ysfdu ;s Hkk’kk Hardware ds Device Drivers ds izksxzke fy[kus ds fy;s T;knk vPNh gS uk fd Application izksxzke fy[kus dsA blh rjg Java Internet ds fy;s vPNh gS] gkykafd Java C++ ls gh izsfjr gSA ysfdu ,d cMs Standalone Application Development djus ds fy;s C++ lcls yksdfiz; Hkk’kk gSA ;s ,d cgqr gh Flexible o Best Performing Language gSA Procedural Languages Pascal, C, Basic, Fortran tSlh ikjEifjd Hkk’kk,a Procedural Languages ds mnkgj.k gSaA ftlesa izR;sd Statement Computer dks dqN dke djus dk vkns”k nsrk gSA ;kuh Procedural Languages Instructions dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA Procedural Languages esa NksVs Programs ds fy;s fdlh Hkh vU; izdkj ds Pattern dh vko”;drk ugh gksrh gSA Programmer Instructions dh List cukrk gS vkSj Computer muds vuqlkj dke djrk gSA tc izksxzke dkQh cMs o tfVy gks tkrs gSa] rc Instructions dh ;g List dkQh ijs”kkuh iSnk djrh gSA blfy;s ,d cMs izksxzke dks NksVs&NksVs VqdMksa esa ckaV fn;k tkrk gSA bu NksVs&NksVs VqdMksa dks Functions dgk tkrk gSA Functions dks nwljh vU; Hkk’kkvksa esa Subroutine, Subprogram ;k Procedure dgk tkrk gSA ,d cMs izksxzke dks NksVs&NksVs Functions esa foHkkftr djus ls iwjk Program Functions dk ,d lewg cu tkrk gS] ftls Module dgk tkrk gSA ysfdu ;s Modules Hkh Procedural Programming ds vUrxZr gh vkrs gaS D;ksafd lHkh Functions esa Statements dh ,d List gksrh gS vkSj lHkh Functions fey dj iwjk Program cukrs gSa] ftlls iwjk Program Instructions dh ,d cgqr cMh List cu tkrk gSA
12 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Procedural Languages ds “kq:vkrh nkSj esa buesa gh Program Develop fd, tkrs FksA “C” Hkh ,d Procedural Languages gS vkSj tc “C” Hkk’kk dk vkfo’dkj gqvk Fkk] rc Programmers vU; Hkk’kkvksa dks NksM dj “C” esa gh vius Program Develop djus yxs FksA ysfdu le; o vko”;drk ds vuqlkj tc Program cMs o tfVy gksus yxs] rc Programmers dks bl Hkk’kk esa izksxzke cukus esa fnDdrsa vkus yxhaA mUgksus eglwl fd;k fd bl Hkk’kk esa dqN lq/kkj dh vko”;drk gS rkfd ;s Hkk’kk ljy o yksdfiz; cu ldsA ;s Hkk’kk ljy cu lds blds fy;s bldk okLrfod thou ds vuqlkj gksuk t:jh FkkA ;kuh ge gekjs lkekU; thou esa ftl izdkj ls O;ogkj djrs gSa] bl Hkk’kk dk Hkh oSlk gh gksuk t:jh Fkk rkfd Programmers blesa vf/kd ljyrk o lQyrk ls Program cuk ldsaA Hkk’kk okLrfod thou ds vuqlkj gks] ;gh Concept Object Oriented Programming ;kuh OOPS dk vk/kkj cukA “C” Hkk’kk dh bu dfe;ksa dks igpkuk x;k vkSj blesa lq/kkj fd;k x;kA QyLo:i gesa “C” Hkk’kk dk ,d u;k laLdj.k “C++” izkIr gqvkA vkb;sa] ge Hkh tkuus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa fd “C” Hkk’kk esa ,slh dkSulh dfe;ka Fkha] ftuesa lq/kkj dh vko”;drk eglwl dh xbZ Procedural Languages esa dke gksus dk egRo Fkk Data dk ugha] ;kuh fd Keyboard ls Data Input fd;k tk,] Data ij Processing dh tk,] Errors dks Check fd;k tk, vkfnA Functions esa Hkh blh egRo dks tkjh j[kk x;kA Functions dksbZ dke djrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls ftl izdkj ls lk/kkj.k Statement djrk gSA Functions dksbZ tfVy dke Hkh dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu buesa Hkh dke ds gksus dk gh egRo FkkA iwjs Program esa Data ij dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk Fkk] tcfd iwjs izksxzke dk ewy vk/kkj Data gh gksrk gSA fdlh Inventory ds Program esa bl ckr dk dksbZ T;knk egRo ugha gksrk gS fd Data dks fdl izdkj ls Display fd;k tkrk gS ;k ,d Function fdl izdkj ls Corrupt Data dks Check djrk gS] cfYd bl ckr dk gksrk gS fd Data D;k gS vkSj og fdl izdkj ls Program esa dke vk jgk gSA Procedural Program esa Data dks f}rh; Lrj ij j[kk x;k Fkk tcfd fdlh Hkh Program dk ewy vk/kkj Data gh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] fdlh Inventory ds Program esa fdlh Data File dks Memory esa Load fd;k tkrk gS] rc ;s File ,d Global Variable dh rjg gksrh gS] ftls dksbZ Hkh Function Use dj ldrk gSA ;s Functions Data ij fofHkUu izdkj ds Operations djrs gSaA ;kuh ;s Data dks Read djrs gS] Analyze djrs gSa] Update djrs gSa] Rearrange djrs gSa] Display djrs gSa vkSj okil Disk ij Write djrs gSaA “C” esa Local Variables Hkh gksrs gSa ysfdu Local Variables, egRoiw.kZ Data ds fy;s brus mi;ksxh ugha gksrs gSa] tks fd fofHkUu Functions }kjk Access fd, tkrs gSaA
13 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi eku yks fd ,d u, Programmer dks Data dks fdlh [kkl rjhds ls Analyze djus ds fy;s ,d Function fy[kus dks dgk x;kA izksxzke dh xw<rk ls vufHkK Programmer ,d ,slk Function cukrk gS tks fd vpkud fdlh egRoiw.kZ Data dks u’V dj nsrk gSA ,slk gksuk dkQh vklku gS D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh Function Data dks Access dj ldrk gS] blfy;s D;ksafd Procedural Language esa Data Global gksrk gSA ;s dqN ,slk gh gS tSls fd vki vius Personal dkxtkr dks Telephone Directory ds ikl j[k nsa tgka dHkh Hkh dksbZ Hkh igqap ldrk gS] mlls NsMNkM dj ldrk gS vkSj mls u’V dj ldrk gSA blh izdkj ls Procedural Languages esa gksrk gS tgka vkidk Data Global gksrk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh Function mls Use djds [kjkc dj ldrk gS ;k uqdlku igqapk ldrk gSA Procedural Languages dh nwljh deh ;s Fkh fd dbZ Functions ,d lkFk ,d gh Data dks Use dj jgs gksrs gSa] blfy;s Data dks Store djus dk rjhdk dkQh tfVy gks tkrk gSA leku Data dks Use dj jgs lHkh Functions dks Modify fd, fcuk Data esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ;fn vki ,d u;k Data Add djrs gSa rks mu lHkh Functions dks Modify djuk gksxk tks fd Data dks use dj jgs gSa rkfd ;s lHkh Functions Add fd, x, u, Data dks Use dj ldsaA ;s irk djuk fd dkSu&dkSu ls Function Data dks Use dj jgs gSa vkSj lHkh dks fcYdqy lgh rjhds ls Modify djuk dkQh dfBu gksrk gSA Procedural Programs dks Design djuk dkQh eqf”dy gksrk gSA leL;k ;s gksrh gS fd budk Design okLrfod thou ls Related ugha gksrk gSA tSls fd] ekuk vki ,d Graphics User Interface esa Menus Window ds fy;s Code fy[kuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks ;s r; djuk eqf”dy gksxk fd dkSulk Function Use fd;k tk, dkSulk Data Structure Use fd;k tk, vkfnA budk dksbZ Li’B mRrj ugha gSA Procedural Programs ds lkFk dbZ vkSj ijs”kkfu;ka gSaA muesa ls ,d leL;k u, Data Type dh gSA Computer Languages esa dbZ izdkj ds Built-in Data Types gksrs gSa] tSls fd Integer, Float, Character vkfnA ekuyks fd vki Complex Numbers ds lkFk izfØ;k djuk pkgrs gSa ;k Two-dimensional Coordinates ds lkFk dke djuk pkgrs gSa ;k Date ds lkFk izfØ;k djuk pkgrs gSaA Built-in Data Type budks vklkuh ls Handle ugha dj ldrs gSaA blfy, gesa gekjh vko”;drkuqlkj Lo;a ds Data Type cukus dh t:jr gksrh gSA ;kuh Real World Objects dks Represent djus ds fy, gesa ,d ,sls rjhds dh t:jr gksrh gS] ftlls vklkuh ls Real World Objects dks Computer esa Represent fd;k tk lds vkSj ftl rjg ls Real World esa fofHkUu Objects vkil esa Interaction djds fdlh leL;k dk ,d mfpr lek/kku izkIr djrs gSa] mlh rjg ls Computer esa Hkh fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr fd;k tk ldsA
14 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Procedural Language esa Lo;a ds Data Type cuk dj ge mUgs fcYdqy Built-in Data Type dh rjg Use ugha dj ldrs gSaA Procedural Language brus mUur ugha gSaA tfVy rjhdksa dks viuk, fcuk ge Procedural Languages esa x o y nksuksa Coordinates dks ,d gh Variable esa Store djds ml ij Processing ugha dj ldrs gSaA Procedural Languages dks fy[kuk o Maintain djuk dkQh eqf”dy dke gksrk gSA Lkkjka”k • dkeksa dks djus dk egRo Fkk] Data dk ughaA ;kuh Primary Attention Problem dks Functions esa foHkkftrdjus dk Fkk Data dh Security dk ughaA ( Algorithm ) • cMs Program dks NksVs Programs esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftUgsa Functions dgrs gSaA T;knkrj Functions Global Data dks Share djrs Fks] ftlls Data Insecure gks tkrk FkkA • Application esa Data dk dkQh vklkuh ls fofHkUu Functions ds chp Transaction gksrk FkkA fofHkUu Functions Data dks fofHkUu Forms esa Transform djrs FksA • Top-Down Approach dks Support djrs FksA The Object-Oriented Approach Object Oriented Language ds ihNs dk ewyHkwr fopkj ;s gS fd ,d Program esa Data vkSj ml Data ij dke djus okys Functions dks Combine djds ,d Unit ds :i esa ys fy;k tk,A bl Unit dks Object dgk tkrk gSA ,d Object ds Function ;kuh Data o Data ij dke djus ds fy;s fy[ks x, Function dks “C++” esa Member Function dgk tkrk gSA D;ksafd ;s fdlh Object ds fdlh veqd Class ls lEcaf/kr gksrs gSa] tks fd fdlh Data dks Access djus dk ,d ek= ek/;e gksrs gSaA ;fn vki fdlh Object ds vUnj j[ks fdlh Data dks Read djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks blh Object ds vUnj fy[ks ml Member Function dks Call djuk iMrk gS] ftls ml Object ds Data dks Use djus ds fy;s gh fy[kk x;k gSA ;gh ,d Function gksrk gS] ftldh enn ls vki ml Object ds Data dks Read dj ldrs gSaA vki lh/ks gh Data ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh izfØ;k ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd Data Hidden jgrk gSA blfy;s fdlh izdkj ls vpkud gq, ifjorZu ls Data lqjf{kr jgrk gSA Data o Data dks Use dj ldus okys Function dk ,d lkFk ,d gh Unit ds :i esa gksuk Encapsulation dgykrk gSA Data dk Hidden jguk ;kuh Data Hiding o Encapsulation Object Oriented Programming dk ewy rF; ;k Key terms gSA ;fn vki fdlh Data dks Modify djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks irk gksuk pkfg, fd dkSulk Function ml Data ij dke djsxk ;kuh Object dk og Member Function ftls Data ds lkFk fy[kk x;k gSA dksbZ Hkh vU; Function ml Data dks Access ugha dj ldrk gSA ;s Processing Program dks fy[kuk] Debug djuk o Maintain djuk vklku cukrh gSA ,d “C++” dk
15 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi izksxzke <sj lkjs fofHkUu izdkj ds Objects dk cuk gksrk gS] tks fd vius&vius Member Functions ds }kjk vkil esa Communication djrs gSaA “C++” o dbZ vU; OOP Languages esa Member Functions dks Methods dgk tkrk gS vkSj Data Item dks Instance Variable dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Object ds Member Function dks Call djuk ml Object dks Message Send djuk dgykrk gSA ge ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA ekuk ,d cMk izhfr&Hkkst (Party) dk lekjksg gS] ftlesa lHkh esgeku fdlh Dining Table ds pkjksa vksj cSBs gSaA fdlh Table ds pkjksa vksj cSBs yksxksa dks ge Functions eku ldrs gSa tks fd [kkuk [kkus dk dke djrs gSa vkSj tks Hkh [kkuk Table ij j[kk gS] mls Data dg ldrs gSaA tc Hkh fdlh dks Table ij j[ks fofHkUu izdkj ds O;atuksa esa ls dqN ysuk gksrk gS] rks og Lo;a gh ml O;atu rd igqaprk gS vkSj mls mi;ksx esa ys ysrk gS fdlh iMkSlh esgeku ls dksbZ Hkh O;atu Pass djus dks ugha dgrkA Procedural Program dk Hkh ;gh rjhdk gksrk gSA ;s rjhdk rc rd cgqr Bhd gS tc rd fd [kkuk [kkus okys esgekuksa dh la[;k lhfer gks ;kuh N% ls vkB yksx vyx&vyx lewg esa vyx&vyx Table ij [kkuk [kk jgs gSaA ysfdu ;fn esgekuksa dh la[;k chl ;k blls Hkh vf/kd gks rks ;s rjhdk Bhd ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd tc esgeku vf/kd gksaxs rks Table Hkh cMk gksxk vkSj [kkus ds fofHkUu lkeku iwjs Table ij dkQh nwj&nwj gksaxsA ,sls esa ;fn dksbZ esgeku fdlh nwj j[ks O;atu rd igqapuk pkgrk gS rks gks ldrk gS fd mlds Shirt dh Sleeves fdlh nwljs esgeku ds [kkus esa pyh tk, ;k dbZ esgeku ,d lkFk fdlh O;atu ij gkFk c<k,a vkSj O;atu Table ij fxj dj [kjkc gks tk,A ;kuh ;fn esgekuksa dh la[;k dkQh T;knk gks rks ,d gh Table ij Hkkstu djuk ,d ijs”kkuh okyk dke gksxkA ,d cMs Procedural Program esa Hkh ;gh gksrk gSA bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds :i esa ;fn dbZ NksVs&NksVs Tables gksa vkSj mu ij ,d lhfer ek=k esa esgeku gksa vkSj lcds ikl mudk viuk Hkkstu gks rks ;s ,d vPNh O;oLFkk gks ldrh gSA bl NksVs Table ij lHkh esgeku fdlh Hkh O;atu ij vklkuh ls igqap ldrs gSa vkSj fdlh izdkj dh ijs”kkuh Create ugha gksrh gSA ;fn dksbZ esgeku fdlh vU; Table ij j[ks fdlh O;atu dks ysuk pkgrk gS rks lEHkor;k og fdlh vU; esgeku ls ml O;atu dks ykus ds fy;s dg ldrk gSA ;s rjhdk Object Oriented Programming dk gS ftlesa gjsd NksVh Table dks ,d Object dgk tk ldrk gSA gjsd Object esa mldk Lo;a dk Data vkSj Function gksrk gS mlh izzdkj ls ftl izdkj ls gjsd Table ij vyx & vyx esgeku gksrs gSa vkSj gjsd Table ij viuk vyx [kkuk gksrk gSA Data o Function ds chp gksus okys fofHkUu ysu&nsu vf/kdrj Object ds vUnj gh gksrs gSa ysfdu vko”;drkuqlkj ;s Hkh lEHko gS fd fdlh vU; Object ds Data dks Hkh Use fd;k tk ldsA bl rjg ls fdlh cMs Procedural Program dks NksVs&NksVs Object ds :i esa O;ofLFkr djds T;knk vPNh rjg ls Program dks Maintain fd;k tk ldrk gSA
16 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Features of Object-OrientedLanguages Objects tc vki fdlh leL;k dks Object Oriented Language ds :i esa cukuk pkgrs gSa] rc ;s r; ugha djuk gksrk gS fd leL;k dks Functions esa fdl izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k tk, cfYd ;s r; djuk gksrk gS fd leL;k dks Objects esa fdl izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k tk,A lk/kkj.k lk loky fnekx esa vk ldrk gS fd ;s Objects D;k gksrs gSa bldk tokc Hkh bruk gh lk/kkj.k gSA ge tks dqN Hkh lksap ldrs gSa] nqfu;k dh og gj oLrq Object gSA fQj Hkh FkksMk lk le>kus ds mn~ns”; ls ge ;gka ij Objects ds dqN mnkgj.k ns jgs gSa% 1 Physical Objects  fdlh Lift ls lEcaf/kr izksxzke ftlesa Program dk ewy fcUnq Lift ij fuHkZj djrk gS] blesa Lift dks ,d Object dgk tk ldrk gSA  fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk ls lEcaf/kr izksxzke esa fo”o ds lHkh ns”kksa dks Object ekuk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd bl izksxzke dk ewy fcUnq fofHkUu ns”k gksaxs] ftudh vFkZO;oLFkk ij lkjk izksxzke fuHkZj gksxkA  fdlh Traffic Flow ls lEcaf/kr izksxzke esa fofHkUu izdkj ds okgu Objects gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd iwjk izksxzke okguksa dks dsUnz esa j[k dj gh Develop fd;k tk,xkA  fdlh Air Traffic ls lEcaf/kr izksxzke esa fofHkUu ns”kksa ds Aircraft Object gksaxsA 2 fdlh Computer User Environment esa dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu vo;o tSls fd Window, Menu, Graphics Objects ( Line, Rectangle, Circle ) Mouse, Keyboard, Toolbars, Command Buttons, Disks Drives, Printer vkfn Objects gksrs gSaA 3 Human Entities esa  fdlh Company ds Employees  fdlh fo|ky; ds fofHkUu fo|kFkhZ  fofHkUu xzkgd  Salesmen vkfn Objects gksrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s gh fdlh izksxzke dh ewy bdkbZ gksrs gSaA 4 Data Storage Construct esa  fofHkUu Customized Arrays  Arrays  Stacks  Linked Lists
17 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi  Binary Trees vkfn Objects gksrs gSaA 5 Collection Of Data esa  Inventory  Personal File  Dictionary  Longitude o Latitude dh Table 6 User Defined Data Types esa Time, Complex Numbers, Points Of Planes vkfn Objects gksaxsA 7 Computer Game esa  dksbZ fp=  Chess ;k Checkers ds eksgjs vkfn  tkuojksa ds fpUg  fofHkUu fpUg vkfn Objects gks ldrs gSaA bu mnkgj.kksa ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd fdlh Program ds fdlh fgLls esa ;k iwjs izksxzke esa tks ewy oLrq gksrh gS] og Object dgh tk ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh leL;k dks Object ds :i esa foHkkftr djuk dkQh vklku gSA D;ksafd nqfu;k dh gj oLrq dks t:jr ds vuqlkj ,d Object ekuk tk ldrk gSA gjsd Object dh viuh {kerk,a gksrh gSa vkSj gjsd Object dqN uk dqN dke dj ldrk gSA bls le>us ds fy;s ,d mnkgj.k ns[krs gSaA cMh bekjrksa esa fofHkUu eaftyksa ij vkus&tkus ds fy;s Lifts gksrh gSaA bl Lift dks ,d Object ekuk tk ldrk gSA ekuk fd pkSFkh eafty ij fdlh Lift esa pkj Passengers gSa vkSj Passengers us 8th , 10th o 15th eafty ij tkus ds fy;s Button Press fd;k gS] rks Lift esa ;s {kerk gksrh gS fd ;s uhps tk ldrh gS] Åij tk ldrh gS] ;s blds njoktksa dks [kksy ldrh gS o cUn dj ldrh gS] ;s irk dj ldrh gS fd nwljh Lifts dkSulh eafty ij gSa vkSj mls vxyh fdl eafty ij tkuk gSA “C++” esa ,d Object ds Data ;s /;ku j[krs gSa fd Object esa D;k&D;k {kerk,a gSa vkSj Object ds Member Functions bl ckr dk /;ku j[krs gSa fd Object mu Data ds lkFk D;k&D;k dj ldrk gSA bl Lift Object esa fuEu Data gks ldrs gSa% • Current_floor_number • Number_of_passengers • List_of_buttons_pussed vkSj Member Functions fuEu gks ldrs gSa%
18 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi • GoDown() • GoUp() • OpenDoors() • CloseDoors() • GetInfo() • CalculateWhereToGo() Object Oriented Programming esa fdlh oLrq dh fo”ks’krk o oLrq dh {kerk ,d lkFk esa gksrh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ls Object Oriented Program esa Data o Functions ,d lkFk esa ,d Unit ds :i esa gksrs gSa] ftls Object dgk tkrk gSA Object ds Data o mu Data dh State esa ifjorZu djus okys Functions dks ,d Unit ;k bdkbZ ds :i esa Combine djus dh izfØ;k dks Encapsulation dgrs gSaA Encapsulation dh izfØ;k ls izkIr gksus okyk Template ;k Description Class dgykrk gSA Objects fdlh Object Oriented System dh Basic Run Time Entities gksrs gSaA Objects Memory esa Space ysrs gSa vkSj gj Object dk ,d Memory Address gksrk gSA tc ge fdlh Object Oriented Program dks Execute djrs gSa] rc fofHkUu Objects ,d nwljs dks Message Pass djds ;kuh muds Member Functions dks Call djds ,d nwljs ls Communication djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, eku yks fd “Customer” o “Account” nks Objects gSaA vc ;fn Customer dks viuk Bank Balance tkuuk gks] rks og Account Object dks ,d Message Pass djrk gS vkSj vius Bank Balance dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, Request djrk gSA Account Object Customer Object dh Request dks iwjk djrk gS vkSj mls Bank Balance dh tkudkjh iznku dj nsrk gSA bl rjg ls Customer Object fcuk ;s tkus gq, fd Account Object esa dkSu&dkSu ls Data gSa] vius Balance dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrk gSA viuk Balance tkuus ds fy, Customer Object dks dsoy bruk gh /;ku j[kuk gksrk gS fd Account Object dks dkSulk Message Pass djus ij ;kuh Account Object ds fdl Member Function dks Call djus ij Account Object Account Balance dh tkudkjh iznku djsxkA Classes tc gesa ,d gh Data Type ds dbZ Data dks fdlh Variable esa Store djuk gksrk gS] rc ge Array dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj tc fofHkUu Data Type ds vkil esa Logically Related dbZ
19 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Data dks ,d gh Variable esa j[kuk gksrk gS rc ge Structure dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA “C++” esa Class Hkh ;gh dke djrk gSA ;kuh Class esa Hkh ge fofHkUu Data Types ds] vkil esa Logically Related Variables Declare djrs gSaA Structure o Class esa ewyHkwr vUrj ;gh gS fd ,d Structure ds Members Default :i ls Global ;k Public gksrs gSa tcfd ,d Class ds Members Local ;k Private gksrs gSaA Class dh nwljh fo”ks’krk ;s gS fd Class ds Data Members dks Access djus ds Functions Hkh Class ds vUnj gh fy[ks tkrs gSa vkSj ge bUgha Member Functions dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Class ds Object ds Data Members dks Access dj ldrs gSaA ,d Class esa Data Nqik gqvk jgrk gS D;ksafd dsoy ml Class ds Objects gh ml Class ds Data dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA fdlh vU; Class ds Objects ;k fdlh External Functions ds fy, ;s Data Accessible ugha gksrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks Data Hiding dgrs gSaA Data o Data dks Access djus ds fy, Authorized Function nksuksa dks ,d Unit ds :i esa Combined Form esa Describe fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Object ds Data o Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations ds Functions dks ,d Unit ds :i esa j[kus dh izfØ;k dks Encapsulation dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Class ds vUnj Declare fd, x, os Variables ftuesa Object ds Data Stored jgrs gSa] Data Members dgykrs gSa vkSj mu Data ds lkFk izfØ;k djus okys Functions Member Functions dgykrs gSaA fdlh Object ds Data o Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations dks Encapsulate djds ,d Unit esa j[kus ij Create gksus okys Template ;k Description dks Class dgrs gSaA Class ,d u, izdkj dk User Defined Data Type gksrk gSA bl Create gksus okyh Class dk ge ftrus pkgsa mrus Objects Create dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh ,d Class leku izdkj ds Objects ds lewg dh Description ;k Template dks Represent djrk gSA Classes User Defined Data Type gksrh gSa vkSj Built-In Data Type dh rjg Behave djrh gSaA ftl izdkj ls fdlh Structure dks Define djus ds ckn ml Structure ds izdkj ds Variables Declare fd, tkrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls fdlh Class ds Hkh Variables Declare fd, tkrs gSa rkfd ml Class ds Data dks Use fd;k tk ldsA “C++” esa Class izdkj ls Declare fd, x, Variables dks Object dgk tkrk gSA tc dksbZ Class Define dh tkrh gS] rc og Memory esa dksbZ Space Reserve ugha djrk gSA ,d Class izdkj dk Variable ftls Object dgrs gSa] Declare djus ds ckn gh og Memory esa vius Class dh {kerk ds vuqlkj Space Reserve djrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ls ftl izdkj ls fdlh Structure dks Define djus ij og Memory esa dksbZ Space Reserve ugha djrk gSA tc ge Structure izdkj ds Variable Declare djrs gSa rHkh Memory esa Space Reserve gksrh gSA
20 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Data Hiding,Data Abstraction and Encapsulation fdlh System dh Inner Working dks Hide djds mls mi;ksx djus ds fy, ,d Well Defined Interface rS;kj djus dh izfØ;k dks ge Encapsulation dgrs gSaA Create gksus okys Object dks Real World esa tc Use djuk gksrk gS] rc ge mlh Well Defined Interface }kjk ml Object ds Data dks Access djrs gSaA Encapsulation dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k ,d Watch dk fy;k tk ldrk gSA ,d Wristwatch fdl izdkj ls dke djrk gS] Internally ml Wristwatch esa D;k izfØ;k gksrh gS] Wristwatch pkgs Analog gks ;k Digital] og fdl izdkj ls Hours, Minutes o Seconds dks Manage djrk gS] ;kuh Wristwatch dh Internal Working ls gesa rc rd dksbZ eryc ugha gksrk gS] tc rd fd Wristwatch lgh rjhds ls dke djrh gSA ge dsoy le; tkuus ds fy, fdlh Wristwatch dks Use djrs gSaA Data o Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations ds Functions dks ,d Unit ds :i esa Bind djds Object dh Class cukus dh izfØ;k dks Encapsulation dgrs gSaA bl Encapsulation ds Concept ds vk/kkj ij cuus okyh Class ds Data dks dsoy mlh Class esa Define fd, x, Member Functions gh Access dj ldrs gSaA bu Member Functions ds vykok dksbZ Hkh External Function ml Specific Class ds Data dks Access ugha dj ldrk gSA fdlh Class ds vUnj Define fd, x, Member Function gh Program o Object ds Data ds chp Interface iznku djrs gSaA fcuk bu Member Function ds Main Function, fdlh vU; Class esa Define fd;k x;k Member Function ;k dksbZ Hkh vU; User Defined External Function ml Specific Object ds Data dks Access ugha dj ldrk gSA ;kuh Main Program ls Object dk Data iwjh rjg ls Insulated ;k vyx gksrk gSA bl Insulation ds dkj.k fdlh Specific Object dk Data fdlh vU; User Defined External Function ;k Main Program ls Nqik gqvk jgrk gSA blfy, bl Insulation dh izfØ;k dks Data Hiding dgrs gSaA Data Abstraction ,d ,slh izfØ;k gksrh gS] ftlesa fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr t:jh ckrksa dks fcuk t:jh ckrksa ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA fQj mu t:jh ckrksa dks leL;k ds fdlh Object dh Properties ds :i esa Describe fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd fdlh Company ds Administrator dks viuh Company ds lHkh Employees dh Educational Information dh tkudkjh j[kuh gSA bl fLFkfr esa fdlh Employee dh fofHkUu Properties fuEukuqlkj gks ldrh gSa% • Name Of the Employee • Father’s Name of the Employee
21 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi • Address of the Employee • City of the Employee • State of the Employee • Country of the Employee • Date Of Birth of the Employee • Education Of the Employee • Hobbies of the Employee • Experience in the Company of the Employee • Extra Degree Of the Employee • Cast of the Employee • Religion of the Employee fdlh Employee dh vkSj Hkh cgqr lh fo”ks’krk,a gks ldrh gSa] ysfdu pwafd leL;k esa Company ds Administrator dks vius Employees dh dsoy Educational Information ls gh eryc gS] “ks’k Information dk Company ds Administrator ds fy, dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gS] blfy, Administrator dh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr t:jh ckrsa dsoy fuEukuqlkj gh gSa% • Name Of the Employee • Education Of the Employee • Extra Degree Of the Employee buds vykok ,d Employee dh tks Hkh Information gSa] os bl leL;k ds fy, t:jh ugha gSa] gkykafd fdlh vU; leL;k ds fy, ;s t:jh gks ldrh gSaA bl rjg ls geus ,d Employee dh fofHkUu fo”ks’krkvksa esa ls mu fo”ks’krkvksa dks vyx fd;k tks Company ds Administrator ds fy, t:jh gSa ;k gekjh Current leL;k ls lEcaf/kr gSaA bl izfØ;k dks gh Abstraction dgrs gSa] ftlesa geus Employee dh mu t:jh ckrksa dks mu fcuk t:jh ckrksa ls vyx fd;k gS] ftudh Company ds Administrator dks t:jr gSA fdlh vU; leL;k tSls fd Employees ds Bio Data dks Manage djus okyh Class dks Create djrs le; ;s lHkh Information t:jh gks ldrh gSaA ml fLFkfr esa dqN vU; ckrsa gksaxh tks Employee ds Bio Data ls lEcaf/kr ugha gksaxhA rc Hkh gesa Employee ds fofHkUu Data ij Abstraction dh izfØ;k dks ykxw djds t:jh Data dks fcuk t:jh Data ls vyx djuk gksxkA tc ge fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, fdlh Object dh t:jh ckrksa dks fcuk t:jh ckrksa ls vyx dj ysrs gSa] ;kuh Object dh fofHkUu Properties ij Data Abstraction dh Process dks ykxw djus ds ckn tks t:jh Properties izkIr gksrh gSa] mu Properties dks Class ds Attributes ds :i esa Define dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj bu Attributes ;k Properties dh State ;k fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djus okys Operations ds Functions dks Attributes ds lkFk ,d Unit ds :i esa Encapsulate dj fy;k tkrk gS] ftlls ,d Description cu tkrk gSA fQj bl
22 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Description dks ,d uke ns fn;k tkrk gS] tks fd fdlh Class dks Define djrk gS] ;kuh ge ,d ubZ Class cuk ysrs gSaA pwafd ge tkurs gSa fd Class OOPS esa ,d u, User Defined Data Type dks Represent djrk gS vkSj ge tks Class cukrs gSa] ml Class esa Abstraction izfØ;k ds ckn izkIr gq, Attributes gksrs gSa] blfy, bl u, Create gksus okys Data Type dks Abstract Data Type dgrs gSaA Inheritance ftl izdkj ls ge okLrfod thou esa fofHkUu Classes dks Subclasses esa foHkkftr djrs gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj ls ge “C++” esa Hkh Classes dks fofHkUu Subclasses esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaA tSls tkuojksa ds lewg dks ge ikuh esa jgus okys tkuojksa] ok;q esa mMus okys tkuojksa o /kjrh ij pyus okys tkuojksa esa ckaV ldrs gSaA fQj gjsd tkuoj dks mldh fo”ks’krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij vkSj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaA Bhd blh izdkj ls ge “C++” esa Hkh Classes dk foHkktu dj ldrs gSa] tks fd fiNyh Classes dh fo”ks’krkvksa ds lkFk viuh Hkh dqN vU; fo”ks’krkvksa dks mi;ksx esa ysrk gSaA ;s izfØ;k OOPS esa Inheritance dgykrh gSA tks eq[; Class gksrh gS] mls Base Class dgrs gSa vkSj bldh viuh fo”ks’krk,a gksrh gSaA bl Class ds vUnj vkSj foHkktu fd;k tk, rks og foHkkftr Class Derived Class dgykrh gS] ftlesa mldh Base Class ds xq.k rks gksrs gh gSa] lkFk gh blds vius Hkh dqN vyx xq.k gksrs gSa tks fd Base Class esa ugha gksrsA Inheritance ,d ,slk rjhdk gS ftlls ,d Class ds Objects fdlh nwljh Class ds xq.kksa dks izkIr dj ysrs gSaA ;s Hierarchical Classification dks Support djrk gSA OOPS esa Inheritance dk ;s Concept Reusability dk Idea Provide djrk gSA bl Concept ds vk/kkj ij ,d igys ls cuh gqbZ Class ds xq.kksa dks Derive djds ubZ Class cukbZ tkrh gSA Reusability ,d ckj ,d Class fy[k dj rS;kj dj ysus ds ckn ge mlh Class dks dbZ vU; izksxzkeksa esa vko”;drkuqlkj mlh izdkj ls Use dj ldrs gSa ftl izdkj ls Procedural Languages esa Library Functions dks Use djrs gSaA Inheritance dh fo”ks’krk dks Use djrs gq, ge ,slk Hkh dj ldrs gSa fd fdlh igys ls cukbZ xbZ Class esa ifjorZu fd;s fcuk gh ge mlesa ,d Derived Class cukdj Base Class ds xq.k Hkh Use dj ysa vkSj viuh Derived Class ds xq.k Hkh mlesa tksM ldrs gSaA
23 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi tSls fd ekuk vkius ,d Class cuk;k tks fd Menu cukus dk dke djrk gSA vki bl Class esa ifjorZu djuk ugha pkgrs gSa] ysfdu vki pkgrs gSa fd mlesa Animation dh Capability Hkh vk tk,A ,slss esa vki ,d ubZ Class cuk ldrs gSa] ftlesa Base Class ds lkjs xq.k rks gksaxs gh lkFk esa vki Animation dk xq.k Hkh mlesa tksM ldrs gSaA bl rjg ls OOPS dh otg ls vki fdlh Class dks ckj&ckj fy[kus ls cp tkrs gSa vkSj ,d gh Class dks dbZ txg Use dj ldrs gSaA ;s Hkh OOPS dh ,d [kkl fo”ks’krk gSA Creating New Data Types Object dh ,d fo”ks’krk ;s Hkh gS fd ;s Programmers dks vko”;drkuqlkj u, Data Types cukus dh Hkh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ,d Programmer tks Hkh Class Create djrk gS] og Class Computer esa ,d u, izdkj ds Data Type dks Represent djrk gS vkSj Class fdlh Real World Object dh fo”ks’krkvksa vkSj {kerkvksa dk Description ;k Specification gksrk gS fd ml Class dk Object fdl rjg dk gS vkSj D;k&D;k dj ldrk gSA Polymorphism and Overloading tSlkfd geus igys Hkh crk;k fd ,d Class “C” ds Structure dk gh Modified :i gSA ;kuh ge Structure izdkj ds Variable rks Declare dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ftl izdkj ls Built - In izdkj ds Data Type ds nks Variables dks ge vkil esa tksM ldrs gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj ls fdlh Structure ds nks Variables dks ge ugha tksM ldrsA bls le>us ds fy;s ge ,d mnkgj.k ns[krs gSaA ekuk ,d Structure fuEukuqlkj gS% struct Add { int num1; int num2; }; struct Add A, B, C ; ;fn ge C = A + B ; djsa] rks ;s ,d xyr Statement gksxkA fdlh Class ds Objects dks Hkh ge Bhd blh izdkj ls ugha tksM ldrs gSa] D;ksafd Class Structure dk gh Modified :i gSA bldk dkj.k ;s gS fd Compiler ;s ugha tkurk gS fd User }kjk Define fd, x, Variables ds lkFk fdl izdkj ls tksM fd;k tk,A tcfd Built-in Data Types esa tksM djus ds bl rjhds
24 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi dks Compiler esa igys ls gh fuf”pr dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj + Operator ;s tkurk gS fd bu Variables dks dSls tksMk tk,A blfy;s User Defined Data Type ds Variables ;k Object dks tksMus dk rjhdk Operators dks crkuk iMrk gSA ;kuh + Operators dks ;s crkuk iMrk gS fd fdl izdkj ls User Defined Data Type ds Variables ;k Objects dks ;s Operator tksMsxkA blds fy;s gesa u, izdkj ds Operations Define djus gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ls Operators o Functions dks vyx&vyx rjhds ls bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrs gq, fd os fdl izdkj ds Data ij Operation dj jgs gSa] Use fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl izfØ;k dks Polymorphism dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Existing Operator tSls fd +, = vkfn dks bl yk;d cuk;k tkrk gS fd os User Defined Data Type ds fofHkUu izdkj ds Variables ;k Objects ij fØ;k dj ldsaA fofHkUu Operators dks bl yk;d cukus dh fØ;k dks Operators dh Overloading djuk dgk tkrk gSA tc dbZ Functions ds uke leku gksrs gSa ysfdu muds Arguments ;k Parameters dh la[;k ;k Return Data Type ;k fQj Formal Arguments ds Data Type esa vkil esa vUrj gksrk gS] rks bls Functions dh Overloading gksuk dgk tkrk gSA Overloading ls ,d Programmer ds fy, Program fy[kuk o le>uk vklku gks tkrk gSA ;g Hkh Polymorphism dk ,d rjhdk gSA Dynamic Binding fdlh Object ds Reference esa dkSulk Function Call gksuk pkfg,] tc ;s ckr Program ds Compile Time esa r; gksrh gS] rks bls Early Binding dgrs gSaA tcfd fdlh Object ds Reference esa fdlh dke ds fy, dkSulk Procedure Execute gksxk] ;s ckr tc Program ds Runtime esa r; gksrh gS] rc bls Late Binding ;k Dynamic Binding dgrs gSaA Polymorphism ds vUrxZr Dynamic Binding dk dke gksrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu fp= nsf[k,% bl fp= esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Shape Class ,d Base Class gS ftls Inherit djds rhu ubZ Classes Circle, Box o Triangle dks Create fd;k x;k gSA pwafd ;s rhuksa gh Classes Shape Class ls Inherited gSa] blfy, Base Class Shape dk Draw() Method rhuksa gh Classes esa Inherited gSA vc ekuyks fd geus rhuksa Derived Classes dk ,d&,d Object Create fd;k vkSj ml Object dks Draw djus ds fy, Draw() Method dks Call fd;kA ,sls esa tc ge Circle
25 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Class ds Object ds fy, Draw Method Call djrs gSa] rc Compiler Circle Class ds Draw Method dks Call djds Circle Draw djrk gSA tc ge Box Object Draw djus ds fy, Box Class ds Object ds Reference esa Draw() Method dks Call djrs gSa] rc Compiler Box Class ds Draw Method dks Execute djrk gSA blh rjg ls tc ge Triangle Class dk Object Create djuk pkgrs gSa] rc Compiler Triangle Class ds Draw Method dks Execute djds Triangle Draw dj nsrk gSA ;kuh ,d gh uke dk Draw Method Create gks jgs Object dh Class ds vk/kkj ij mlh Class ds Draw Method dks Execute djrk gS] ftl Class dk Object Create fd;k tk jgk gSA bl izfØ;k dks Binding Object ds lkFk Method dh Binding gksuk dgrs gSaA pwafd fdl Object ds Reference esa dkSulk Draw Method Call gksxk] bldk fu.kZ; Compiler Program ds Runtime esa djrk gS] blfy, bl izfØ;k dks Late Binding ;k Dynamic Binding dgrs gSaA Message Passing Object Oriented Program esa Objects dk iwjk ,d lewg gksrk gSA ;s Objects vkil esa Communication djrs gSaA fdlh Object Oriented Programming esa fuEu rhu Concepts gksrs gSa% • Abstract Data ds vk/kkj ij ,d ,slh Class Definition Create djuk tks Required Object dh Properties o mlds Behaviors dks Describe djsA • Create fd, x, Abstract Data Type ;k Class ds Objects Create djukA • Create gksus okys fofHkUu Objects ds chp Communication dks Establish djukA nks Objects vkil esa mlh izdkj ls Information Hkst dj o izkIr djds Communication djrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Real World esa vke yksx vkil esa Message Pass djds Communication djrs gSaA
26 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Message Passing ds Concept ls ge Computer Application ds :i esa fdlh leL;k dks mlh izdkj ls Directly Modal dj ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls ml leL;k dks Real World esa Describe djrs gSaA Message Passing Concept esa tc ,d Object A fdlh nwljs Object B ls Communication djuk pkgrk gS] rc og Object A ml nwljs Object B dks ,d Message Pass djrk gS ;kuh ml nwljs Object B ds fdlh Member Function dks Call djrk gSA bl Concept esa rhu ckrsa gksrh gSa% • Object • Message ( Member Function of the object) • Information (Arguments in the Member Function of the object) mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd Customer Object Account Object ls vius Bank Balance dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA ,sls esa Customer Object Account Object dks ,d Message Hkstrk gS ¼ ;kuh Account Object ds Reference esa fdlh Member Function dks Call djrk gSA ½ vkSj Message esa Bank Balance dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, Information (Arguments) Hkstrk gSA ;kuh Customer Object Account Object ls fuEukuqlkj Communication djrk gS% Account.Information(Bank_Balance); tc ge bl izdkj ls Account Object ls Bank Balance Return djokrs gSa] rks ml Bank Balance dks Customer Object ds fy, Use dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ls ,d Object (Customer) nwljs Object (Account) ls Communication djus ds fy, nwljs Object ds fdlh Appropriate Member Function dks Call djrs gq, mls Message Hkstrk gS] rFkk fdlh tkudkjh ds fy, Arguments ds :i esa Request djrk gSA nwljk Object ml Request dks Message }kjk izkIr djrk gS vkSj Appropriate Member Function ds Execution }kjk igys Object dks mldh Required Information iznku dj nsrk gSA OOPS ,d ,slk Concept gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij ge fdlh leL;k dks Design djrs le; mls fofHkUu izdkj ds Physical Objects ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr djrs gSa vkSj bu fofHkUu izdkj ds Physical Objects dks Computer esa fdlh Hkh Programming Language esa Logically Represent dj ldrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds Objects dks ftl Programming Language esa vPNh rjg ls Represent fd;k tk ldrk gS] ml Programming Language dks ge Object Oriented Programming Language dg ldrs gSaA “C++” ,d ,slh gh Programming Language gS] tks OOPS ds lHkh Concept dks Computer esa Implement djus esa l{ke gSA ;fn ge Object dks ljy :i esa ifjHkkf’kr djsa] rks ge ;s dg
27 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ldrs gSa fd Object ,d ,slk Variable gksrk gS] ftlesa ,d ls T;knk izdkj ds “Basic Data Type” ds ekuksa dks Store o Manipulate fd;k tkrk gSA ;s r; djus ds fy, fd Object fdl izdkj ds vkSj fdrus ekuksa dks Manipulate djus dk dke djsxk ;k Object fdl Physical Real World Object dks Logically Computer esa Represent djsxk] gesa ,d Specification (Modal) cukuk gksrk gSA ;s Specification ;k Modal tks fd Object dh fo”ks’krkvksa ;k Attributes (Data Members) vkSj mu fo”ks’krkvksa (Data Members dh States) esa ifjorZu djus okys Object ds Behaviors (Member Functions) dks Represent djrk gSA bl Specification dks gh Class dgrs gSa] tks fd ,d rjQ rks fdlh Real World Object dks Computer esa Logically Represent dj jgk gksrk gS vkSj nwljh rjQ ogh Class fdlh Object dk ,d ,slk Specification gksrk gS] tks Programming Language esa ml Real World Object dks Logically ,d u, Data Type ds :i esa Represent dj jgk gksrk gSA lkjka”k • leL;k esa Procedures ds ctk, Data dk egRo gSA ;kuh OOPS esa Data dks Primary Level ij j[kk x;k gS vkSj Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations ds Functions dks Secondary Level ij j[kk x;k gSA • Problem dks Functions esa foHkkftr djus ds ctk; Objects esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA • Data Structure dks bl izdkj ls Design fd;k x;k gS] tks fd Object dks Characterize djrs gSaA • Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations okys Functions dks Object ds Data Structure ds lkFk gh Combined dj fn;k x;k gS] ftls Encapsulation dgrs gSaA • Data dks dsoy Data ds lkFk Associate fd, x, Functions gh Access dj ldrs gSa] ftlls Data External Functions ds fy, Hidden jgrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks OOPS esa Data Hiding dgrs gSaA • Objects vkil esa Functions }kjk Communication djrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks Message Passing djuk dgrs gSaA • vko”;drk gksus ij Object esa u, Data o Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations dks Add fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks OOPS esa Inheritance dgrs gSaA • Program Design esa OOPS ds Approach dks Bottom-Up Approach dgrs gSaA
28 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Benefits Of OOPS OOPS Program Designer o Program Usernksuksa ds fy, dbZ lqfo/kk,a iznku djrk gSA OOPS}kjk Develop fd, tkus okys Programs esa fuEu fo”ks’krk,a gksrh gSa% • Inheritance dk iz;ksx djds ,d Programmer ckj&ckj ,d tSlh Coding fy[kus ls cp tkrk gSA og ,d ckj fy[kh xbZ Coding dks ckj&ckj Reuse dj ikus esa l{ke gks tkrk gSA Coding dks Reuse djus ds dkj.k Programmer dks Program Develop djus esa de le; yxrk gS vkSj Program dks Maintain djuk ljy gks tkrk gSA • pwafd] OOPS esa Program dk Data iwjh rjg ls Outer World ls Hide jgrk gSA Data dks Access djus ds fy, vf/kd`r Member Functions gh ml Data dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA pwafd] Program ds Data dks dksbZ Hkh Unauthorized External Function Access djus esa l{ke ugha gksrk gS] blfy, Accidental Modifications ls Data lqjf{kr jgrk gSA • ,d gh Object ds dbZ Instances fcuk fdlh Interference ds ,d gh Program esa ,d lkFk Exist gks ldrs gSaA • Program dks Objects esa foHkkftr djus ds dkj.k Program Real World Concepts dks Logically T;knk csgrj rjhds ls Computer esa Represent djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA • OOPS ij vk/kkfjr Application dks Upgrade] Modify o Change djuk dkQh ljy o lqfo/kktud gksrk gSA • cgqr gh tfVy leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dks Hkh OOPS Concept ds vk/kkj ij dkQh vklku rjhds ls Develop o Manage fd;k tk ldrk gSA ObjectOrientedLanguages OOPS ds Concepts dks “C” ;k “Pascal” tSlh Procedural Languages esa Hkh iwjh rjg ls Implement fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu tc ge “C” tSlh Procedural Language esa OOPS ds Concepts dks Implement djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa] rc gesa dbZ vU; Compiler lEcaf/kr lhekvksa dk lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA tcfd “C++” tSlh OOPS dks /;ku esa j[k dj Design fd, x, Compiler dks Use djus ij gesa bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk ugha djuk iMrkA OOPS dks Implement djus ds lEca/k esa Hkh ge Programming Languages dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldrs gSa%
29 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Object-Based ProgrammingLanguage Microsoft Company dk Visual – Basic ,d Object Based Programming Language gSA bl izdkj dh Programming Languages Encapsulations o Object Identity dks Support djrk gSA Object Based Programming Languages ds eq[; Features Encapsulation, Data Hiding o Access Mechanism, Objects dk Automatically Initialize o Clear gksuk rFkk Operator Overloading gksrs gSaA Object-Based Programming Languages Inheritance o Dynamic Binding dks Support ugha djrs gSaA os Languages tks Objects dks Use djrs gq, Programming lEHko cukrh gSa] Object – Based Programming Languages dgykrh gSaA Object-OrientedProgramming Language Object Oriented Programming esa Object Based Programming ds lHkh Features Available gksus ds lkFk gh buesa Inheritance o Dynamic Binding dh Hkh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA “C++” ,d Hybrid Language gS] D;ksafd ;s Procedural Programming ds lkFk&lkFk Object Oriented Programming dks Hkh Support djrh gSA
30 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi OOPS with C++
31 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi OOPS with C++ Object Oriented Programming Concept dks le>s fcuk ge “C++” dh Capabilities dk iwjk Qk;nk ugha mBk ldrs gSaA Class “C++” dk lcls t:jh Concept gSA Object Oriented Programming dk Concept le>s fcuk ge dksbZ Serious Program ugha cuk ldrs gSaA blfy, Class dks le>uk “C++” dks le>us ds fy, lcls t:jh gSA Object Oriented Concept dks “C++” ds lkFk Use djrs gq, OOPS dks le>kuk dkQh tfVy dke gSA O bject Oriented Technology dk lkj ;gh gS fd Programmers vius Program mlh izdkj ls Design dj ldsa ftl rjg ls Real World esa fdlh dke ;k leL;k dks Design fd;k tkrk gSA ge ;gka ij igys ;gh le>saxs fd Object Oriented Design D;k gksrk gS vkSj fdl izdkj ls fdlh leL;k dks Object Oriented Form esa Design djds Computer ij ml leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA Object Oriented Programming Concept dk eq[; vk/kkj Object o Class gSaA Class and Objects OOPS dk Modal bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gS fd nqfu;k dh gj og oLrq ftls ge Physically ns[k ldrs gSa] Nw ldrs gSa ;k Logically vuqHko dj ldrs gSa] ,d Real World Object gS vkSj gj Object dbZ vU; NksVs Objects ls cuk gksrk gSA lkFk gh gj Object fdlh uk fdlh Class dk ,d mnkgj.k (Instance) ;k lnL; gksrk gSA ;fn ,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa rks Computer ,d Object gSA ysfdu ;s Computer Lo;a dbZ vU; NksVs Objects tSls fd Motherboard, Processor, RAM, Hard Disk, Floppy Drive, Cabinet, SMPS, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse vkfn ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA ge Real World esa Hkh ns[krs gSa fd dbZ Objects ds Features leku gksrs gSaA tSls fd ftrus Hkh Computers gksrs gSa] mu lHkh esa Motherboard gksrk gS] Processor gksrk gS] Hard Disk gksrh gS] RAM gksrh gS] CD ROM gksrk gS] vkfnA ;kuh gj Computer ds Basic Features ;k vk/kkjHkwr vo;o leku gksrs gSaA bu lHkh Objects ds pkfjf=d xq.kksa ;k Characteristics esa le:irk gSA blfy, ,d Computer fdlh Computer Class dk ,d Instance ;k Object gksrk gSA Class ,d ,slk Modal, Design ;k Description gksrk gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij leku Characteristics okys dbZ Object Create fd, tk ldrs gSaA ;kuh ;fn nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa rks Class ,d ,slk Modal, Design ;k Description gksrk gS] tks fdlh ,d veqd (Particular) lewg ds Objects (Entity Set) dh fo”ks’krkvksa (Characteristics) ;k Features dks Represent djrk gSA
32 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi tc ge fdlh Object Oriented Programming Language esa Program fy[krs gSa] rks Programming ds le; ge fdlh Object dks Define ugha djrs gSa] cfYd ge ml Object dh fo”ks’krkvksa dk ,d Modal cuk ysrs gSa] ftls Class dgrs gSaa vkSj ml Modal (Class) ds vk/kkj ij vko”;drkuqlkj dbZ Objects Create dj ysrs gSaA bls ,d mnkgj.k }kjk le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA ekuyks fd ;fn vkils dgk tk, fd ,d Car dh ifjHkk’kk nhft,A ifjHkk’kk ds :i esa vki D;k dgsaxs vki Car dh ,slh fo”ks’krkvksa (Characteristics) dk o.kZu (Description) djsaxs tks mls nqfu;k dh nwljh phtksa (Objects) ls vyx cukrh gSA vki dg ldrs gSa fd Car ,d ,slh pht gksrh gS ftlds pkj Wheels gksrs gSaA mlesa cSBus ds fy, dqN lhVsa gksrh gSaA Car esa ,d Engine gksrk gSA ;s Engine Diesel ls pyrk gSA blesa xfr dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, ,d Accelerator vkSj ,d Gear Box gksrk gSA blh rjg ls dbZ vkSj fo”ks’krk,a crkbZ tk ldrh gSa] ftuls ,d Car dh igpku gks ldrh gSA vkius ,d Car dh tks ifjHkk’kk crkbZ gS] D;k og ifjHkk’kk dkj gSA ugha! ;s ifjHkk’kk dkj ugha gS cfYd ;s ifjHkk’kk rks Car dk ,d fooj.k ;k Description ek= gSA ekuyks fd vkidks fdlh Automobile Company ls ;s Offer vkrk gS fd vki ftl rjg dh Car pkgrs gSa] Company ml rjg dh Car cukus ds fy, rS;kj gSA vki ftl rjg dh pkgsaxs] ml rjg dh Car cu tk,xhA vc vkidks Company dks crkuk gS fd vkidks fdl rjg dh Car ilUn gSA lh/kh lh ckr gS fd Company ds Engineers vkidh dYiukvksa okyh Logical Car dks rHkh lkdkj :i dh Physical Car esa cny ldrs gSa] tc vki fdlh rjhds ls mu Engineers dks viuh ml liuksa okyh Logical dkj dk fooj.k ns ik,saA ekuyks fd vki viuh Car esa fuEu fo”ks’krk,a (Characteristics) ;k Features pkgrs gSa% 1 vkidh dkj ij Yellow, Blue o White ;s rhu Color gksus pkfg,aA 2 Car gYdh gksuh pkfg,A 3 Car esa dsoy nks lhVsa gh gksuh pkfg,A 4 Car esa lkekU; dkjksa dh rqyuk esa ,d Extra Gear gksuk pkfg, rkfd t:jr iMus ij ml Gear ds iz;ksx ls Car tehu ls Åij Hkh mM ldsA 5 Car dk Engine Latest Quality dk o lcls Highest Power dk gksuk pkfg,A 6 dkj ,slh gksuh pkfg, dh og vius pkyd dks Identify dj lds rkfd vki ;s r; dj ldsa fd ml Car dks dkSu&dkSu pyk ldsaxsA bl fo”ks’krk ds dkj.k vkidh dkj dksbZ pksjh ugha dj ldrkA 7 tc Hkh vki Car ds ikl tk,a Car vkids fy, njoktk [kksy nsA 8 tc Hkh vki vius xUrO; LFkku ij igqaps] Car ds :drs gh njoktk [kqy tkuk pkfg,A
33 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi oxsjg] oxsjgA dYiukvksa dh deh ugha gksrh gS] blfy, ,slh gtkjksa [kwfc;ksa okyh Car dh vki dYiuk dj ldrs gSaaA ;s rks vkius viuh liuksa okyh Logical Car dk Description ns fn;kA ysfdu dbZ LFkkuksa ij ,slh t:jr Hkh iM ldrh gS tc vki viuh ckr dks dsoy Description ls ugha le>k ldrsA ml fLFkfr esa vki D;k djsaxsA vki ekusa ;k uk ekus] vki isu vkSj dkxt mBk,axs vkSj Lo;a viuh Car dk ,d iw.kZ lUrqf’Vnk;d Modal ;k Design cuk,axsA D;k ;s Modal vkidh Car gS D;k vki bl Modal dks pyk ldrs gSa ugha! ;s okLrfod dkj ugha gS cfYd ,d Logical Car ;k Car dk Modal ek= gSA ysfdu ;s Modal Qkyrw ugha gS cfYd ;s Modal gh lcls egRoiw.kZ pht gSA ,d ckj bl Modal ds cu tkus ds ckn Company ds Engineers vkidh Logical Car dks ,d Physical Car esa cny ldrs gSa vkSj vkids liuksa okyh Car dks ,d Physical Modal dk :i ns ldrs gSaA ekuyks fd Company ds Engineers us vkidh Car cuk nh vkSj og Car fcYdqy oSlh gh gS tSlh vki pkgrs FksA vc ;fn Company fcYdqy mlh rjg dh ,d vkSj Car cukuk pkgs] rks D;k Company dks “kq: ls okil lkjk dke djuk iMsxkA D;k mls nqckjk vkils Modal cuokuk iMsxkA ugha! Modal dsoy ,d gh ckj curk gS] ysfdu ml Modal ds vk/kkj ij gtkjksa dkjsa cu ldrh gSa vkSj ftl Modal ds vk/kkj ij gtkjksa Cars cu jgh gSa] ge le> ldrs gSa fd tc rd Modal Change ugha fd;k tk,xk] rc rd cuus okyh lHkh dkjksa dh lHkh [kwfc;ka ,d leku gksaxhA fdlh Hkh Car ds fdlh Hkh Feature ;k Characteristic esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ vUrj ugha gksxkA tks Logical Modal vkius cuk;k gS] og Object Oriented Programming Language esa ,d Class dks Represent djrk gS vkSj ml Modal ds vk/kkj ij Company ds Engineers us tks Physical Car cukbZ gS] og Car ,d Physical Object dks Represent djrk gSA ;s Physical Car vkids }kjk cuk, x, Modal (Class) dk ,d mnkgj.k (Instance) ek= gS] D;ksafd ;fn Company pkgs rks mlh Modal ds vk/kkj ij dbZ vU; Cars cuk ldrh gSA ftl rjg ls ,d Modal ds vk/kkj ij ;fn Company pkgs rks gtkjksa dkjsa cuk ldrh gS] mlh rjg ls ,d Object Oriented Programming Language esa ,d ckj ,d Class Design dj ysus ds ckn ,d Programmer ml Class ds ftrus pkgs mrus Instance Create dj ldrk gSA “C++” esa Class Create djus ds fy, class Keyword dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA okLro esa Class ,d u, izdkj dk User Defined Data Type gksrk gSA ;s ,d ,slk Data Type gksrk
34 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi gS] ftls Programmer Real World ds Physical Objects dks Computer Software ;k Program ds Logical World ds Object ds :i esa Represent djrk gSA ge ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA fiNys mnkgj.k esa geus ,d Modal ds vk/kkj ij Object cuk;k FkkA bl mnkgj.k esa ge ,d Real World Object ds vk/kkj ij vius Computer Program ds fy, ,d Logical Class cuk jgs gSaA ,d Real World Object ds vk/kkj ij ml Object dh Logical Class cukus ds ckn] ml Class ds vk/kkj ij ge ftrus pkgsa mrus Objects cuk ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ,d Object ds Description ds fo”ys’k.k ls gesa Car dk Modal (Class) fey tk,xkA ekuyks fd gesa ,d Physical Car Object dks Computer esa ,d Logical Car ds :i esa Represent djuk gSA vc Physical dkj dh ,slh D;k fo”ks’krk,a gSa] tks mls fdlh nwljs Real World Object ls vyx cukrh gSa] mu Characteristics dks fuEukuqlkj fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ;kuh 1 ,d Physical Car dk dksbZ ,d uke gksrk gSA 2 ,d Physical Car dk dksbZ uk dksbZ Modal Number gksrk gSA 3 ,d Physical Car ds Engine dk ,d Unique Serial Number gksrk gSA 4 ,d Physical Car ds Chassis dk ,d Unique Serial Number gksrk gSA 5 ,d Physical Car fdlh uk fdlh bZa/ku ls pyrh gSA 6 ,d Physical Car dk dksbZ Color gksrk gSA 7 ,d Physical Car dh dksbZ Size gksrh gSA 8 ,d Physical Car esa dqN Seats gksrh gSaA 9 ,d Physical Car esa dqN Gear gksrs gSaA 10 ,d Physical Car dk Pickup Rate gksrk gSA 11 ,d Physical Car fdlh uk fdlh vf/kdre Speed ij nkSM ldrh gSA 12 ,d Physical Car esa pkj Wheels gksrs gSaA blh rjg ls ge dqN vkSj fo”ks’krk,a Hkh crk ldrs gSa] tks fdlh Car dks ifjHkkf’kr djrh gSaA fdlh ,d Car ds vk/kkj ij ge Car dh bruh fo”ks’krk,a izkIr dj ldrs gSaA bu lHkh Descriptions dks fuEukuqlkj Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gS% Description of the Car (Class) nameOfCar modalNumberOfCar serialNumberOfEngine serialNumberOfChassis fuelOfCar
35 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi colorOfCar sizeOfCar noOfSeatsInCar noOfGearsInCar pickupRateOfCar maximumSpeedOfCar noOfWheelsInCar ;fn ge pkgsa rks bu Features esa fuEukuqlkj fofHkUu izdkj ds eku Hkh Fill dj ldrs gSa% Description of the Maruti800 Car (Class) nameOfCar = Maruti800 modalNumberOfCar = March1999 serialNumberOfEngine = 12325465 serialNumberOfChassis = 65457898 fuelOfCar = Diesel colorOfCar = Yellow sizeOfCar = 4.5ft noOfSeatsInCar = 6 noOfGearsInCar = 5 pickupRateOfCar = 60KMPH After 4 Seconds maximumSpeedOfCar = 140KMPH noOfWheelsInCar = 4 ;fn ge FkksMk /;ku nsa rks le> ldrs gSa] fd ;s dqN ,slh Common fo”ks’krk,a ;k dqN ,sls Common Features (Characteristics) gSa] tks yxHkx lHkh izdkj dh dkjksa ds Features dks Represent dj ldrs gSaaA mnkgj.k ds fy, geus Åij Maruti800 ds fofHkUu Features ds ekuksa dks ns[kkA vc fuEukuqlkj Features ds ekuksa esa ifjorZu djus ij ge bUgh Features ds vk/kkj ij Tata Indica ;k Tata Sumo dks Hkh Computer esa Logically Represent dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh Description of the Tata Indica Car (Class) nameOfCar = TataIndica modalNumberOfCar = Feb2000 serialNumberOfEngine = 25465454 serialNumberOfChassis = 98787898 fuelOfCar = Diesel
36 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi colorOfCar = Silver sizeOfCar = 4.25ft noOfSeatsInCar = 5 noOfGearsInCar = 5 pickupRateOfCar = 80KMPH After 4 Seconds maximumSpeedOfCar = 160KMPH noOfWheelsInCar = 4 ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Car ds dsoy ,d Physical Modal ds vk/kkj ij geus Computer esa ,d Logical Modal cuk;k vkSj ml Logical Modal dh Description ds vk/kkj ij ge ftruh pkgsa mruh dkjksa dks Logically Computer esa Represent dj ldrs gSaA bl Description dks gh Class dgrs gSaA bl Car Class ds vk/kkj ij ge ftruh Hkh dkjksa dks Computer esa Logically Represent djsaxs] os lHkh dkjsa blh Car Class ds mnkgj.k (Instance) ;k Objects gksaxs] D;ksafd mu lHkh dkjksa ds Basic Features ,d leku gksaxs dsoy mu Features ds ekuksa esa gh vUrj gksxkA geus ;s Description fdlh ,d Car ds vk/kkj ij Develop fd;k Fkk] ysfdu ;s Description vU; lHkh dkjksa dks Hkh leku izdkj ls Represent dj ldrk gSA Computer esa Hkh ;gh fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh leL;k ds lcls ewy Object dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA fQj ml ewy Object ds vk/kkj ij leL;k ls lEcaf/kr t:jh Features dks ysdj ,d Description rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Description ds vk/kkj ij ,d Modal cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj ml Modal ds vk/kkj ij ge ml Class ds ftrus pkgsa mrus Logical Objects Create dj ldrs gSa vkSj mlh rjg ls mUgsa Represent dj ldrs gSa ftl rjg ls Real World Objects dks Represent djrs gSaaA ;fn vkils dgk tk, fd ikap dkjksa ds mnkgj.k nks rks vki Tata Sumo, Tata Indica, Maruti Zen, Maruti 1000, o Maruti 800 ds mnkgj.k ns ldrs gSaA D;k bu lHkh izdkj dh dkjksa dks mijksDr Description ds vk/kkj ij Represent ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS fuf”pr :i ls fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd ;s lHkh Objects leku Class ds mnkgj.k gSaA ;s lHkh ,d Car Class ds Instances ;k Objects gaS vkSj buds Basic Features leku gSaA ;fn ;gka ge okil ls Class dh ifjHkk’kk dks nksgjk,a rks dg ldrs gSa fd ,d Class leku Featurs okys Objects ds ,d lewg (Entity Set with Similar Features) dk Logical ;k Abstract Representation gksrk gS] tcfd ml Class dk dksbZ Instance (mnkgj.k) ml Class dk Actual Representation ;k Physical Representation gksrk gS ftls Object dgrs gSaA lkekU;r;k “C++” dh gj Class nks eq[; Components ls cuh gksrh gS %
37 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi 1 Attributes mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Objects ds ,d lewg (Entity Set) dks yhft,A vki ns[ksaxs fd mu lHkh esa dqN ,slh ckrsa gSa] tks lHkh Objects dks leku :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSaA ;s ogh fo”ks’krk,a gksrh gSa tks fdlh Object dks fdlh nwljs Object ls vyx cukrh gSaA bu fo”ks’krkvksa dks Attributes dgk tkrk gSA gj Object fdlh uk fdlh Class dk ,d Instance ;k lnL; gksrk gSA fdlh Entity Set ds ;s Attributes gh mudh Class ds Features gksrs gSaA tSls ;fn ge ,d Book dks gh ysa rks Book dh viuh ,d Class gks ldrh gS] ftlls ge nqfu;k dh fdlh Hkh Book dks Describe dj ldrs gSaA vc bl Book dh Class ds Features ogh gksaxs tks fdlh ,d Book ds Features gSaA Book dh ,slh dkSulh Properties gks ldrh gSa] tks ,d Book dks nwljs fdlh Object ls vyx cukrh gSa blds loky ds tokc esa ge fdlh Book dks fuEu Properties }kjk ifjHkkf’kr dj ldrs gSa% 1 gj Book dk ,d uke gksrk gSA 2 gj Book dk ,d Author gksrk gSA 3 gj Book fdlh uk fdlh Publication ls izdkf”kr gksrh gSA 4 gj Book dk ,d ISBN Number gksrk gS] ftlls ml Book dh Unique igpku gksrh gSA 5 gj Book esa dqN Pages gksrs gSaA 6 gj Book dh dqN dher gksrh gSA blh rjg ls Book dh dbZ vkSj Characteristics gks ldrh gSaA ;s lHkh Characteristics ml Book Object dh Class ds Features gksrs gSaA bUgha Features dks Book Class ds Attributes Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ;fn ge bl Book dh Description dks Class ds Modal ds :i esa Describe djsa rks bl Book Object dh Class dks fuEukuqlkj Represent dj ldrs gSa% Book’s Attributes Description (Book Class) bookName bookAuthor bookPublication bookISBN bookPages bookPrice
38 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi fdlh Class ds Attributes fdlh Object dh Appearance, State o Condition ds vk/kkj ij r; gksrs gSaA ;kuh fdlh Class dh Description ds Attributes bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa fd ml Class ds Object fdl izdkj ds fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa vkSj muds Objects dh fLFkfr (Position or Situation) D;k gks ldrh gSA fdlh Object ds bu Appearance o State dh fofHkUu Description gh ml Object dks nqfu;k ds lHkh Object ls vyx igpku iznku djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, bl Book Class dks gh ysrs gSaA ge bl Book Class dk ,d Object Create djds mlds fofHkUu Attributes dks fuEukuqlkj eku iznku dj ldrs gSa% Book’s Attributes Description (Book Class) bookName = B with OOPS through C++ in Hindi bookAuthor = Kuldeep Mishra bookPublication = Publication bookISBN = 010101010101 bookPages = 600 bookPrice = 300 ;s lHkh Fields Book dh State ;kuh Situation crk jgs gSaA ;kuh Book dk uke “B with OOPS through C++ In Hindi” gS] tks fd Book dh ,d fLFkfr gSA blh rjg ls Book dh Price 300 gS] ;s Hkh Book dh fLFkfr dks Represent dj jgk gSA ;fn ge Car dk mnkgj.k ysa] rks Car dk Color o Car dh Size Car ds Appearance dks Represent djrs gSaA ;kuh ;s crkrs gSa fd Car fn[kkbZ dSlh nsrh gSA tcfd Car dk uke Car dh State ;k Situation dks Represent djrk gS] tks ;s crkrk gS fd Car dh fLFkfr D;k gS ;kuh Car cukus okyh Company dh Market esa vPNh lk[k gS ;k dksbZ lk/kkj.k Company gSA Class dh Common Descriptions mldh Class ds lHkh Objects ds fy, leku gksrh gSa vkSj Object dh ;s Common Descriptions ,d Object dks nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh vU; Object ls vyx cukrh gSaA tSls ,d Car vkSj ,d Book nksuksa vyx Object gSaA Car dks Car Class ds Attributes ls igpkuk tkrk gS tcfd Book dks Book Class ds Attributes lsA Class fdlh Hkh ,d Object ls nwljs Object dks vyx Represent djus dk ,d Description gksrk gS tcfd ,d Object dh mlh Class ds nwljs Objects ls vyx igpku Object ds Features ;k Attributes dks iznku fd, tkus okys eku ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA ;kuh ;fn ,d Book dk uke “C In Hindi” gS vkSj nwljh Book dk uke “OOPS with C++ In Hindi” gS] rks ;s nksuksa gh Books Book Class ds mnkgj.k (Instance) ;k lnL; gSa] ysfdu
39 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi nksuksa gh Books vyx Objects dks Represent dj jgs gSa] D;ksafd nksuksa ds bookName Attribute ds eku ;k Data esa vUrj gSA Class ,d Derived Data Type gksrk gS] ftls ,d Programmer nqfu;k ds Actual Objects dks Computer esa Logically Represent djus ds fy, Create djrk gSA fdlh Real World Problem dks Computer }kjk Solve djus ds fy, gesa gesa”kk ,d ,sls Data Type dh t:jr gksrh gS] tks Real World Object dks Reflect dj ldsA ;s lqfo/kk “C++” esa gesa Class }kjk izkIr gksrh gSA pfy, ,d mnkgj.k }kjk le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa fd ,d Real World Problem }kjk fdl izdkj ls ,d u, Data Type dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlds vk/kkj ij Computer esa Logically fdlh Object dks Define o Declare fd;k tk ldrk gSA Real World esa Hkh Data (eku ;k ekuksa dk lewg [Value or a Set of Values]) dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd ,d School dk Principal viuh School ds fofHkUu Students dh tkudkjh dks Computer ij Maintain djuk pkgrk gSA og pkgrk gS fd mls tc Hkh t:jr gks] og Computer dk iz;ksx djds viuh School ds fdlh Hkh Student dh Basic tkudkjh dks izkIr dj ysA ;fn ge fdlh Student dh Basic Information dks ns[ksa rks fdlh Hkh Student dh fuEu Basic Information gks ldrh gSa] ftUgsa School dk Principal tkuuk ilUn dj ldrk gS%  Student dk uke  Student ds firk dk uke  Student dk Address  Student dh City  Student dh rglhy  Student dk ftyk  Student dk State  Student dh Class  Student ds Contact Number  Student dh Date of Birth  Student dh School esa Join djus dh Date of Admission  Student dh Age  Student dk Serial Number  Student dh tkfr ;s dqN ,slh tkudkfj;ka gSa] ftUgsa School dk Principal tkuuk ilUn dj ldrk gSA fdlh Student dh iwjh Information dks bl izdkj ls VqdMksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj
40 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi tkudkjh ds bu lHkh fgLlksa esa dksbZ eku (Data) Fill fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh tkudkjh ds bu NksVs&NksVs fgLlksa ;k VqdMksa dks Field dgk tkrk gSA tc fofHkUu Fields feyrs gSa rc fdlh ,d Student ds ckjs esa i;kZIr tkudkjh ;k Information iznku djrs gSaA ;kuh fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu Fields feydj ml leL;k ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh iznku djrs gSaaA bu Fields ds lewg dks Record dgk tkrk gSA ;kuh gj Student dk ,d iwjk Record gksrk gS ftlesa mldh tkudkjh ds fofHkUu fgLls Fields ds :i esa gksrs gSaaA blh rjg ds dbZ Records dks tc ,d lkFk j[kk tkrk gS] rks ml ,d lkFk j[ks x, fofHkUu Records ds lewg dks File dgk tkrk gSA Student dh dqN vkSj Hkh tkudkfj;ka gks ldrh gSa] tks ,d Student dks vU; Student ls vyx cukrh gSaA tSls Student D;k [kkuk ilUn djrk gS] fdl izdkj ls jguk ilUn djrk gS] mls dkSulk TV Channel vPNk yxrk gS] vkfnA ysfdu School dk Principal Student dh bu tkudkfj;ksa dks tkuus esa Interested ugha gSA ;s tkudkfj;ka mlds fy, Qkyrw gSaA ;kuh dsoy mijksDr tkudkfj;ka School ds Principal ds fy, t:jh gSaA fdlh leL;k dh izd`fr ds vuqlkj leL;k dh dsoy t:jh ckrksa dks ysuk vkSj fcuk t:jh ckrksa dks NksM nsuk] bl izfØ;k dks Object Orientation esa Abstraction dgrs gSaA fdlh Student dh bu lHkh t:jh tkudkfj;ksa dks ;fn eku iznku fd;k tk, rks ge fdlh ,d Student ds bu Fields dks fuEukuqlkj fofHkUu eku iznku dj ldrs gSa% 1 Student dk uke = Bal Gopal 2 Student ds firk dk uke = Nandlal 3 Student dk Address = Bedal Road 4 Student dh City = Falna 5 Student dh rglhy = Bali 6 Student dk ftyk = Pali 7 Student dk State = Rajasthan 8 Student dh Class = 10th 9 Student ds Contact Number = 9352768938 10 Student dh Date of Birth = 06/03/1982 11 Student dh School esa Join djus dh Date of Admission = 03/07/1996 12 Student dh Age = 15 13 Student dk Serial Number = 1234545 14 Student dh tkfr = Brahmin ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;s lHkh Fields ,d nwljs ls Logically Related gSaA ;fn ge pkgsa rks bls ,d Structure ds :i esa Define dj ldrs gSa vkSj Structure ,d u, izdkj dk User
41 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Defined Data Type gh rks gksrk gSA “C++” esa bl Structure dks gh Modify djds Class ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k x;k gSA blfy, ge blh Description ds vk/kkj ij ,d Class dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSaA tc fdlh Object dks Computer esa Logically Represent djus ds fy, Class dh Description ;k Class ds Modal dks dkxt ij rS;kj dj fy;k tkrk gS] rc ml Class dks Computer esa Programming Language ds vuqlkj Define fd;k tkrk gSA Class dks Logically Computer esa Define djus ds ckn ml Class ds Objects Create fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj muds lkFk mlh izdkj ls dke fd;k tkrk gS] ftl izdkj ls fdlh Real World Object ds lkFk dke fd;k tkrk gSA ”C++” esa ,d Class dks Define djus dk Format fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% class class_name { private: Data_Members; Member_Functions; public: Data_Members; Member_Functions; }; class “C++” dk ,d Keyword gSA fdlh Class dks Computer esa Create djus ds fy, bl Keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl Keyword ds ckn ,d Programmer dks viuh Class dk uke nsuk gksrk gSA ;s ogh uke gksrk gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij Programmer vius Program esa ml Class ds Instances ;k Objects Create djrk gSA ;fn ge gekjh Book o Car Class ds lUnHkZ esa ns[ksa rks ;gka gesa Book ;k Car fy[kuk gksrk gSA ;s ,d Identifier gksrk gS] blfy, Identifier dks uke nsus ds fy, ftu fu;eksa dk “C” esa ikyu djuk gksrk gS] mu fu;eksa dk ikyu ;gka Hkh djuk gksrk gSA ;kuh ge dsoy Small o Capital Letters dk iz;ksx ;k Underscore fpUg dk iz;ksx viuh Class ds uke esa dj ldrs gSaA ;fn gesa vadksa dk iz;ksx djuk gks rks og vad Class ds uke dh “kq:vkr esa ugha vk ldrkA
42 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ,d Student ds Record dks ge Class ds :i esa Describe dj ldrs gSaA mijksDr Description fdlh Hkh Student ds mu Fields dks Represent djrs gSa] ftudh School ds Principal dks t:jr gSA ;fn ge bu Description dks lkekU; Fields esa Convert djsa rks gesa fuEukuqlkj fofHkUu Fields izkIr gksrs gSa] ftudks Combined :i esa ns[kus ij Principal dks fdlh Student ds ckjs esa os lHkh tkudkfj;ka izkIr gks ldrh gSa] ftUgsa ml School dk Principal tkuuk pkgrk gS% 1 studentName 2 studentFName 3 studentAddress 4 studentCity 5 studentTehsil 6 studentDistrict 7 studentState 8 studentClass 9 studentContactNumber 10 studentDateOfBirth 11 studentDateOfAdmission 12 studentAge 13 studentSerialNumber 14 studentCast pwafd Student ,d Real World Object gS vkSj bls Computer esa Logically Represent djuk gS] blfy, gesa bls Class }kjk Represent djuk gksxkA pwafd Student dh lHkh Basic tkudkfj;ksa ds Fields ftudh School ds Principal dks t:jr gS] gekjs ikl Student Class dh Description ds :i esa miyC/k gS] blfy, ge bUgha Attributes dk iz;ksx Student Class ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu blls igys ge fdlh Student ds bu lHkh Fields dks eku iznku djrs gSaA ;s eku fuEukuqlkj iznku fd, tk ldrs gSa% 1 studentName = Bal Gopal 2 studentFName = Nandlal 3 studentAddress = Bedal Road 4 studentCity = Falna 5 studentTehsil = Bali 6 studentDistrict = Pali 7 studentState = Rajasthan 8 studentClass = 10th
43 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi 9 studentContactNumber = 9352768938 10 studentDateOfBirth = 06/03/1982 11 studentDateOfAdmission = 03/07/1996 12 studentAge = 15 13 studentSerialNumber = 1234545 14 studentCast = Brahmin ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ,d Student ds fofHkUu Attributes dks eku ;kuh Data iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA pwafd ge tkurs gSa fd Computer esa ekuksa “Values / Set of Values” dks Store djus ds fy, Variables dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, bl Record ds vk/kkj ij ge le> ldrs gSa fd Student ds gj Attribute dks Computer esa Store djus ds fy, gesa ,d Variable dh t:jr gksxhA vc Variable fdl Data Type dk gksxk] ;s ge mijksDr Record esa Fill fd, x, ekuksa ds vk/kkj ij r; dj ldrs gSaA pfy, bl Record ds fofHkUu Attributes dks Class esa Describe djus ds fy, gj Attribute dk Data Type r; djrs gSaA gesa”kk Data Type r; djrs le; gesa lcls igys ;s r; djuk gksrk gS fd fdlh Field dk ;k fdlh Attribute dk eku Numerical gksxk ;k Non-Numerical, ;fn eku Numerical gS] rks gesa ;s ns[kuk gksrk gS fd ml Numerical Field ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh izfØ;k gks ldrh gS ;k ughaA ;fn izfØ;k gks ldrh gS] rc rks ml Attribute dks mldh Size ds vuqlkj fdlh Numeric Data Type dk Declare djuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ml Numerical fn[kkbZ nsus okys Field ;k Attribute dks Hkh String izdkj dk gh Declare djuk pkfg,A pfy,] blh vk/kkj ij ge Student ds fofHkUu Attributers dk Data Type r; djrs gSaA pwafd Student dk uke] mlds firk dk uke] Address, tkfr] City, District, rglhy] State, Class ;s lHkh ,sls Fields gSa] ftuesa Non-Numerical Data Store gksxk] blfy, bu lHkh dks Character izdkj ds Data Type ds ,d One – Dimensional Array ds :i esa Declare djuk gksxkA Admission dh Date, Birth of Date o Age ;s rhuksa ,sls Fields gSa] ftuds lkFk ;s tkuus ds fy, Processing dh tk ldrh gS] fd dksbZ Student fdrus le; ls School esa gS vkSj fdrus fnu ls School esa gSA ;s tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, Current Date dks Admission Date esa ls ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh ;s rhuksa gh iw.kkZad la[;k,a gSa blfy, bl izdkj ds Fields dks Integer izdkj dk Declare djuk gksxkA Serial Number, Class o Contact Number ;s rhu Attributes ,sls gSa fd buesa Store rks la[;k gh gksrh gS] ysfdu bu la[;kvksa ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh Calculation ugha dh tk ldrh gS] blfy, ;fn ge pkgsa rks bUgsa String izdkj ds Variable esa Store dj ldrs gSaA
44 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ysfdu String izdkj dk Variable ,d Character dks Store djus ds fy, 1 Byte ysrk gSA blfy, ;fn 10 vadksa ds Contact Number dks Store djuk gks] rks gesa nl Byte dh Memory blds fy, Reserve djuh gksxh] tcfd ;fn ge long izdkj dk Variable Declare djrs gSa] rks ge dsoy 8 Bytes esa gh nl vadksa dh la[;k Store dj ldrs gSaA blfy, ;fn ge pkgsa rks bUgsa Long izdkj dk Declare dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ls ge Students ds lHkh Attributes ds Data Type r; dj ldrs gSaA Data Type r; djus ds ckn bu Data Type ds lkFk gesa bu Attributes dks dsoy Class ds Attributes Section esa fy[kuk gksrk gSA ;kuh ge ,d Student dh Class dks “C++” Language }kjk fuEukuqlkj Computer esa Logically Describe dj ldrs gSa% Student Class Defining class Student { private: String studentName[20]; String studentFName[20]; String studentAddress[40]; String studentCity[15]; String studentTehsil[15]; String studentDistrict[15]; String studentState[15]; char studentClass[1]; long studentContactNumber; long studentDateOfBirth; long studentDateOfAdmission; char studentAge[1]; String studentSerialNumber[10]; String studentCast; //Behaviors of the Objects }; pwafd fdlh Class ds Create gksus okys lHkh Instances ,d vyx Object gksrs gSa vkSj muds Attributes ds eku Hkh vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA tSls Govind uke ds fdlh Student ds Record o Shyam uke ds fdlh Student ds Record, bu nksuksa Objects ds Record ds gj Field ;k Attribute dk eku vyx gksxkA ;s vyx eku Memory esa rHkh Store gks ldrs gSa tc gj
45 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Object ds bu Attributes ds fy, Memory esa vyx Space gksA okLro esa gksrk Hkh ,slk gh gSA tSlkfd geus igys Hkh dgk fd Class rks ek= fdlh Object ds Attributes dh ,d Description gksrh gSA ml Description ds vuqlkj ftrus Hkh Objects curs gSa] mu lHkh Objects ds gj Attribute dks Store gksus ds fy, ,d vyx Variable feyrk gSA pwafd gj Object fdlh Class dk ,d Instance gksrk gS blfy, gj Object ds bu Attributes dks Represent djus okys Variables dks Hkh Instance Variable dgrs gSaA blh mnkgj.k ds vk/kkj ij ge Car o Book dh Class dks Hkh Create dj ldrs gSaA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd geus Student ds fofHkUu Attributes dks private: Section esa Declare fd;k gSA geus ,slk blfy, fd;k gS] rkfd fdlh Object ds Data dks dsoy ogh Object Access dj ldsA Outer World ds fy, fdlh Object ds fy, ;s Data Hide jgrs gSaA ;s izfØ;k Bhd mlh izdkj dh gS ftl izdkj ls vkids ?kj ds fofHkUu lkekuksa dks dsoy vki gh mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSaSA dksbZ vutku O;fDr vkids ?kj esa ?kql dj vkids lkeku dks rc rd mi;ksx esa ugha ys ldrk tc rd fd vki mls bl ckr dh vuqefr iznku uk djsaA geus Class rks cuk nh ysfdu ;s Class vHkh iwjh ugha gSA ftl rjg ls gj Object dh dqN States ;k Situations gksrh gSa] ftuls og Object vU; Objects ls vyx igpku izkIr djrk gSA blds vykok gj Object fdlh uk fdlh izdkj dk O;ogkj Hkh djrk gSA ;kuh gj Object esa O;ogkj djus dh Hkh dqN (Abilities) {kerk,a gksrh gSaA tSls ,d i{kh Class ds Instances dks ns[ksa rks gj i{kh ds ikl ia[k gksrs gSa] gj i{kh ds pksap gksrh gSA ;s nksuksa Features rks ;s crkrs gSa fd dksbZ i{kh fdl rjg dk fn[krk (Appearance) gSA blds vykok ,d i{kh dqN dke Hkh dj ldrk gSA ;kuh og nkuk [kk ldrk gS vkSj mM Hkh ldrk gSA ;kuh gj Object dh viuh dqN fLFkfr;ka (States) gksrh gSa vkSj gj Object dh viuh dqN {kerk,a (Abilities) gksrh gSaA Object dh mu {kerkvksa ls Object dh States esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh Object dh fLFkfr (State and Appearance) ds eku esa ifjorZu gks ldrk gSA ;fn dkj dk gh mnkgj.k ysa rks dksbZ Car Yellow Color dh Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj fdlh nwljh Car dk Color Blue Hkh gks ldrk gSA ge fdlh Car ds Color dks Red Color ls Hkh Paint dj ldrs gSa vkSj White Color ls Hkh Paint dj ldrs gSaA Real World esa fdlh Hkh Object dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA mlh izdkj ls Computer esa Hkh fdlh Object ds Color State ;k Attribute dk eku Change fd;k tk ldrk gSA
46 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ge ;s Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd Real World esa ,d Object esa mlds Attributes ds eku dks Change djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA ,d Real World Object ftl Operation dks Perform djds viuh fLFkfr ;k Appearance esa ifjorZu djrk gS] ml Operation dks Object dk Behavior ;k Object dh Ability dgrs gSaaA pfy,] ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ns[krs gSaA ge lHkh us ns[kk gS fd cMs “kgjksa esa dbZ&dbZ eaftyksa dh bekjrsa gksrh gSa blfy, vDlj mu eaftyksa ij igqapus ds fy, Lift dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Lift dks lkekU;r;k Elevator dgrs gSaA Elevator Hkh ,d Real World Physical Object gS] D;ksafd ge bls ns[k vkSj Nw ldrs gSaA ;fn ge bldh States o Appearance ;kuh Characteristics dks Describe djsa rks bl Elevator dk fuEukuqlkj Description ns ldrs gSa% 1 ,d Elevator fdlh uk fdlh eafty (Floor) ij :dk gqvk ;k fLFkr gks ldrk gSA 2 ,d Elevator vf/kdre pkj yksxksa dks ogu dj ldrk gSA 3 ,d Elevator esa dqN Buttons gksrs gSa] ftudks Press djds fofHkUu Passengers fdlh uk fdlh Floor ij igqap ldrs gSaA 4 ,d Elevator esa ,d njoktk gks ldrk gS tks Open o Close gksrk gSA fdlh Elevator esa ;s pkjksa xq.k gks ldrs gSa tks ml Elevator dh fLFkfr o Appearance dks Describe dj jgs gSaA ysfdu ;s Elevator Passengers dh bPNkuqlkj dqN Operations Hkh Perform dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd bu Operations dks Perform djus dh Ability Hkh ,d Elevator Object esa gksrh gSA Elevator dh bu Abilities dks fuEukuqlkj Describe fd;k tk ldrk gS% 1 ,d Elevator fdlh Hkh le; fdlh uk fdlh Floor ij fLFkr gksxk] blfy, og viuh Current State esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, viuh eafty (Floor) ls Åij dh eafty (Floor) ij tk ldrk gSA 2 ,d Elevator fdlh Hkh le; fdlh uk fdlh Floor ij fLFkr gksxk] blfy, og viuh Current State esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, viuh eafty (Floor) ls uhps dh eafty (Floor) ij vk ldrk gSA 3 Passengers Elevator esa izos”k dj ldsa vkSj Elevator ls ckgj fudy ldsa] blds fy, ,d Elevator dk njoktk (Door) Open ;k Close gks ldrk gSA 4 tc dksbZ Passenger fdlh eafty ij tkus ds fy, ml eafty dk dksbZ Number Press djrk gS] rc Elevator ;s Calculate dj ldrk gS fd mls fdl txg tkuk gSA 5 ,d Elevator ;s Hkh irk yxkrk gS fd ml Building ds vU; Elevators fdl fLFkfr (Floor) ij gSaA bl Elevator Object dh States ;k Characteristics o Object }kjk mu Characteristics ij Perform fd, tk ldus okys Operations dks ge fuEukuqlkj Describe dj ldrs gSa%
47 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi //Characteristics (Attributes or States) 1 noOfCurrentFloor 2 noOfPassengers 3 listOfButtonsPushed //Performable Operations (Behaviors or Abilities) 1 GoDown 2 GoUp 3 OpenDoors 4 CloseDoors 5 GetOtherElevatorsInfo 6 CalculateWhereToGoNext bl mnkgj.k ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd ,d Real World Physical Object esa Hkh okLro esa nks Components gksrs gSaA igyk Component Object dh fLFkfr crkrk gS vkSj nwljk Component Object dh {kerk crkrk gSA tc ,d Real World Physical Object ds Hkh nks Component gksrs gSa rks ml Object dks Represent djus okyh Logical Class esa Hkh bu nksuksa Components dk Description gksuk pkfg,] rkfd Computer dk Logical Object Real World ds Physical Object dks iwjh rjg ls Represent djsA ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ysrs gSa] Real World ds Class o Objects dh ifjHkk’kk ds vuqlkj nqfu;k dh gj pht dks mldh Class cuk dj] ml Class ds Instance ;kuh Object ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blh vk/kkj ij vki Hkh ,d Real World Physical Object gSa vkSj fdlh ,d le; ij vki Hkh fdlh uk fdlh ,d Class ds Instance gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, eku yhft, fd vki ,d Student gSa vkSj 10th Class esa i<rs gSa blfy, vki Hkh ,d Student dk mnkgj.k (Instance) gSa D;ksafd vkidks fdlh d{kk (Class) dk ,d fo|kFkhZ (Object) dgk tk ldrk gSA vki tSls gh dbZ vkSj Students gksaxs tks vkids lkFk i<rs gksaxsA ekuyks fd 10th Class esa i<us okys lHkh Students dks eq[; :i ls 6 Subjects i<us gksrs gSaA lHkh Students dks lHkh izdkj ds Exams nsus gksrs gSaA lHkh Students leku le; ij Class esa tkrs gSa vkSj ,d le; esa lHkh Students leku Subject i<rs gSaA tc ,d d{kk ds lHkh Students ml d{kk esa tks Hkh dke djrs gSa] os lHkh dke lHkh dks ,d lkFk djus gksrs gS rks bl vk/kkj ij ge ;s dg ldrs gSa fd vki lHkh Student ,d gh d{kk (Class) ds fo|kFkhZ(Objects) gSa] D;ksafd vki lHkh ,d gh d{kk dh lHkh fLFkfr;ksa (States) dks ,d lkFk ogu djrs gSaA lHkh Students dks ,d lewg ds :i esa ns[kk tk, rks lHkh Students Objects dk ,d ,slk lewg (Entity Set) gS] tks dbZ leku Features dks Share djrs gSaA pwafd vki 10th d{kk ds
48 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi lHkh fu;eksa (Descriptions) dk ikyu djrs gSa] blfy, vki 10th d{kk (Class) ds Students (Objects) gSaA bl mnkgj.k esa geus ns[kk fd ,d Student mldh d{kk dk ,d fo|kFkhZ gksrk gSA ;s Description okLro esa d{kk dk Description gS vkSj d{kk ds Description ds vk/kkj ij cuh Class dk Instance fo|kFkhZ gksrk gSA ;fn d{kk ds Description dks iznf”kZr djus okys Attributes (Instance Variable) ds eku dks Change fd;k tk,] rks Student dk iwjk lewg Change gks tkrk gS] uk fd dsoy ,d Student Change gksrk gSA ;kuh ;fn 10th d{kk dh Description Change djds 11th d{kk dh Description ys fy;k tk,] rks ml d{kk ds lHkh fo|kFkhZ cny tkrs gSa] D;ksafd okLro esa iwjh d{kk gh cny tkrh gSA ysfdu ;fn ge pkgrs gSa fd ge Particular fdlh fo|kFkhZ dh Description cuk,a rks gesa d{kk dh Class cukus ds ctk; Student dh Class cukuh gksxhA tc fdlh Student ds Class dh Description r; djuh gksrh gS ;k ,d Student dks Represent djus okyk Modal (Class) Create djuk gksrk gS] rc gekjk eq[; Object Student gksrk gSA blfy, gesa dsoy Student ds Attributes o States dk gh irk yxkuk gksrk gSA vc ;fn ns[kk tk, fdl ,d Student ds lewg (Entity Set) dh ,slh dkSulh Characteristics gksrh gSa] tks mls nqfu;ka ds lHkh Objects ls vyx cukrs gSa] rks ge ,d Student dh fuEu Attributes ;k States izkIr dj ldrs gSa% 1 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk ,d Serial Number gksrk gSA 2 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk ,d uke gksrk gSA 3 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity ds firk dk uke gksrk gSA 4 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk ,d Address gksrk gSA 5 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dh ,d City gksrh gSA 6 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dh ,d District gksrh gSA 7 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk ,d State gksrk gSA 8 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity ds City dk ,d Pin Code Number gksrk gSA 9 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dh dksbZ tkfr gksrh gSA 10 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk dksbZ jax gksrk gSA 11 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dh dksbZ d{kk gksrh gSA 12 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity ds dn dh ,d yEckbZ gksrh gSA vkfn blh rjg ls ge ,d Student dh dbZ vkSj Attributes o States dk irk yxk ldrs gSaA pfy,] Real World esa ge ns[krs gSa fd gj Object viuk dke [kqn djrk gSA
49 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ekuyks fd vki ,d Student gSaA D;k vkidks Hkw[k yxus ij vkidk [kkuk dksbZ vkSj [kk ldrk gSA D;k vkidks I;kl yxus ij vkids fy, dksbZ vkSj ikuh ih ldrk gSA D;k ,slk gksrk gS fd School tkrs le; vkidh Uniform dksbZ vkSj igus vkSj School vki pys tk,aA D;k ,slk gksrk gS fd vkids cnys dksbZ vkSj vkidk Exam Fight djs vkSj feyus okyk Certificate vkids uke dk gks vkSj vki dks izkIr gks tk,A ugha! Real World esa ,slk ugha gksrkA blhfy, Computer esa Hkh ;fn ,slk gksrk gS] rks ml Programming Language dks Object Oriented ugha dgk tk ldrkA “C++” esa Hkh ,slk ugha gksrk gSA fdlh Class ds Description ds vk/kkj ij tks Object Create fd;k tkrk gS] ml gj Object dk viuk Lo;a dk Attribute ;k States dks Represent djus okyk Lora= Variable gksrk gS] ftlesa dsoy mlh Object ds Attributes ;k States ds eku gksrs gSaA pfy,] vc Object ds Behavior ;k Ability ij FkksMk vkSj fopkj djrs gSaA ge lHkh bUlku gSaA gekjh ,d Physical vkd`fr] jax] :i] yEckbZ vkfn gS] blfy, ge lHkh Human Being Class ds Instances ;k Objects gSaA ;fn ge ,d Human Being Class dk Description nsuk pkgsa] rks fuEu Description ns ldrs gSa% 1 gj Human Being dk ,d uke gksrk gSA 2 gj Human Being Object ds ikl mldk Lo;a dk fnekx gksrk gSA 3 gj Human Being ds nks gkFk gksrs gSaA 4 gj Human Being ds nks iSj gksrs gSaA 5 gj Human Being ds ,d flj gksrk gSA 6 gj Human Being ds flj ij cky gksrs gSaA 7 gj Human Being dku gksrs gSaa 8 gj Human Being ds nks vka[ksa gksrh gSaaA 9 gj Human Being ds psgjs ij ,d eqag gksrk gSA 10 gj Human Being ds nksuksa gkFkksa esa ikap&ikap vaxqfy;ka gksrh gSaA vkfn bu lHkh States o Attributes ds vykok ,d Human Being esa dqN Abilities Hkh gksrh gSaA dqN Abilities dks fuEukuqlkj Describe fd;k tk ldrk gS% 1 gj Human Being viuk uke Change dj ldrk gSA 2 gj Human Being Object vius fnekx ls lksaprk gS vkSj fu.kZ; ysrk gSA 3 gj Human Being vius gkFkksa dk iz;ksx djds fdlh izdkj dk b”kkjk dj ldrk gSA 4 gj Human Being vius iSjksa ls py ldrk gSA 5 gj Human Being Hkkx ldrk gSA 6 gj Human Being vius flj ij Vksih j[k ldrk gSA 7 gj Human Being vius flj ij ixMh cka/k ldrk gSA 8 gj Human Being vius flj ds fc[kjs gq, ckyksa dks da?ks ls laokj ldrk gSA
50 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi 9 gj Human Being vius cky dVok ldrk gSA 10 gj Human Being vius cky cMs dj ldrk gSA 11 gj Human Being vius dkuksa ls lqu ldrk gSA 12 gj Human Being viuh vka[kksa ls ns[k ldrk gSA 13 gj Human Being viuh vka[kksa dks cUn djds lks ldrk gSA 14 gj Human Being viuh vka[kksa ls b”kkjs dj ldrk gSA 15 gj Human Being vius eqag ls cksy ldrk gSA 16 gj Human Being vius eqag ls [kkuk [kk ldrk gSA 17 gj Human Being vius gkFkksa dh vaxqfy;ksa esa dksbZ pht idM ldrk gSA 18 gj Human Being vius gkFkksa dh vaxqfy;ksa ls dksbZ pht Qsad ldrk gSA ;gka geus dqN ,sls dke crk, tks lHkh Human Being Class ds Instances ;kuh bUlku Objects dj ldrs gSaA ,sls vkSj Hkh gtkjksa mnkgj.k fn, tk ldrs gSaA D;k vkidks Human Being Object ds States o Behavior esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ lEca/k irk pyk gj Object ds Attributes o Objects ds Operations esa ,d lEca/k gksrk gS vkSj lEca/k cl ;gh gS fd ,d Object dqN Operations Perform djds vius gh fdlh Attribute dh State dks Change djrk gSA ge bl Human Being mnkgj.k dks gh ysa] rks gj Human Being Object ds cky gksrs gSa vkSj gj Human Being Object fdlh izdkj dk Operation Perform djds vius ckyksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA ckyksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djuk Object dh ,d Ability gSA blh rjg ls gj Human Being Object ds iSj gksrs gSaA ;s iSj Human Being Object dk Attribute gSA bl Attribute dh State dks Change djus ds fy, Object ml ij pyus dk Operation Perform dj ldrk gSA Object ds pyus ls Object ds iSj dh fLFkfr (State) esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA gj Human Being Object ds ikl viuk eqag gksrk gS tks fd Human Being Object dk ,d Attribute gSA ;fn Human Being [kkuk [kkrk gS] rks mldk eqag pyrk gS ;kuh eqag dh fLFkfr (State) esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA ;kuh ;fn ge lkjka”k esa dgsa rks dg ldrs gSa fd gj Object esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk Operation Perform djds vius Lo;a ds Attributes dh fLFkfr (States) esa ifjorZu djus dh {kerk (Ability) gksrh gSA ,d Object dsoy Lo;a gh vius Attributes dh fLFkfr (State) esa ifjorZu djus ds fy,] fdlh izdkj dk Operation Perform dj ldrk gSA ;kuh fdlh Object A dk dksbZ Operation fdlh Object B ds fdlh Attributes dh fLFkfr (States) esa ifjorZu ugha dj ldrk gSA ,d Object A ds fofHkUu Attributes dh States dks Change djus dk vf/kdkj dsoy mlh Object A ds ikl gh gksrk gSA bl ckr dks ;fn Human Being ds mnkgj.k ls le>sa rks dksbZ Human Being Object Lo;a gh ;s fu.kZ; dj ldrk gS fd mls mlds fdlh Attribute dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, dksbZ Operation Perform djuk gS ;k ughaA ;kuh fdlh Human Being dks vius cky dVokus gSa ;k ugha] bl ckr dk fu.kZ; dsoy og Human Being gh ys ldrk gSA ,slk ugha gks ldrk fd ml
51 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Human Being ds cnys dksbZ nwljk Human Being ;s fu.kZ; djs vkSj fcuk mldh Permission fy, mlds cky dkV nsA ;kuh ,d gh Class ds fofHkUu Objects Hkh ,d nwljs ij fcuk Permission fy, fdlh Hkh izdkj dk Operation Perform djds fdlh nwljs Object ds Attributes dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ugha dj ldrs gSaA bl iwjs Discussion dk ;fn lkjka”k fudkysa rks ge fuEu lkjka”k izkIr dj ldrs gSa % 1 nqfu;k ds gj Object dks mlds lewg ds vk/kkj ij ,d Class ds :i esa Describe fd;k tk ldrk gSA 2 ,d ckj fdlh ,d Object ds vk/kkj ij Class dh Description cuk ysus ds ckn] ml Class ds ftrus pkgsa mrus Instances Create dj ldrs gSaA bu Instances dks gh Object dgk tkrk gSA 3 gj Object ds nks Components Attributes dh States o Object dh Ability gksrs gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij ml Object dh Class dk Description rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA 4 fdlh Objects ds Attributes dh States o mu Attributes dh States esa Object }kjk fd, tkus okys ifjorZuksa dh Description, bu nksuksa dks ,d lkFk feykdj ,d Entity ds :i esa Use djuk Encapsulation dgykrk gSA bl Entity dks gh Object dgrs gSa vkSj Encapsulation dh ;s izfØ;k Class ij Perform dh tkrh gSA 5 ,d Object ds Attributes dh fLFkfr (State) ds eku (Data) esa dsoy og Object gh fdlh Operation }kjk ifjorZu dj ldrk gS] vU; fdlh Hkh Object dks ;s vf/kdkj ugha gksrk gS] fd og fdlh nwljs Object ds Attributes dh State esa vius fdlh Operation }kjk ifjorZu djsaA bl fLFkfr esa fdlh Object ds Data dks dsoy og Lo;a gh Access dj ldrk gSA ;kuh ,d Object dk Data dsoy mlh Object ds fy, miyC/k jgrk gS] nwljs Objects ds fy, og Data Hide jgrk gSA blfy, Data ds bl izdkj ls fdlh Object ds vUnj Nqis gq, jgus ds rjhds (Structure) dks Data Hiding dgrs gSaA pfy,] vc Student dh Class dh Description dks iwjk djrs gSaA pwafd gesa Student ds lHkh Attributes irk gSa ftudh t:jr School ds Principal dks gSA ysfdu ,d School esa rks dbZ Students gksaxsA lkFk gh School esa u, Students dk Admission Hkh gksrk gksxk vkSj fdlh iqjkus Student dks School ls Transfer Hkh fd;k tkrk gksxk ;k fudkyk tkrk gksxkA dbZ ckj Student dh Information dks Update Hkh djuk iMrk gksxkA tSls ekuyks fd Student ds firk us viuk ?kj cny fy;k gS] rks Computer esa Student ds Address dks Hkh Change djuk gksxkA School esa rks dbZ Students gksrs gSa] blfy, fdlh fo”ks’k Student dks [kkstuk Hkh gksxk rkfd School ds Principal dks fdlh Student dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, lHkh Students ds Records dks uk Check djuk iMsA blh rjg ls ;fn lHkh Students ds Records dks ,d Øe esa Store fd;k tk,] rks Students ds
52 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Records dks Manage djuk ljy gksxkA bl rjg ls ge fdlh Student ds Records dks Manage djus ds fy, fuEukuqlkj Operations dh Description rS;kj dj ldrs gSa% //Ability Description (Operation Description) addNewStudent removeStudent updateStudent searchStudent sortStudent Computer esa fdlh Object ds fofHkUu Logical Operations dks tks fd ,d Object vius Attributes ds States dks Change djus ds fy, Perform djrk gS] mu lHkh Operations dks Methods ls Represent fd;k tkrk gSA Methods ds ckjs esa ge vkxs ppkZ djsaxs] ysfdu ;fn Student Class ds Operations dks ;fn Methods ds :i esa fy[kuk gks] rks ge “C++” esa Methods ;k “Member Function” dks fuEukuqlkj Describe djrs gSa% //AbilityDescription (Operation Description) Return_Data_Type addNewStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type removeStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type updateStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type searchStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type sortStudent(Arguments)
53 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi { //Code Statements ; } ;fn ge Student Class dh iwjh Description “C++” Syntax ds vuqlkj fy[kuk pkgsa] rks ;s Class Description fuEukuqlkj gksxk% Student Class Defining class Student { //Attributes Description private: String studentName[20]; String studentFName[20]; String studentAddress[40]; String studentCity[15]; String studentTehsil [15]; String studentDistrict[15]; String studentState[15]; byte studentClass; long studentContactNumber; long studentDateOfBirth; long studentDateOfAdmission; byte studentAge; String studentSerialNumber[10]; String studentCast; //AbilityDescription (Operation Description) public: Return_Data_Type addNewStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type removeStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ;
54 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi } Return_Data_Type updateStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type searchStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type sortStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } }; vc gekjh Student Class iwjh rjg ls rS;kj gSA gesa dsoy blds Operations dks Define djuk gSA Operations dks Define djus ds ckn bl Class ds Objects Create fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj muds lkFk Interaction fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn gesa bl Class ds Objects Create djus gksa] rks ge mlh izdkj ds Syntax dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ftl izdkj ds Syntax dk iz;ksx djds ge dksbZ Integer izdkj dk Variable Create djrs gSaA ge ,slk blfy, dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd Class ds :i esa ge ,d u, izdkj dk Data Type gh Develop djrs gSaA ;fn ljy “kCnksa esa dgsa rks geus ;gka ,d Student izdkj dk Data Type Create fd;k gS vkSj ge bl Data Type ds dbZ Variables Create dj ldrs gSa] ftUgsa Class dk Instance ;k Object dgrs gSaA bl Class esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd geus Object ds fofHkUu Attributes dks private Section esa j[kk gS tcfd fofHkUu Member Functions dks public Section esaA ,slk blfy, fd;k gS rkfd fdlh Object ds Data gesa”kk lqjf{kr jgsa vkSj fdlh Hkh vU; Object dk Member Function ;k dksbZ Function fdlh nwljs Object ds Data dks Access uk dj ldsA tcfd Member Functions dks public blfy, j[kk gS rkfd og Object Lo;a vius Data dks dgha ls Hkh fdlh Hkh LFkku ls Access dj ldsA blls igys fd ge Object Oriented Programming ds Concept dks vkxs c<k,a] ge igys C++ dk Program cukus dh izfØ;k dks le> ysrs gSa vkSj C++ Program dh Coding ds fy, t:jh Elements dks tku ysrs gSaA
55 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Basic C++ Data Types ge gekjs thou esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Use djrs gSaA ;fn /;ku ls ns[kk tk,] rks eq[; :i ls dqy rhu izdkj ds gh Data gks ldrs gSa] ftUgsa ge Use djrs gSaA ;k rks ge iw.kkZad la[;kvksa ds :i esa fdlh Data dks Represent djrs gSa] ;k fdlh nleyo okyh la[;k ds :i esa vFkok Character ds :i esaA Bhd blh Concept dks gh Computer Programming Language esa Hkh Use fd;k x;k gSA C++ dk Compiler Hkh ges bu rhu izdkj ds Basic Data Type iznku djrk gSA buesa ,d Data Type Character dks Represent djrk gSA nwljk Integer izdkj dk Data Type gS] ftls rhu vyx&vyx izdkj ds Data Type esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS vkSj blh rjg ls nleyo okyh la[;kvksa dks Represent djus okyk float izdkj dk Data Type gS] ftls rhu vU; vU; Real Numbers ;k Floating Point Numbers dks Represent djus okys Data Type esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa C++ esa vkSj Hkh dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] rkfd Data dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls Represent fd;k tk ldsA bls fuEukuqlkj n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gS% Type Name Usedto Store Examplesof ValuesStored char Characters ’a’,‘B’, ‘$’,‘3’, ‘?’ short Small whole numbers , 30,000, -222 int Normal-sizedwhole numbers same as short or same as long) long Large whole numbers ,000,000,000, -123,456,789 float Small real numbers .7, 199.99, -16.2, 0.000125 double Large real numbers ,553.393.95,47, -0.048512934 longdouble Extra-large real numbers ,123,456,789,012,345.666 pfy,] vc gjsd dks le>rs gSaA tc gesa Memory esa Characters dks Store djus ds fy, Space cukuk gksrk gS] rc ge fuEu Statement }kjk Character izdkj dk Variable Declare djrs gSa% char character1; ;s Statement Memory esa ,d Character Store djus ds fy, 1 Byte dh Memory Reserve djrk gS vkSj mldk uke Character1 j[k nsrk gSA vc ;fn gesa bl Variable esa dksbZ Character Store djuk gks] rks ge fuEu Statement fy[krs gSa % character1 = ‘A’;
56 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Character dks gesa”kk Single Quote esa fy[krs gSaA tSls ‘A’, ‘x’, ‘%’ vkfnA AssignmentOperator( = ) = ds fpUg ds Right Side esa tks eku gksrk gS mls Compiler = fpUg ds Left Side ds Variable esa Store dj nsrk gSA tSlkfd Åij crk, x, Statement esa character1 esa A dks Assign fd;k x;k gSA ;s Statement Execute gksus ds ckn Variable Character1 esa ‘A’ Store gks tkrk gSA = fpUg dks Assignment Operator dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s Operator blds Right Side ds eku dks Left Side ds Variable esa Store dj nsrk gSA Computer dh Memory esa okLro esa lHkh Characters Integer ds :i esa Store gksrs gSa ftls Computer le>rk gSA ASCII Codes dk iz;ksx Characters dks Integer esa Convert djus ds fy, gksrk gSA tSls ‘A’ dk ASCII Code 65 gS] ‘B’ dk 66 vkfnA Escape Sequences C++ esa dqN Special Characters gksrs gSa tks fo”ks’k dke djrs gSaA bUgsa Back Slash ds ckn fy[kk tkrk gSA bUgsa Escape Sequence Characters dgk tkrk gSA ;s Special Characters fuEukuqlkj gSa% Escape Sequence Character Represented ‘n’ bls New Line Character Constant dgrs gSaA ;s gekjs Program esa ubZ Line nsrk gSA ‘t’ ;s Tab Space iznku djrk gSA ‘b’ ;s Backspace nsrk gSA ‘r’ Carriage Return ;kuh Cursor dks Line dh “kq:vkr esa j[k nsrk gSA tc Hkh ge Enter Key Press djrs gSa] ;s Escape Character Generate gksrk gSA Character izdkj ds Variables dk iz;ksx vDlj NksVh la[;k,a Store djus ds fy, Hkh gksrk gSA tSls character1 = 60; pwafd Character izdkj ds Variable dh Size dsoy 1 byte ;k 8 Bit dh gksrh gS] blfy, ;fn la[;k fcuk fpUg dh ;kuh unsigned gks rks blesa vf/kdre –128 ls +127 rd dh la[;k gh Store gks ldrh gSA tc gesa cgqr gh NksVs eku ds lkFk dke djuk gksrk gS] rc ge bl izdkj ds Data Type dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
57 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Integers tc gesa fdlh Variable esa ,slh la[;k Store djuh gks tks iw.kkZad gks] rks ge Integer izdkj ds Data Type dk Variable Declare djrs gSaA bl izdkj dk Variable Memory esa 2 Byte ;k 16 Bit dh Space ysrk gS blfy, ;s vf/kdre -32768 ls 32767 rd dk eku Store dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj ds Data Type dk iz;ksx NksVs iw.kkZadksa dks Memory esa Store djus ds fy, gksrk gSA Type Name Size Range char 1 byte (8 bits) -128 to 127 short 2 bytes(16 bits) -32,768 to 32,767 int Same as short on16-bit systems, Same as longon 32-bit systems long 4 bytes(32 bits) -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 short izdkj dk Variables gesa”kk Memory esa 2 Byte dh Space Reserve djrk gS vkSj ;s – 32768 ls 32767 rd ds eku dks Store dj ldrk gSA Long izdkj dk Variable gesa”kk Memory esa 4 byte dh Space ysrk gS vkSj ;s –2147483648 ls 2147483647 rd ds eku dks Store dj ldrk gSA 16-Bit Computers esa int o short izdkj dk Variable 2 Byte Reserve djrk gS tcfd 32- Bit Computers esa ;s 4 Byte Reserve djrs gSa vkSj 16-Bit Systems dh rqyuk esa vf/kd eku dks Memory esa Store dj ldrs gSaA DOS o Windows 3.1 16-Bit Systems gSaA Windows 95/98 Unix, Linux vkfn 32-Bit Systems gSaA Integer izdkj ds eku dks Store djus ds fy, int izdkj ds Variable dk iz;ksx lcls T;knk gksrk gS] pkgs ge 16-Bit OS Use djsa ;k 32-Bit OS ysfdu ;fn ge 32-Bit OS ij de Space Use djus ds fy, int izdkj ds Variable dks 2 byte dk j[kuk pkgrs gSa] rks ge short dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA blh rjg ;fn gesa 16-Bit OS ij 4 Byte dk Integer Store djuk gks rks gesa long izdkj dk Variable ysuk gksxkA intKeloMeters; // Variable Declare fd;k x;k gSA longCentiMeters; KeloMeters=1024; // Variablesdks eku Assignfd;k x;k gSA CentiMeters=1405836L;
58 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;gka geus Centimeters dks eku Assign djus ds ckn L dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] D;ksafd 16-Bit System esa Integer 2 Byte dk gksus dh otg ls ;s eku Fit ugha gks ldrkA 16-Bit System esa bl eku dks ekU;rk nsus ds fy, ;gka L dk iz;ksx djuk t:jh gSA Unsigned Integers tc gesa fdlh Variable esa dsoy iw.kkZad eku gh Store djus gksrs gSa lkFk gh gesa Variable esa dsoy Positive eku gh Store djus gksrs gSa] rc ge Variable dks Unsigned izdkj dk Declare djrs gSaA blls Variable dh Data Store djus dh Range nqxquh gks tkrh gSA ;kuh Negative o Positive Limit dh tksM ds cjkcj gks tkrh gSA Type Name Size Range uunsignedchar 1 byte (8 bits) 0 to 255 unsignedshort 2 bytes(16 bits) 0 to 65,535 unsignedintorunsigned Same as unsignedshorton16-bit systems Same as unsignedlongon32-bitsystems unsignedlong 4 bytes(32 bits) 0 to 4,294,967,295 unsigned Keyword ds fcuk ge tks Hkh Variable Declare djrs gSa] By default os lHkh signed Variables gksrs gSaA ge pkgsa rks Variable ds lkFk signed Keyword dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ,slk djuk t:jh ugha gSA Floating Point tc gesa gekjs Program esa ,sls Variables Declare djus gksrs gSa tks nleyo okyh la[;kvksa dks Store djus ds fy, mi;ksx esa vkus okyh gksa] rks ge ,sls Variables dks Float izdkj ds Data Type dk Declare djrs gSaA ge bu nleyo okys ekuksa dks ?kkrkad ds :i esa Hkh Express dj ldrs gSaA tSls 101.456 dks 1.01456e2 Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa tgka e ds ckn dk vad 2 ;s crkrk gS fd ;fn bl eku dks fcuk ?kkrkad okyh la[;k esa cnyuk gks rks tgka orZeku esa nleyo gS] ogka ls nleyo gVk dj nks LFkku Right esa nleyo yxk fn;k tk,A vkxs dh lkj.kh esa Floating Point Data Type dh Range n”kk;hZ xbZ gS% Type Name Size Range Precision float 4 bytes(32 bits) 10e-38 to 10e38 5 digits
59 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi double 8 bytes(64 bits) 10e-308 to 10e308 15 digits longdouble 10 bytes(80 bits) 10e-4932 to 10e4932 19 digits fuEu mnkgj.k ls buds iz;ksx dks crk;k x;k gS tgka ge ns[krs gSa fd ge fdlh izdkj ds Data Type ds Variable dks nleyo ds ckn fdrus vadksa rd eku Assign dj ldrs gSaA floatpi_float; double pi_double; longdouble pi_long_double; pi_float= 3.1415; pi_double =3.14159265358979; pi_long_double=3.141592653589793238; ge tc igyh ckj fdlh Data Type dk Variable Create djrs gSa] mlh le; ge Variable dks eku iznku dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh geus mij tks 6 Statements fy[ksa gSa mlds LFkku ij ge dsoy rhu Statements ls Hkh viuk dke dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh fuEukuqlkj Declaration Hkh dj ldrs gSa% floatpi_float= 3.1415; double pi_double =3.14159265358979; longdouble pi_long_double=3.141592653589793238; C++ ds IDE esa ge fturs pkgsa mrus Spaces dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA C++ dk Compiler blls izHkkfor ugha gksrk gSA tSls% floatpi_float = 3.1415; double pi_double = 3.14159265358979; longdouble pi_long_double = 3.141592653589793238; blh rjg ge ftrus pkgsa mrus Tabs, New Lines vkfn dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA C++ dk Compiler bUgsa Ignore dj nsrk gSA
60 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Comments Program ds Flow dks /;ku esa j[kus ds fy, vkSj Program dh Debugging dks ljy cukus ds fy, ge gekjs Program esa txg&txg Comments nsrs jgrs gSaA C++ dk Compiler bu Comments dks Ignore dj nsrk gSA ;s dsoy gekjs ;k Program ds Developer dh lqfo/kk ds fy, gksrk gSA C++ esa Comment dks nks rjhdksa ls fy[kk tk ldrk gSA tc gesa dsoy ,d Line dk Comment nsuk gksrk gS] rc ge // dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj tc gesa dbZ Lines dk Comment nsuk gksrk gS rc ge Comment dks /* */ ds chp esa fy[krs gSaA tSls% // these variablesare declaredandinitializedatthe same time floatpi_float= 3.1415; // 5-digitprecision double pi_double =3.14159265358979; // 15-digitprecision longdouble pi_long_double=3.141592653589793238; // 19-digitprecision /* The programis Related to a Constantnumberof PI for differentDataTypesof FloatingPointVariables*/ String Constants tks Text “” ds chp fy[kk tkrk gS mls String Constant dgrs gSaA tSls % “HelloWorld” C++ esa ge ftl rjg ls fdlh Variable esa Store eku dks Screen ij Print djrs gSa mlh rjg ls fdlh String dks Hkh Print dj ldrs gSaA tSls % Cout << “Enter firstNumber“; floatTotal = 12.2; cout << Total; ge ,d cout dk iz;ksx djrs gq, dbZ Variables ds eku dks Screen ij Print dj ldrs gSaA tSls %
61 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi floatfeet= 123.33; cout << “The Size of Feetis<< feet<< “Feets”; bldk Output fuEukuqlkj gksxk% The Size of Feet is 123.33 Feet blh dke dks ge rhu vyx&vyx Statements fy[k dj fuEukuqlkj dj ldrs gSa% cout << “The Size of is“ << feet << Feet” Formatting Output ge gekjs fdlh Program ds Output dks fofHkUu izdkj ds Format }kj vPNh rjhds ls Screen ij Print dj ldrs gSaA C++ esa bl dke ls lEcaf/kr cgqr lkjs rjhds gSaA C++ esa Output esa New line dks iznf”kZr djus ds fy, gesa ,d Statement nsuk iMrk gSA Escape Sequences Output Formatting dk lcls ljy rjhdk gS Strings ds chp esa Escape Sequence Characters dk iz;ksx djukA tSls% cout << “n KuldeepMishra”; cout << “nFalna”; ;gka ubZ ykbZu izkIr djus ds fy, ge ‘n’ Character dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;s Statement Output esa fuEukuqlkj Print gksxk% KuldeepMishra Falna ge String esa ftl LFkku ij ‘n’ dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] mlh LFkku ij Output esa New Line vk tkrh gS vkSj ‘n’ ds ckn fy[kk String New Line esa Print gksrk gSA vc ;fn gesa fuEukuqlkj Format Output esa Print djuk gks rks ge ,d vU; Character ‘t’ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa %
62 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Kuldeep Rahul Rohit Mohit Raja Rani Statements: cout << “t KuldeeptRahul tRohitn”’ cout << “tMohitt Raja t Rani”; The endl Manipulator C++ esa ge New Line izkIr djus ds fy, ,d vU; Object ftls Manipulator dgrs gSa] dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA endl Manipulator ogh dke djrk gS tks ‘n’ Character djrk gSA ge bldk iz;ksx fuEukuqlkj dj ldrs gSa% cout << “t KuldeeptRahul tRohit”<< endl ; cout << “tMohitt Raja t Rani”; blls igys fd ge OOPS dks le>rs gq, C++ esa Classes o Objects Create djds Programming djsa] ge lcls igys dqN NksVs&NksVs Programs }kjk C++ Programming ds Basics dks le> ysrs gSaA Anatomy of a C++ Program geus C Language ds ckjs esa ftruk dqN lh[kk gS] mlesa ls T;knkrj ckrsa C++ Language ij Hkh leku :i ls ykxw gksrh gSaA C o C++ nksuksa Languages esa fy[ks x, T;knkrj Programs yxHkx leku gksrs gSaA buds Syntax Hkh leku gSa vkSj fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Types, Loops, Pointers, Structures, Data Types o Conditional Statements Hkh leku gh gksrs gSaA C++ esa ge tks Hkh Program cukrs gSa] mu lHkh Programs dh Source File dks gesa .CPP Extension ls Save djuk t:jh gksrk gSA ;fn ge C++ esa ,d Hello World Program cukuk pkgsa] rks ge ;s Program fuEukuqlkj cuk ldrs gSa% Program #include <conio.h> #include <iostream.h> void main() { cout << "Welcome to C with Class programming language!n"; getch();
63 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi } Output Welcome to C with Class programming language! C Language esa fofHkUu izdkj ds I/O Operations ds fy, ftl izdkj ls ge stdio.h uke dh Header File dks vius Source Program esa Include djrs gSa] mlh rjg ls C++ ds Program esa I/O dh lqfo/kk izkIr djus ds fy, gesa iostream.h uke dh Header File dks Include djuk iMrk gSA tc bl Program dks Compile djds Run fd;k tkrk gS] rc Output esa gesa ,d Text Line Display gksrh gSA pfy,] bl Program ds gj Statement dks FkksMk foLrkj ls le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA 1 // “C++” esa Comment nsus ds fy;s ge // dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl Comment dh fo”ks’krk ;s gS fd // ds ckn fy[ks x, lkjs Characters Comment cu tkrs gSa vkSj Compiler Program dks Compile djrs le; // ds ckn fy[ks Statement dks Ignore dj nsrk gSA // dk vlj dsoy ,d Line esa gh gksrk gSA vxyh Ykkbu esa fy[ks Statements ij // dk dksbZ vlj ugha iMrk gS vkSj vxyh iafDr esa fy[ks Statements Compile gks tkrs gSaA “C++” esa tc gesa dsoy ,d gh iafDr esa dksbZ Comment fy[kuk gksrk gS rc ge // dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tc gesa ,d ls vf/kd Lines dk Comment nsuk gksrk gS] rc ge “C” ds /* …… */ dk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa ;k fQj gj Line ds vkxs // dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA 2 #include <iostream.h> ftl izdkj ls “C” esa Input/Output dh lqfo/kk izkIr djus ds fy;s ge stdio.h uke dh Header File dks vius Program esa include Keyword }kjk Include djrs gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj ls “C++” esa Input/Output dh lqfo/kk izkIr djus ds fy;s gesa iostream.h uke dh Header File dks gekjs Program esa Include djuk iMrk gSA 3 void main() ;g main() Function gSA geus “C” esa fdlh Hkh Program esa main() Function ls igys void Keyword dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k gSA ysfdu “C++” esa ge ,slk dj jgs gSa] D;ksafd vyx&vyx izdkj ds Compilers dks bl izdkj ls cuk;k x;k gS fd fdlh Compiler dks ;s crkuk iMrk gS fd main() Function dksbZ eku Return dj jgk gS ;k ughaA tcfd dbZ Compilers dks ;s ugha crkuk iMrk fd main() Function dksbZ eku Return dj jgk gS ;k ughaA
64 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi tSls fd Turbo C++ esa o ANSI C++ esa Compiler dks ;s crkuk iMrk gS fd main() Function dksbZ eku Return dj jgk gS ;k ugha tcfd Borland C++ ds Compiler dks ;s ugha crkuk iMrkA pwafd ;fn ge Turbo C++ ds IDE esa dke dj jgs gSa] rks main() Function ds igys void Keyword dk iz;ksx djds Compiler dks ;s crk;k x;k gS fd ;s main() Function dksbZ eku Return ugha dj jgk gSA ;fn ge void main() ds LFkku ij dsoy main() fy[krs gSa] rks Program Compilation ds le; gesa ,d Warning (Function should return a value) izkIr gksrh gSA ;fn ge void Keyword dk iz;ksx uk djsa rks gesa main() Function dh Body dks cUn djus ls igys return 0 fy[kuk iMrk gSA return 0 Statement Hkh Compiler dks ;gh crkrk gS fd ;s main() Function fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ eku Return ugha dj jgk gSA “C” dh rjg gh “C++” esa Hkh gj Function dh Body fy[kus ls igys Opening bracket o Function dk vUr djrs le; Closing bracket dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 4 cout cout ( Character Out ) iostream.h header File dk ,d Object gSA ;g Object ogh dke djrk gS tks dke “C” esa printf() Function djrk gS ;kuh Characters ds lewg ;k String dks Screen ij Print djrk gSA 5 << ( Put to Operator ) fdlh Massage dks Screen ij Hkstus ds fy;s “C++” esa << Operator dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA bls Put To Operator dgk tkrk gSA ;g Operator dqN Data tSls fd String ;k Message dks fdlh I/O Stream ds Object esa Hkstus dk dke djrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu Program nsf[k,% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { cout << "Gopal " << "Nandlal " << "Madhav " << "Krishna n"; getch(); }
65 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Output Gopal Nandlal Madhav Krishna blh rjg ls ;fn ge pkgsa nks Character Pointers dks Hkh blh cout Object vkSj Put To Operator ds iz;ksx }kjk Output esa Print dj ldrs gSaA Pointers ds ckjs esa ge vkxs foLrkj ls i<saxsA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { char *fName = "Rahul", *lname = "Sharma"; cout << fName << " " << lname << endl; getch(); } Output: Rahul Sharma bl Program esa geus cout Object ds lkFk ,d u, “kCn endl dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA bls C++ Programming esa endl Manipulator dgrs gSaA ;s Operator ogh dke djrk gS] tks dke C Language esa “n” Character djrk gSA ;kuh ;s Manipulator ,d ubZ Line iznku djrk gSA ge cout Object ds lkFk << Operator dks fuEukuqlkj Hkh Use dj ldrs gSa% cout << fName << “ ” << lname << endl; ;fn ge bl izdkj ls Hkh bl Statement dks iz;ksx djsa] rks Hkh Compiler gesa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ Error iznku ugha djrk gSA ftl rjg ls geus Character To Pointer o String Constants dks ,d gh cout Object o Put To Operator }kjk Screen ij Display djok;k gS] mlh rjg ls ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Basic Data Type ds ekuksa dks Hkh Screen ij Print djok ldrs gSaA gesa ,slk djus ds fy, C Language dh rjg fdlh Control String dk iz;ksx djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA
66 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { cout << "String = " << ""All Primary Data Types"" << endl; cout << "Integer = " << 123 << endl; cout << "Float = " << 123.456 << endl; cout << "Character = " << "'A'" << endl; cout << "Double = " << 12345678.0987654 << endl; cout << "Long = " << 1234567987878786668 << endl; getch(); } Output String = "All Primary Data Types" Integer = 123 Float = 123.456 Character = 'A' Double = 1.23457e+07 Long = 1234567987878786668 bl Program ds Output }kjk ge le> ldrs gSa] fd dsoy ,d gh cout Object o Put To Operator dh enn ls ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Basic Data Type ds ekuksa dks Screen ij fcuk fdlh Control String dk iz;ksx fd, gh Print dj ldrs gSaA tcfd ;gh Program ;fn gesa C Language esa cukuk gks] rks gesa vyx&vyx Data Type ds ekuksa dks Screen ij Print djokus ds fy, printf() Function esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Control Strings dks iz;ksx djuk iMsxkA C Programming o C++ Programming ds I/O dk ;s lcls cMk vUrj gSA ;kuh C++ esa I/O Operations dks dkQh ljy dj fn;k x;k gSA dbZ ckj tc ge Program dks Compile djrs gSa] rks Compiler gesa dbZ izdkj dh Warnings iznku djrk gSA gkykafd ;fn ge bu Warnings ij dksbZ /;ku uk nsa] rks Hkh Program Execute gksrk gSA ysfdu tgka rd gks lds] gesa Compiler }kjk nh tkus okyh Warnings dks Clear dj nsuk pkfg,A ;fn ge ,slk ugha djrs gSa] rks dbZ ckj gesa gekjk Required ifj.kke izkIr ugha gksrk gS] ftldk dkj.k dksbZ ,slh Warning gksrk gS] ftls ge Ignore dj nsrs gSaA
67 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;fn ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Primary Data Type ds Variables }kjk Occupy fd, tkus okys Variables dh vf/kdre o U;wure eku dk irk yxkuk pkgsa vkSj ;s tkuuk pkgsa] fd fofHkUu izdkj ds Variables Memory esa fdruh la[;k rd dk eku Store dj ldrs gSa] rks ge ;s tkuus ds fy, climit.h Header File dks Use dj ldrs gSaA bl Header File esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Types }kjk Store fd, tk ldus okys eku dh Range dks fofHkUu izdkj ds Constants }kjk Define dj fn;k x;k gSA dbZ ckj bl File dk uke climits.h ds LFkku ij limits.h Hkh gksrk gSA bls ge fuEu Program esa fuEukuqlkj Use dj ldrs gSa% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> #include <limits.h> void main() { cout << "Minimum short : " << SHRT_MIN << endl; cout << "Maximum short : " << SHRT_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum unsigned short : " << 0 << endl; cout << "Maximum unsigned short : " << USHRT_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum int : " << INT_MIN << endl; cout << "Maximum int : " << INT_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum unsigned int : " << 0 << endl; cout << "Maximum unsigned int : " << UINT_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum long : " << LONG_MIN << endl; cout << "Maximum long : " << LONG_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum unsigned long : " << 0 << endl; cout << "Maximum unsigned long : " << ULONG_MAX << endl; getch(); } Output Minimum short : -32768 Maximum short : 32767 Minimum unsigned short : 0 Maximum unsigned short : 65535 Minimum int : -2147483648
68 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Maximum int : 2147483647 Minimum unsigned int : 0 Maximum unsigned int : 4294967295 Minimum long : -2147483648 Maximum long : 2147483647 Minimum unsigned long : 0 Maximum unsigned long : 4294967295 blh rjg ls dbZ vkSj Definitions limits.h uke dh Header File esa fn, x, gSa] ftUgsa bl Header File dks Open djds ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blh rjg ls ;fn ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Floats Data Types dh Range dk irk yxkuk pkgsa] rks ges cfloats.h uke dh Header File dks vius Program esa Use djuk gksrk gSA bl File dks Hkh dbZ Compiler esa dsoy floats.h uke ls lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ge pkgsa rks fofHkUu izdkj ds Floats dh Range dks ns[kus ds fy, bl Header File dks Open dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge ;s tkuuk pkgsa fd fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Type ds Variable Memory esa fdrus Bytes dh Space Reserve djrs gSa] rks bl ckr dk irk yxkus ds fy, ge sizeof() Operator dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA lkekU;r;k Integer Data Type ds vykok lHkh Data Types lHkh izdkj ds Computers esa leku Memory Occupy djrs gSa] tcfd Integer Memory esa Compiler ds Register dh Size ds cjkcj Space Reserve djrk gSA ;fn ge 16-Bit Compiler esa 16-Bit Processor ij Program Develop djrs ;k Run djrs gSa] rks Integer 16-Bit System esa 2-Bytes dk gksrk gS tcfd 32-Bit System esa Integer dh Size 4-Bytes gksrh gSA ge ftl Compiler dks Use dj jgs gSa] ml Compiler }kjk gj izdkj ds Basic Data Type }kjk Occupy dh tk jgh Memory dk irk ge fuEu Program }kjk yxk ldrs gSa% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { cout << "char : " << sizeof(char) << " Bytesn"; cout << "short : " << sizeof(short) << " Bytesn"; cout << "int : " << sizeof(int) << " Bytesn";
69 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi cout << "long : " << sizeof(long) << " Bytesnn"; cout << "signed char : " << sizeof(signedchar) << " Bytesn"; cout << "signed short : " << sizeof(signedshort) << " Bytesn"; cout << "signed int : " << sizeof(signedint) << " Bytesn"; cout << "signed long : " << sizeof(signedlong) << " Bytesnn"; cout << "unsigned char : " << sizeof(unsignedchar) << " Bytes n"; cout << "unsigned short: " << sizeof(unsignedshort) << " Bytesn"; cout << "unsigned int : " << sizeof(unsignedint) << " Bytesn"; cout << "unsigned long : " << sizeof(unsignedlong) << " Bytesnn"; cout << "float : " << sizeof(float) << " Bytes n"; cout << "double : " << sizeof(double) << " Bytesn"; cout << "long double : " << sizeof(longdouble) << " Bytesn"; getch(); } Output // 16 - Bit Compiler’s Output char : 1 Bytes short : 2 Bytes int : 2 Bytes long : 4 Bytes signed char : 1 Bytes signed short : 2 Bytes signed int : 2 Bytes signed long : 4 Bytes unsigned char : 1 Bytes unsigned short: 2 Bytes unsigned int : 2 Bytes unsigned long : 4 Bytes float : 4 Bytes double : 8 Bytes long double : 10 Bytes
70 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi // 32 - Bit Compiler’s Output char : 1 Bytes short : 2 Bytes int : 4 Bytes long : 4 Bytes signed char : 1 Bytes signed short : 2 Bytes signed int : 4 Bytes signed long : 4 Bytes unsigned char : 1 Bytes unsigned short: 2 Bytes unsigned int : 4 Bytes unsigned long : 4 Bytes float : 4 Bytes double : 8 Bytes long double : 10 Bytes Real Numbers dks C++ float, double o long double rhu rjg ls Support djrk gSA T;knkrj Computers ij double Data Type float Data Type dh rqyuk esa nqxuk Bytes ysrk gSA ;kuh T;knkrj Computers ij float 4 – Bytes dh Space ysrk gS tcfd double Data Type 8 – Bytes dh Space dk iz;ksx djrk gSA tc fd long double 8, 10, 12 ;k 16 Bytes dk iz;ksx Data dks Store djus ds fy, djrk gSA ftl izdkj ds Data dks Represent djus ;kuh Memory esa Store djus o Memory ls Access djus ds fy, ge float izdkj ds Variable dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ml izdkj ds Data dks Real Numbers dgrs gSaA T;knkrj Computers ij Real Numbers tSls fd 123.45 lcls igys fuEukuqlkj Binary Form esa Convert gksrs gSa% 123.45 = 1111011.011100112 * 27 tc Real Number Binary Form esa Convert gks tkrk gS] rc Point ds ckn dh la[;k nleyo ds ckn dh Binary dks Represent djrh gS vkSj Point ls igys dh Binary la[;k ds Left Hand Side ds vadksa dks Represent djrh gSA vc Binary Digits ds Point dks Float fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd lHkh Bits Point ds Right Side esa vk tk,aA ,slk djus ij Point dks lkr
71 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Bit Left esa Sift djuk iMrk gS] ftlls ?kkrkad 27 izkIr gksrk gSA vc gesa tks Binary Number izkIr gksrk gS] og fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% 123.45 = 0.1111011011100112 * 27 vc bl Number ds lkekU; Number ds Binary Bits o mlds ?kkrkad ds eku 7 nksuksa dks Memory esa Internally vyx&vyx Store fd;k tkrk gSA 32 – Bit Float Real Number dh Binary Digits dks 23 – Bits Segment esa Store gksrh gS vkSj ?kkrkad dk eku 8 – Bit esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA ,d Bit }kjk la[;k dk Sign r; fd;k tkrk gSA blh rjg ls tc ge double izdkj ds Variable esa eku Store djrs gSa] rc 64 – Bit double esa la[;k 52 – Bit Segment esa Store gksrh gS vkSj ?kkrkad dks 11 – Bit esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA fuEu Program }kjk ge ;s irk yxk ldrs gSa] fd gekjk Computer Float o Double izdkj ds Variables esa fdrus Bits esa fdlh Real Number ds eku o mlds ?kkrkad dks Store dj jgk gSA bl ckr dk irk yxkus ds fy, gesa float.h uke dh Header File dks viuh Source File esa Include djuk t:jh gksrk gSA D;ksafd Float ds lEca/k esa ftrus Hkh Definitions gSa] mUgsa float.h uke dh Header File esa Define fd;k x;k gSA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> #include <float.h> void main() { // Prints the storage size of fundamental types: int fbits = 8 * sizeof(float); // Each byte contains 8-bits cout << "Float Uses " << fbits << "bits: nt" << (FLT_MANT_DIG – 1) << " bits for its mantissa. nt" << (fbits- FLT_MANT_DIG) << "bits for its exponent.nt" << 1 << " bit for its signn" << "to obtain: " << FLT_DIG << " sig. digitsn" << "with minimum value: " << FLT_MIN << endl << "and maximum value: " << FLT_MAX << endl; getch(); } Output
72 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Float Uses 32bits: 23 bits for its mantissa. 8 bits for its exponent. 1 bit for its sign to obtain: 6 sig. digits with minimum value: 1.17549e-38 and maximum value: 3.40282e+38 blh rjg ls ;fn ge double izdkj ds Data Type dh Range tkuuk pkgsa] rks blh Program dks fuEukuqlkj Modify dj ldrs gSa% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> #include <float.h> void main() { // Prints the storage size of fundamental types: int fbits = 8 * sizeof(double); // Each byte contains 8-bits cout << "Float Uses " << fbits << "bits: nt" << (DBL_MANT_DIG – 1) << " bits for its mantissa. nt" << (fbits- FLT_MANT_DIG) << "bits for its exponent.nt" << 1 << " bit for its signn" << "to obtain: " << FLT_DIG << " sig. digitsn" << "with minimum value: " << FLT_MIN << endl << "and maximum value: " << FLT_MAX << endl; } Output FloatUses 64bits: 52 bitsforits mantissa. 40bitsfor itsexponent. 1 bit forits sign to obtain:6 sig.digits withminimumvalue:1.17549e-38 and maximumvalue:3.40282e+38
73 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Type Conversion ( Type Casting ) Computer esa dbZ ckj dbZ LFkkuksa ij t:jr ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu izdkj ds Type Conversions gksrs jgrs gSaA dqN Conversions Compiler Loa; gh dj ysrk gS vkSj dbZ ckj gesa gekjh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij dqN Conversions djus gksrs gSaA tSls ekuyks fd gesa fdlh Float izdkj dh la[;k dks Integer esa Convert djuk iM ldrk gS ;k fdlh Integer izdkj dh la[;k dks Character esa Convert djuk iM ldrk gSA Code Segment01 intn = 20; floatPI= 3.1415; n = PI+ n; // The Value isautomaticallyconvertedto20.0 cout << PI– 2; // The value 2 is automaticallyconvertedto2.0 bl Code Segment esa tc Integer izdkj ds Variable esa PI ds Float izdkj ds eku dks tksMuk gksrk gS] rks Compiler Lo;a gh n ds eku 20 dks Float izdkj ds eku 20.0 esa Convert dj ysus ds ckn PI ds eku ls tksMrk gS vkSj Float izdkj dk eku gh Return djrk gSA ysfdu Assignment Operator ds Left esa n ,d Integer izdkj dk Variable gS] blfy, n esa Return gksus okys Float izdkj ds eku dk dsoy Integer Part gh Store gksrk gS] nleyo ds ckn okys eku Compiler Ignore dj nsrk gSA blh rjg ls tc ge PI ds eku esa ls Integer ds eku 2 dks ?kVkuk pkgrs gSa] rc Compiler Lo;a gh Integer eku 2 dks Float izdkj ds eku 2.0 esa Convert djus ds ckn PI ds eku esa ls ?kVkrk gS vkSj Return gksus okys eku dks Output esa Screen ij Print djrk gSA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Integer izdkj dk eku Float izdkj ds eku esa Automatically Convert gksrk gS] ysfdu Float izdkj dk eku Integer izdkj ds eku esa Automatically Convert ugha gksrk gS] cfYd gesa Lo;a dks Float izdkj ds eku dks Integer izdkj ds eku esa Convert djuk gksrk gSA ,slk djus ds fy, ge ftl Process dks Use djrs gSa] mls Type Casting djuk ;k Type Conversion djuk dgrs gSa] D;ksafd bl izfØ;k esa ,d Data Type dks nwljs Data Type esa Convert fd;k tkrk gSA ekuyks fd ConversionType CV og Type gS] ftlesa Value V dks Convert djds ConvertedType CT esa Store djuk gS] rks gesa bl Conversion dks Perform djus ds fy, fuEukuqlkj Statement fy[kuk gksxk% CT = (CV)V
74 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ekuyks fd V ,d Float izdkj dk eku gS] ftls Integer izdkj ds eku esa Convert djds ,d Integer izdkj ds Variable esa Store djuk gSA bl Type Casting dks Perform djus ds fy, gesa fuEukuqlkj Statement fy[kuk gksxk% Code Segment02 intCT; floatV = 123.699; CT = (int)V; cout << CT; // Value of CT wouldbe 123 AfterType Casting mijksDr Code Segment Float izdkj ds eku dks Truncate djds dsoy Integer Part dks gh Return djrk gS] tks fd CT esa Store gks tkrk gSA ,d ckr /;ku j[ksa fd CT esa Store gksus okyk eku V ds nleyo okys Hkkx dks Round-Off ugha djrk gS] cfYd bl rjg Type Casting djus ds dkj.k Compiler nleyo okys Hkkx dks NksM nsrk gSA blh Manual Type Conversion ds Syntax dks ,d nwljs rjhds ls Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaA ;s rjhdk C++ esa rks Valid gS ysfdu C esa Valid ugha gSA ;kuh ge blh Code Segment dks fuEukuqlkj Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa% Code Segment02 intCT; floatV = 123.699; CT = int(V); cout << CT; // Value of CT wouldbe 123 AfterType Casting geus blh mnkgj.k esa nks ckrsa ns[kh gSaA igyh ;s fd Integer izdkj dk eku Float izdkj ds eku esa Convert gks jgk gSA lkekU;r;k tc fdlh NksVh Size ds Data Type ls cMh Size ds Data Type esa eku Convert gksrk gS] rks og Conversion Compiler }kjk Automatically gksrk gS] tSlk fd igys Code Segment esa gqvk gSA blfy, bl izdkj dh Type Casting dks Automatic Type Casting dgrs gSaA tcfd nwljs Code Segment }kjk geus Float izdkj ds cMs Size ds eku dks NksVs Size ds Integer izdkj ds eku esa Convert djus ds fy, C++ ds Casting Concept dks Use fd;k gSA blfy, bl izdkj dh Casting dks Manual Type Casting dgrs gSaA Compiler Automatic Type Casting dks fuEu Øe esa djrk gS%
75 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi // AutomaticType ConversionFlow bythe Compiler char => short => int => long=> float => double bl Flow ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd Compiler Lower Size ls Higher Size okys Data Type esa Convert gksrk gSA ;kuh char izdkj ds eku dks short esa] short dks int esa int dks long esa long dks float esa o float dks double esa Convert djrk gSA ;kuh fdlh Expression dks Perform djus ls igys Compiler Expression ds lHkh Elements dks lcls Highest Data Type ds eku esa Convert dj nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEu Expression dks nsf[k,% intx = 23320; floaty = 2.4 short s = 1221 longl; l = x + y – s; // Expression bl Expression esa Assignment Operator ds Right Side esa lcls cMk Data Type float gS] blfy, Integer izdkj ds Variable x dk eku o short izdkj ds Variable s dk eku nksuksa eku float izdkj ds eku esa Convert gksus ds ckn Calculate gksaxs vkSj Return gksus okyk Result Float izdkj dk Return gksxk] ysfdu Assignment Operator ds Left Side esa long izdkj dk Variable gS] blfy, Long izdkj ds Variable l esa Return gksus okyk Float izdkj dk eku Long izdkj esa Convert gksus ds ckn Store gksxkA Input From The Keyboard pfy,] vc ge ns[krs gSa fd User tks eku Keyboard ls Input djrk gS] mls C++ esa fdl izdkj ls Memory Variables esa Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA fuEu Statement nsf[k, intnumber; cin >> number; cin Object Keyboard dks Represent djrk gS vkSj ( >> ) Operator “get from” Keyboard ls Input fd, tkus okys eku dks blds Right Side esa fLFkr Variable number esa Store dj nsrk gSA lkekU;r;k Input ysus ls igys ge User dks Prompt djrs gSa fd Program dks fdl izdkj dk eku pkfg,] blds fy, ge cout dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls% int age;
76 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi cout << “Enter your age: “ ‘ cin >> age; ;s Instructions Output Screen fuEukuqlkj Run gksrs gSa% Enter your age : 60 tgka User 60 Enter djrk gSA ge get from Operator dk iz;ksx ,d gh Statements esa dbZ ckj djds dbZ Input izkIr dj ldrs gSa] Bhd mlh rjg ls ftl rjg ls geus fiNys Program esa cout Object ds “put to” Operator dks Use djds ,d gh Statement ls dbZ ekuksa dks Output esa Print fd;k gSA int age; float height; cout << “Enter your age and height:”; cin >> age >> height; ;gka User dks gj Variable dks eku iznku djus ds ckn Enter Key, Space Key ;k Tab Key Press djuk gksrk gSA Numerical Overflow T;knkrj Computers esa Long Integer izdkj dk Variable gesa vf/kdre 4294967296 rd ds eku dks Store djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS] tks fd gkykafd dkQh cMs eku dks Store djus esa l{ke gS ysfdu fQj Hkh ;s ,d lhfer la[;k gSA Mathematical Calculations esa gesa dbZ ckj vuUr rd dks Store djuk gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa tc gekjk eku Long Integer dh Limit ls Hkh Over gks tkrk gS] rks bl izfØ;k dks Numeric Overflow dgrs gSaA ekuyks fd ;fn ge fdlh Program esa 1989000 dks 500 ls xq.kk djokrs gSa rks gesa fuEukuqlkj Output izkIr gksrk gS% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() {
77 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi long n = 198900; cout << “N = “ << n << endl; n = n * 500; cout << “N = “ << n << endl; n = n * 500; cout << “N = “ << n << endl; getch(); } Output N = 198900 N = 99450000 N = -1814607552 bl Program ds Output esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd rhljh ckj tc la[;k dks xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS] rks eku Long Data Type ds Variable dh Range ls Over gks tkrk gS] blfy, gesa izkIr gksus okyk eku Minus esa izkIr gksrk gSA tcfd blh Program esa ;fn ge Float dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] rks dbZ Advance Compilers esa Floating Point ds Overflow gksus ij ,d xyr eku ds LFkku ij gesa Output esa “Infinity” Display gksrk gSA Round-Off Errors dbZ ckj ge Floating Point Number ij Calculation Perform djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa Condition Testing esa Use dj ysrs gSaA okLro esa gesa ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,A D;ksafd Floating Point Values gesa”kk leku eku Return ugha djrs gSaA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu Program nsf[k,% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { float nf = 1.0/3;
78 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi float nd = 0.333333; bool flag; flag = (nf==nd); cout << "Flag = " << flag << endl; cout << "NF = " << nf << endl; cout << "ND = " << nd << endl; nf = 0.333333; flag = (nf==nd); cout << "nFlag = " << flag << endl; cout << "NF = " << nf << endl; cout << "NS = " << nd << endl; } Output Flag = 0 NF = 0.333333 ND = 0.333333 Flag = 1 NF = 0.333333 ND = 0.333333 bl Program ds Output esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd 1.0/3 djus ij Hkh 0.333333 gh vkrk gSA ysfdu tc ge 1.0/3 dks 0.333333 ls Compare djrs gSa] rc izkIr gksus okys Result o NF esa 1.0/3 ds LFkku ij 0.333333 dj nsus ij izkIr gksus okys Result esa D;k vUrj gSA tgka igyk Statement gesa False Return djrk gS] ogha nwljk Statement gesa True Return dj jgk gSA blhfy, dHkh Hkh nks Floating Point Values dks rc rd vkil esa Compare ugha djokuk pkfg, tc rd fd ge Result ds izfr iwjh rjg ls vk”oLr uk gksaA Statement Block { } (Curly Braces) ds chp fy[ks tkus okys lkjs Statements dks Statements dk ,d Block dgk tkrk gSA ;s ckr gesa”kk /;ku j[ksa fd ,d Block ds Statements nwljs Block ds Statements ls fcYdqy gh Separated gksrs gSaA ge ftl Block esa ftu Statements dks
79 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Use djrs gSa ;k ftu Variables dks Define djrs gSa] os Variables dsoy mlh Block ds fy, gh mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA mUgha Variables dks fdlh nwljs Block esa Directly Access ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA Block ds lkFk gh gj Object ;k Variable dk ,d Scope gksrk gSA Scope og fLFkfr gksrh gS] tgka ls dksbZ Variable Create gksus ds ckn Use gksus dh voLFkk esa gksrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, ge ,d Program ns[krs gSaA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { // Start Block of main Function m = 10; // Error: m is not in this block until now. int x = 30; { // Inner Block Started int y = 30; int x = 50; cout << "Value of x of current block " << x << endl; } // Inner Block Ended { // Inner Block Started // OK: x have beencreated before.So this is in the scope in this block cout << " X in Inner Block of outer Block" << x << endl; cout << " Y of Other Block " << y << endl; } // Inner Block Ended cout << "Value of Y " << y << endl; cout << "Value of Y of Inner Block " << y << endl; // Error: int m; } // End of the main Function Block
80 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl Program dks tc ge Compile djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa] rks gesa fuEu Errors izkIr gksrh gSa% Errors: Info :Compiling C:BC5BINblocknscope.cpp Error: blocknscope.cpp(9,7):Undefined symbol 'm' Warn : blocknscope.cpp(17,5):'y' is assigned a value that is never used Error: blocknscope.cpp(22,36):Undefined symbol 'y' Error: blocknscope.cpp(28,10):Multiple declaration for 'm' Warn : blocknscope.cpp(29,2):'m' is declared but never used ;gka lcls igyh Error ;s vk jgh gS fd geus m uke ds Variable dks Define ugha fd;k gS] tcfd Program ds vfUre Statement esa geus m dks Define fd;k gSA ;s Error blfy, vk jgh gS] D;ksafd Compiler Program dks mij ls uhps dh rjQ Execute djrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa mls lcls igys feyus okyk Statement m = 10; gksrk gSA pwafd vHkh m uke dk Variable Memory esa Create ugha gqvk gS] blfy, vHkh rd ;s Variable Main Function ds Block ds Scope esa ugha gSA vr% ge bl Variable dks vHkh Access ugha dj ldrs] tc rd fd ;s Define uk gks tk, vkSj ;s Variable Program ds vfUre Statement ls Define gksrk gSA ;kuh Program ds vfUre Statement ls bl Variable dk Scope pkyw gksrk gSA ;fn bl Statement dks Program dh “kq:vkr esa fy[k nsa] rks Program ds “kq: gksrs gh ;s Statement Execute gksxk vkSj m uke dk Variable Main Function ds Block esa Memory esa Create gks tk,xk vkSj bl Variable dk Scope “kq: gks tk,xkA bl Error dks lgh djds Program dks fQj ls Compile fd;k tk,] rks vc gesa fuEu Errors izkIr gksrh gSa% Warn : blocknscope.cpp(18,5):'y' is assigned a value that is never used Error: blocknscope.cpp(23,36):Undefined symbol 'y' Warn : blocknscope.cpp(29,2):'m' is assigned a value that is never used ;gka y uke ds Variable dks Compiler Undefined ekurk gS] tcfd geus y uke ds Variable dks Main Block ds vUnj ,d vkSj Block Create djds mlesa Declare fd;k gSA Compiler ,slk blfy, djrk gS D;ksafd tc ge fdlh Block esa dksbZ Variable Create djrs gSa] rks og
81 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Variable dsoy ml Block rd ds fy, gh mi;ksxh gksrk gSA ;kuh Variable dsoy ml Block rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA tSls gh Program Control Block ds Statements dks Execute djds Block ls ckgj fudyrk gS] Block esa Created Variable y dk Scope Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gS ;kuh Variable y dsoy Block esa gh Accessible gSA vr% bl Error dks gVkus ds fy, gesa Main Functions ds Block esa y uke ds Variable dks Create djuk gksxkA ;s nksuksa ifjorZu djus ij gekjk Program fuEukuqlkj gks tkrk gS% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { // Start Block of main Function int m; int y = 20; m = 10; // Error: m is not in this block until now. int x = 30; { // Inner Block Started int y = 30; int x = 50; cout << "Value of x of current block " << x << endl; } // Inner Block Ended { // Inner Block Started // OK: x have beencreated before.So this is in the scope in this block cout << " X in Inner Block of outer Block" << x << endl; cout << " Y of Other Block " << y << endl; } // Inner Block Ended cout << "Value of Y " << y << endl; cout << "Value of Y of Inner Block " << y << endl; // Error: getch(); } // End of the main Function Block
82 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Output Value of x of current block 50 X in Inner Block of outer Block 30 Y of Other Block 20 Value of Y 20 Value of Y of Inner Block 20 bl Program ds Output esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd gekjs ikl x o y uke ds nks Variables gSaA igyk Variable Main Functions ds Block esa gS tcfd nwljk Main Function ds vUnj Define fd, x, nwljs Block esa gSaA tc Program dks Run fd;k tkrk gS] rc Program ds Inner Block esa fy[ks x, cout Statement dk Execution gksus ij gesa Output esa x dk eku 30 ugha cfYd 50 izkIr gksrk gSA tcfd geus Main Function ds Block esa x dk eku 30 fn;k gSA lkFk gh tc ge Inner Block ds y dk eku Print djuk pkgrs gSa] rc Hkh gesa Main Function ds gh Block ds y dk eku Output esa izkIr gksrk gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd Compiler tc Inner Most Block esa fdlh Variable ds eku dks Print djuk pkgrk gS] rc og ml Block esa gh lcls igys okafNr Variable dks [kkstrk gSA pwafd x uke dk Variable Compiler dks Inner Block esa gh fey tkrk gS] blfy, Compiler Main Function ds Block ds x ds eku dks Output esa Print ugha djrk] cfYd Inner Block ds x ds eku dks gh Output esa Print dj nsrk gSA tcfd tc ge y dk eku Main Functions ds Block esa Print djuk pkgrs gSa] rc Compiler Inner Block ds Variable y ds eku dks Print ugha djrk cfYd nksuksa gh ckj Main Function ds Block ds y ds eku dks gh Print dj nsrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;s gS fd Compiler dHkh Hkh ftl Block esa gksrk gS] mlesa vkSj mlls ckgj dh rjQ gh fdlh Hkh Variable dks [kkstrk gSA fdlh Block ds vUnj ;fn nwljk Block gks] rks ml Inner Block esa Compiler fdlh Variable dks ugha [kkstrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;s gksrk gS] fd tSls gh Compiler Inner Most Block dks Execute djds Block ls ckgj vkrk gS] Inner Block vkSj mlds lHkh Variables Memory ls Destroy gks tkrs gSaA blh dkj.k ls Compiler Inner Most Block esa Variable dks ugha [kkstrk gS] lkFk gh tks Hkh Statement ge fdlh Program esa Use djrs gSa] mlesa ls Compiler dsoy mUgha Statements ds ckjs esa tkurk gS] tgka rd ds Statements dks Compiler us Execute dj fy;k gSA Compiler us ftu Statements dks Execute ugha fd;k gksrk gS] Compiler mu Statements ds ckjs esa rc rd dqN ugha tkurk gS] tc rd fd Compiler mUgsa Execute ugha dj nsrk gSA
83 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl rjg ls Compiler tc fdlh Current Statement ij gksrk gS] rc nks fLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d fLFkfr esa gksrk gSA ;fn Compiler fdlh Inner Block dks Execute dj pqdk gS] rks mlesa Define fd, x, fdlh Variable ds ckjs esa ugha tkurk gS] D;ksafd Block ls ckgj vkrs gh Block ds lHkh Variables Destroy gks pqds gksrs gSa] tcfd ;fn Compiler ftl Statement ij gS ml Statement ls ckn esa fdlh Statement ;k Block esa dksbZ Variable Define fd;k x;k gS] rks mlds ckjs esa Hkh dqN ugha tkurk gS] D;ksafd vHkh rd Compiler us mu Statements dks Execute gh ugha fd;k gSA I/O Streams geus cout o cin Objects dks Use djus dh tks rduhd bl v/;k; esa iznf”kZr dh gS] bUgsa I/O Streams dgk tkrk gSA Stream Data ds Flow dk ,d lk/kkj.k rjhdk gksrk gSA ge tc Hkh dksbZ Program cukrs gSa] gesa gekjs Program esa Input o Output dh C++ }kjk iznku dh tkus okyh lqfo/kk dks izkIr djus ds fy,] IOSTREAM.H uke dh ,d Header File dks Include djuk iMrk gSA C Language esa ge Input Output ds fy, printf() o scanf() Functions dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ftlesa gesa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Type ds Variables dks Access djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds Control Strings dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA ;fn ge xyrh ls dgha ij xyr Control String dk iz;ksx dj nsrs gSa] rks gekjk Program gesa dHkh lgh ifj.kke iznku ugha djrkA C++ esa bl izdkj ls gksus okyh Mistakes dks Avoid djus ds fy, blesa u, rjhds ds Input o Output Approach dks Add fd;k x;k gSA blds iz;ksx ls ge fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Data Type ds lkFk fcuk fdlh izdkj ds Control Strings dk iz;ksx fd, izfØ;k dj ldrs gSaA ;s ,d cgqr gh mi;ksxh rduhd gS ftlesa Data Type Control String ds iz;ksx ls gksus okyh Mismatching ls gksus okyh Mistakes dh lEHkkouk ugha jgrh gSA AbstractData Types ,d Programmer tc fdlh Program dks fy[kuk pkgrk gS rks lcls igyh pht tks mls Handle djuh gksrh gS og gksrh gS leL;kA lkekU;r;k ge ,d Real Life Problem dks Face dj jgs gksrs gSa vkSj ge pkgrs gSa fd ml Real Life Problem dks Solve djus ds fy, ,d Computer Program cuk fy;k tk,A ysfdu Real Life Problems dh dbZ ckrsa gksrh gSaA dqN ckrsa leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, t:jh gksrh gSa rks dqN ckrsa ml leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, Qkyrw gksrh gSaA
84 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi gesa tks Hkh Program cukuk gksrk gS] ml “Real Life” ls tqMh gqbZ leL;k dks Computer esa Data ds :i esa Feed djuk gksrk gS] rkfd Computer ml Data ij Processing dj ldsA leL;k dks Data ds :i esa foHkkftr djus ds fy, gesa leL;k dks le>uk gksrk gS] rkfd leL;k dh mu vko”;d ckrksa dks vuko”;d ckrksa ls vyx fd;k tk lds] tks ml leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSaA leL;k dks vPNh rjg ls le>us ds ckn lkjka”k ds :i esa tks vko”;d Details gesa izkIr gksrh gSa] mUgsa Computer esa Data ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh “Real Life” Problem dks le> dj mldh mu vko”;d ckrksa dks tks fd leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSa] ys ysuk vkSj “ks’k vuko”;d ckrksa dks NksM nsuk] bl izfØ;k dks Abstraction dgk tkrk gSA bls fuEu fp= esa n”kkZ;k x;k gS% Create a model from a problem with abstraction. fdlh fc[kjh gqbZ leL;k dks lqy>kus ds fy, mls fp= esa crk, Model Box ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr dj ysuk leL;k dk Abstraction dgykrk gSA ;gka Åij crk, x, fp= esa Model Box leL;k dk Abstract View n”kkZ jgk gS tgka Model Box esa dsoy leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Details gh gksrh gSa tks leL;k ds lek/kku dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA “ks’k vuko”;d Details dks gVk fn;k x;k gksrk gSA leL;k dk Abstraction djus ds ckn gekjs ikl leL;k ls lEcaf/kr dsoy mi;ksxh tkudkjh gh gksrh gS vkSj leL;k ls lEcaf/kr bu mi;ksxh tkudkfj;ksa ls gesa leL;k dh fo”ks’krkvksa dks ifjHkkf’kr djuk gksrk gSA bu fo”ks’krkvksa esa gesa fuEu nks ckrsa r; djuh gksrh gSa% 1 os Data dkSu ls gSa] tks fd leL;k esa izHkkfor gks jgs gSaA ;kuh fdl Data ij izfØ;k gks jgh gSA vkSj 2 os izfØ;k,a dkSulh gSa tks Data ij Operations djrh gSa vkSj Data dh fLFkfr dks ifjofrZr djrh gSaA bl izfØ;k dks le>us ds fy, ge ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA ekuk fdlh Company dk Head vkrk gS vkSj vkils ,d ,slk Program cukus ds fy, dgrk gS] ftlls og vius Employees ds ckjs
85 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi esa lkjh tkudkjh j[k lds vkSj tc ftl Employee ds ckjs esa pkgs mldh Detail izkIr dj ldsA bl leL;k esa lcls igys gekjk dke bl leL;k ds ewy mn~ns”; dks tkuuk gSA bl leL;k esa Administrator vkils vius Employees dk Bio-Data tkuuk pkgrk gSA ;kuh bl leL;k esa Employee izHkkfor gks jgk gS blfy, ,d Employee ds ckjs esa tks Hkh tkudkfj;ka t:jh gks ldrh gSa] os lHkh Details Computer ds fy, Data gksaxhA pwafd Employee ,d “Real Person” gS blfy, gj Employee dh dbZ fo”ks’krk,a (Characteristics) gks ldrh gSa tSls • name • size • date of birth, • shape • social number • room number • hair color • hobbies fuf”pr :i ls Employee dh bu lHkh Qualities dh Administrator dks dksbZ t:jr ugha gksxhA buesa ls dsoy dqN gh ckrsa Administrator dh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr gksaxh] ftUgsa og tkuuk pkgsxkA ifj.kkeLo:i leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, ge Employee dk ,d Model cukrs gSaA bl Model esa Employee dh dsoy mu fo”ks’krkvksa (Properties) dks gh fy;k tkrk gS] ftldh Administrator dks t:jr gks ldrh gSA tSls Employee dk uke] mldh tUe rkjh[k vkSj mldh Qualification, bu Properties dks Model (Employee) dk Data dgrs gSaA ;kuh ge ,d Employee dh fofHkUu Properties esa ls dsoy mu Properties dks gh leL;k esa mi;ksxh eku jgs gSa ftudh tkudkjh Properties ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSA ;kuh ,d Employee dh dsoy mu ckrksa dks ys jgs gSa ftudh Administrator dks t:jr gS “ks’k dks NksM jgs gSaA blh izfØ;k dks Abstraction dgrs gSa ftlesa leL;k ls lEcaf/kr t:jh phtksa dks vU; fcuk t:jr dh phtksa ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd bl leL;k ds fy, Employee dh ftu Properties dks NksMk tk jgk gS] gks ldrk gS fd fdlh vU; leL;k ds lek/kku esa mUgha Properties dh t:jr gksA rks ml fdlh nwljh leL;k ds Abstraction esa izkIr gksus okyh t:jh ckrsa bl leL;k dh t:jh ckrksa ls vyx gksaxhA bl mnkgj.k ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd fdl izdkj ls ,d Abstract Model dk iz;ksx djds ,d
86 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi “Real World Object” ;kuh ,d O;fDr dks Describe dj ldrs gSa vkSj fQj ml Real World Object dks Computer esa Logically Represent dj ldrs gSaA gkykafd vHkh Hkh ;s fooj.k iw.kZ ugha gSA ;gka dqN Operations Hkh ifjHkkf’kr fd, tkus pkfg,a] ftlls Administrator ml Abstract Employee dks Handle dj ldsA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;gka ,d ,slk Operation gksuk pkfg,] ftlls tc dksbZ u;k O;fDr Company esa vk, rks Program esa Hkh u, Employee dks Create fd;k tk ldsA ;kuh gesa ,sls Operations dks Hkh r; djuk gksxk ftudks Abstract Employee ij Perform fd;k tk ldsA gesa ;s Hkh r; djuk gksxk fd Company ds Employees ds Data dks dsoy os gh Operations Access dj ldsa ftUgsa ,slk djus ds fy, Define fd;k x;k gSA ,slk djus ij gesa”kk ;s fuf”pr jgsxk fd Data Elements mudh lgh fLFkfr esa gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge ;s Check dj ldrs gSa fd D;k Input dh xbZ Date Valid gS ;k ughaA lkjka”k esa dgsa rks Abstraction ,d ,slk rjhdk gS ftlls tfVy “Real Life” Problem dks muds Data vkSj ¼Data ds eku dks Change djus okys½ Operations }kjk ,d Well Definedz Unit ;k Entity ds :i esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlesa leL;k ds Data o Data ij dke djus okys Operations lfEefyr :i ls ,d lkFk Combined jgrs gSaA tc fdlh leL;k ls izHkkfor gksus okys fofHkUu Data o mu Data ij dke djus okys fofHkUu Operations dks ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tkrk gS] rks bl izfØ;k dks Encapsulation dgrs gSa vkSj bl Unit dks Entity ;k Object dgk tkrk gSA C++ esa ge tks Class Develop djrs gSa og ,d Abstract Data Type ;k u, izdkj dk Data Type gksrk gSA ftl rjg ls ;fn gesa Integer izdkj ds eku dks Computer esa Manage djuk gks rks ge int Class ds Data Type dk ,d Instance ;k Object Create djrs gSa vkSj ;fn gesa fdlh uke dks Computer esa Store djds Manage djuk gks rks ge String Class dk ,d Object Create djrs gSa] mlh rjg ls C++ esa tks Class cukbZ tkrh gS] og Class Hkh ,d u, izdkj dk Data Type gksrk gS vkSj ge bl Class ds Hkh Objects Create djds mls Computer esa Store o Manage dj ldrs gSaA ;gka vkids fnekx esa ,d loky vk ldrk gS] fd tc gekjs ikl Basic izdkj ds Data Type gSa rks gesa u, Data Type cukus dh D;k t:jr gS bldk tokc ;s gS fd Basic izdkj ds Data Type ds Objects dh ,d ijs”kkuh ;s gS fd ge Computer esa dksbZ Hkh eku Lora= :i ls Store ugha djrs gSaA gj eku dk fdlh nwljs eku ls lEca/k gksrk gSA ;fn gesa dsoy ,d la[;k dks Computer esa Store djuk gks] rks ge int ;k float ;k double izdkj dk Object Create djds eku dks Computer esa Store dj ldrs gSaA
87 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;fn gesa ,d gh Data Type ds dbZ eku Computer esa Store djds Manage djus gksa rks ge Array dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu tc gesa dbZ izdkj ds ekuksa dks ,d lewg ds :i esa Computer esa Store o Manage djuk gks] rc gesa ,d ,sls rjhds dh t:jr iMrh gS] ftlls ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Types dk iz;ksx dj ldsa vkSj mUgsa ,d lkFk ,d gh Object ds lUnHkZ esa Use dj ldsaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn gesa dsoy ,d Student ds Roll Number dks Computer esa Store djuk gks] rks ge ,d int izdkj dk Variable Declare dj ldrs gSaA ;fn gesa nl Students ds Roll Number Store djus gksa rks ge int izdkj dk ,d Array Create dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn gesa ,d Student ds uke] Address] Contact Number, Class, City, State vkfn dbZ izdkj ds Data dks Compute esa Store djuk gks] rks gekjs ikl ,d ,slk rjhdk gksuk pkfg,] ftlls ge ,d gh le; ij vko”;drkuqlkj int, float, double, char lHkh izdkj ds Data ds lewg ds lkFk izfØ;k dj ldsaA ;fn ,slk rjhdk uk gks rks ge ;s fdl rjg ls ;s r; djsaxs fd ge ftl Student ds uke dks Access dj jgs gSa] mlds firk dk ogh uke Computer Return djsxk tks geus Feed fd;k FkkA ,slk rHkh gks ldrk gS] tc gj Student ds Record ds lHkh Fields ,d nwljs ls Related gksa vkSj lHkh Fields ,d lkFk Access gksrs gksaA Class gesa ;gh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ,d Class ds }kjk ge Real World Object dks ,d u, Data Type ds :i esa Computer esa Logically Describe dj ysrs gSa vkSj ml Description ds vk/kkj ij u, Data Type ds Objects Create djds mlh izdkj ls izfØ;k djrs gSa] ftl rjg ls mu Objects ds lkFk Real World esa izfØ;k dh tkrh gSA “C++” dh lcls cMh fo”ks’krk bldh Class o Objects dh ubZ vo/kkj.kk gh gSA Class ds ckjs esa geus fiNys v/;k; esa FkksMk lk crkus dh dksf”k”k dh FkhA vc ge Class dks vPNh rjg ls le>saxsA Class okLro esa Structure dk gh foLr`r :i gSA Class dks Define djus ds fy, class Keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Class dks Define djus dk Format fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% Class class_name { private: Data_Members; Member_Functions; Public: Data_Members; Member_Functions; };
88 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ftl rjg ls ge Structure dks New Data Type Define djus esa Use djrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls class dks Hkh New Data Type cukus ds fy, Use fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu tgka Structure izdkj ds Data Type ds Variables dks Declare djus ds fy, gesa Structure ds uke ds lkFk struct Key word dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gS] ogha class izdkj ds Data Type ds Variables dks Declare djus ds fy, gesa Class ds uke ds lkFk class Keyword dk iz;ksx ugha djuk iMrk gSA lkFk gh Class izdkj ds Variables dks Variables ds ctk; Object ds uke ls igpkuk tkrk gSA Structure ds Members Default :i ls Global ;k Public gksrs gSa tcfd class ds Members Default :i ls Local ;k Private gksrs gSaA class o Structure esa nwljk vUrj ;s gS fd Structures esa Structure ds Data dks dksbZ Hkh Function Program esa dgha Hkh Use dj ldrk gSA tcfd Class ds Data Members dks Use djus ds Functions Class ds vUnj gh Declare fd, tkrs gS vkSj ge dsoy bUgh Member Function ds }kjk Class ds Data Members dks Use dj ldrs gSaA fdlh Class esa ftu Data Members o Member Function dks private Area esa fy[kk tkrk gS] mu Data Members o Member Functions dks dsoy mlh Class }kjk Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA tcfd ftu Data Members o Member Functions dks public Area esa fy[kk tkrk gS] mu Data Members o Member Functions dks iwjs Program esa dgha Hkh mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA Bhd mlh rjg ls tSls Structure ds Members dks izksxzke esa dgha Hkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA Class dks vPNh rjg ls le>us ds fy, ge lcls igys bls ,d Structure dks Modify djds Class esa cnysaxs vkSj fQj Øe ls Class dh fo”ks’krkvksa dks le>rs gq, bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA geus “C” esa book_bank dk ,d mnkgj.k ysdj Structure dks le>k;k FkkA ;gh mnkgj.k ge Class dks le>kus ds fy, ys jgs gSaA struct book_bank { char title[20]; char author[30]; int page; float price; } book1; ;gka ,d Structure cuk;k x;k gS ftldk ,d Variable book1 gSA ;fn ge fdlh book dk title, author dk uke, book ds i`’Bksa dh la[;k vkSj book dh dher Input djds mls Display djuk pkgsa rks gesa fuEu izdkj dk ,d main() Function fy[kuk iMsxk%
89 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> struct book_bank { char title[20]; char author[30]; int page; float price; void Input(void) { cout<<"Enter Book's Title t"; cin>>title; cout<<"nEnter Book's Author t"; cin>>author; cout<<"nEnter Book's Page t"; cin>>page; cout<<"nEnter Book's Price t"; cin>>price; } void Display(void) { cout<<"Book Name t :"<<title; cout<<"nBook Author t :"<<author; cout<<"nBook Page t :"<<page; cout<<"nBook Price t :"<<price; } }; void main(void) { book_bank book1; clrscr(); book1.Input();
90 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi book1.Display(); getch(); } ;s izksxzke ns[k dj “kk;n vki Confuse gks tk,a fd fdl izdkj ls Structure dks Use fd;k x;k gSA blfy, igys ge blh Program dks le>rs gSaA ge tkurs gSa fd ,d Structure fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Type ds] vkil esa Logically Related Data dk lewg gksrk gSA ;kuh ge ,d Structure esa fofHkUu izdkj (Data Type) ds Data j[k ldrs gSaA tc ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Type ds Members fdlh Structure esa j[k ldrs gSa] rks mlh Structure esa ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Functions Hkh j[k ldrs gSa vkSj ftl rjg ls fdlh Structure izdkj ds Variable Declare djds] ge mu Variables }kjk] Structure ds fofHkUu Members dks Access djrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls bu Functions dks Dot Operator ;k Arrow Operator dk iz;ksx djds Access dj ldrs gSaA eku yks fd gesa fdlh Book dk uke bl Structure esa j[kuk gS] rks ge book_bank izdkj dk ,d Structure izdkj dk Variable Declare djrs gSaA ekuk geus book_bank book; Statement ds iz;ksx ls ,d book_bank izdkj dk Variable Declare fd;k vkSj blh Variable ds lkFk Dot Operator dk iz;ksx djds geus Structure esa fLFkr Member title esa book.title = “Ramayan” Statement }kjk uke Hkst fn;k gSA ;kuh book_bank book; book.title = “Ramayan”; bl Statement ls Structure ds title uke ds Member esa “Ramayan” Store gks tkrk gSA ;fn ge Bhd blh izfØ;k dks viukrs gq, fdlh Structure esa Declare o Define fd, x, Function dks Use djuk pkgsa] rks mls Hkh Access dj ldrs gSA bl Program ds Structure esa geus nks Function dks Structure ds Members ds :i esa fy[kk gS] lkFk gh mUgsa Define Hkh dj fn;k gSA fQj geus book1 uke dk ,d Structure izdkj dk Variable Declare fd;k gS vkSj book1.Input() Statement }kjk Structure book_bank ds ,d Member, tks fd ,d Function gS] dks Call fd;k gSA ;s Statement Compiler dks ;s crkrk gS fd Input uke dk ,d Function gS] ftls book_bank Structure esa Define fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;s Function ml Structure dk Member Function gS] blhfy, bls Dot Operator ds lkFk Use fd;k tk jgk gSA tSls gh Program dks Run fd;k tkrk gS] Variable Declare gksus ds ckn Program Control tc book1.Input() Statement dks Execute djrk gS] rks Program Control lh/ks gh
91 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Structure esa igqap tkrk gS vkSj Input() Function ds Statements dk Execution djuk “kq: dj nsrk gSA ;s Function ,d Statement Block {} esa gS] vkSj ;gha ij lHkh Members Declare fd, x, gSa] blfy, Function dks ;s ugah crkuk iMrk gS fd ge fdlh Structure ds Members dks eku ns jgs gSa] D;ksafd Function Lo;a mlh Structure esa gSA Input() Function eku izkIr djds Structure esa j[k nsrk gS vkSj Display() Function Structure esa Store ekuksa dks Print dj nsrk gSA vc blh Program dks ;fn class ds :i esa cuk;k tk,] rks ;s Program fuEukuqlkj cusxk tks fd fcYdqy mlh izdkj ls dke djsxk ftl izdkj ls ;s Program dj jgk gSA pwafd tSlkfd geus igys gh crk;k fd class ds Members Default :i ls Private gksrs gSa] blfy;s ;fn blh Program esa dsoy struct Keyword ds LFkku ij class Keyword dks Replace dj nsa vkSj Class esa public Keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,] rks ;s Structure ,d Class esa cny tk,xkA blh Program dks uhps fn[kk;k x;k gSA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> class book_bank { public: char title[20]; char author[30]; int page; float price; void Input(void) { cout<<"Enter Book's Title t"; cin>>title; cout<<"nEnter Book's Author t"; cin>>author; cout<<"nEnter Book's Page t"; cin>>page; cout<<"nEnter Book's Price t"; cin>>price;
92 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi } void Display(void) { cout<<"Book Name t :"<<title; cout<<"nBook Author t :"<<author; cout<<"nBook Page t :"<<page; cout<<"nBook Price t :"<<price; } }; void main(void) { book_bank book1; clrscr(); book1.Input(); book1.Display(); getch(); } ftl rjg ls ge fdlh Structure ds Members dks Directly Access dj ldrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls fdlh Class esa public Area esa Declare fd, x, Members dks Hkh Use dj ldrs gSaA tSls ekuk ge fdlh Book dk uke o mldh dher dks bl Class esa Store djuk pkgsa] rks ge fuEu Statement ds vuqlkj ;s dj ldrs gSa% book1.title = “Ramayana”; book1.price = 1230; lk/kkj.k :i ls Class ds vUnj fd, tkus okys Declarations dks Header Files esa fy[k dj j[k fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ml Header File dks Program esa Include dj fy;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ge pkgsa rks ge Class esa fd, tkus okys Declarations dks Main Program File esa Hkh j[k ldrs gSa] tSlkfd vHkh cuk, x, Program esa fd;k x;k gSA Program ds Member Functions dks nks txg Define fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;k rks tgka Member Function dks Declare fd;k tkrk gS] ogha ij mls Define dj fn;k tk,A tSlkfd Åij ds Program esa fd;k x;k gSA bls Inside The Class Definition dgk tkrk gSA nwljs rjhds esa Class ds vUnj dsoy Member Function dks Declare fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Member Function dks Class ds ckgj Define fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg ds Definition dks
93 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Outside The Class Definition dgk tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks uhps ds Program esa Use fd;k x;k gSA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> class book_bank { public: char title[20]; char author[30]; int page; float price; void Display(void); void Input(void); }; void main(void) { book_bank book1; clrscr(); book1.Input(); book1.Display(); getch(); } void book_bank::Display(void) { cout<<"Book Name t :"<<title; cout<<"nBook Author t :"<<author; cout<<"nBook Page t :"<<page; cout<<"nBook Price t :"<<price; } void book_bank::Input(void) { cout<<"Enter Book's Title t";
94 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi cin>>title; cout<<"nEnter Book's Author t"; cin>>author; cout<<"nEnter Book's Page t"; cin>>page; cout<<"nEnter Book's Price t"; cin>>price; } bl Program esa Member Functions dks Class ds ckgj Define fd;k x;k gSA tc fdlh Member Function dks Class ds ckgj Define fd;k tkrk gS] rc gesa Compiler dks ;s crkuk t:jh gksrk gS fd ftl Function dks Define fd;k tk jgk gS] og Function fdl Class esa Declare fd;k x;k gSA ;s crkus ds fy, gesa ml Class dks Member Function ds lkFk Scope Resolution Operator }kjk tksMuk iMrk gSA tSls fd void book_bank::Input(void) statement Compiler dks crkrk gS fd ftl Function dks Define fd;k tk jgk gS] og Function book_bank Class dk ,d Member Function gSA tc Hkh ge “C++” esa dksbZ Function Define djrs gSa] rc Compiler dks ;s Hkh crkuk iMrk gS fd og Function fdl izdkj ds Argument ysxk vkSj fdl izdkj dk eku Return djsxkA pwafd ;s Function fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ eku Return ugha dj jgk gS blfy, Function dh Return Value void Declare dh gS rFkk ;s Function fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Argument ys Hkh ugha jgk gS] blfy, Function ds dks’Bd esa Hkh void dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA vHkh geus tks izksxzke crk;k gS ml Program esa class book_bank ds lHkh Members dks public j[kk gSA pwafd] OOP esa Data dks T;knkrj Hide j[kk tkrk gS] blfy, Data Members ds Variables dks private Area esa fy[kk tkrk gSA tc ge Data Members dks Private Area esa fy[krs gSa] rc gesa ,sls Member Function fy[kus gksrs gSa tks fd public gksa] D;ksafd dsoy class ds os Member Function gh ml Data ds lkFk izfØ;k dj ldrs gSaA tSls ekuk gesa fdlh Book dh dher o i`’Bksa dh la[;k Object esa Initialize djuh gS vkSj ge fiNys Program esa ;fn book1.price = 123; vkSj book1.page = 123; Statement Use djsa] rks Program dke djsxk vkSj Object esa Price o Page Initialise gks tk,axsA ysfdu ;fn Class book_bank ds Data Members dks private Area esa Declare fd;k tk,] rks ;s Statement Illegal gksaxsA D;ksafd Class dh ;s fo”ks’krk gS fd Private Area esa Declare
95 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi fd, x, Data Members dks dsoy mlh class ds Member Function gh Access dj ldrs gSaA Object “C” es geus i<k gS fd fdlh Structure izdkj ds Variables User Defined Data Type gksrs gSaA “C” esa bls Structure izdkj ds Variables dgrs gSaA Bhd blh izdkj ls ge “C++” esa Hkh Structures dks User Defined Data Type ds Variables Declare djus ds fy, Use dj ldrs gSaA “C++” esa User Defined Data Type ds Variable dks Object dgk tkrk gSA ;kuh Structure, Class ;k Union izdkj ds Variables dks Object dgk tkrk gSA ;fn ;s dgk tk, fd veqd Structure izzdkj dk Variable ;k veqd Class izzdkj dk Variable] rks ;s cksyus esa dkQh cMk “kCn cu tkrk gSA bl cMs uke dks gh NksVs :i esa veqd Structure, Class ;k Union dk Object dgk tkrk gSA Object Oriented Programming System (OOPS) ,d ,slk rjhdk gS ftlesa Develop fd;k tkus okyk Program mlh rjg fdlh leL;k dks gy djrk gS ftl rjg ls ge gekjs okLrfod thou esa ml leL;k dks gy djrs gSaA Object Oriented Programming System dks Bhd ls le>us ds fy, ge ,d lkekU; lh leL;k dks ysrs gSa vkSj mls Object Oriented Programming System (OOPS) ds fl)karksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, gy djrs gSaA bl rjhds ls ge Object Oriented Programming System (OOPS) dks T;knk vPNh rjg ls vkSj izk;ksfxd rkSj ij le> ldrs gSaA Book Stall as Object fdlh Hkh leL;k dk lek/kku Computer }kjk izkIr djus ds fy, ge Softwares ;k Programs cukrs gSaA ;s Program cukus ls igys gesa leL;k dks vPNh rjg ls le>uk gksrk gSA ekuyks fd gekjs ikl leL;k ;s gS fd ,d Book Stall dk ekfyd ftldk uke RadhaKrishna gS] gekjs ikl vkrk gS vkSj dgrk gS fd og vius Book Stalls dks Computer }kjk Manage djuk pkgrk gSA blfy, mls ,d ,sls Software dh t:jr gS ftlls mldh t:jr iwjh gks tk,A pwafd mldh t:jr D;k gS ;s tkus fcuk ge mlds yk;d Software ugha cuk ldrs gSa vkSj Software Develop djus ds fy, ;s t:jh gS fd og vius Book Stall dks orZeku esa fdl izdkj ls Handle djrk gS] ;s tkuk tk,A ftl rjg ls og orZeku esa okLrfod rkSj ij vius Book Stalls dks Handle djrk gS] Computer esa Hkh ge mls mlh rjg ls Represent dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd gekjs ikl Object
96 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Oriented Programming Language “C++” gSA tc mlls ;s irk fd;k fd mlds Book Stall ij D;k gksrk gS] rks mlus crk;k fd mlds 6 Book Stalls gSa vkSj gj Book Stall ij dsoy nks gh Items Books o Magazines csps tkrs gSaA okLro esa bl Program dk Object iwjs Book Stall dks Modal ugha djsxk cfYd dsoy mu t:jh Data dks Modal djsxk ftudh ,d Book Stall dks fcuk :dkoV ds pykus ds fy, t:jr gksrh gSA RadhaKrishna ds Book Stalls ij gj jkst dqN iqLrdsa o Magazines csaph tkrh gSaA ;fn iqLrdsa ;k Magazines lekIr gksus okyh gksa] rks ubZ iqLrdsa [kjhnh tkrh gSaA cl bruk gh dke gksrk gSA RadhaKrishna vius Book Stall dh fLFkfr (State of Attributes) crkrk gS fd iwjs “kgj esa vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij mlds 6 Book Stalls gSa vkSj mlus mu Book Stalls dks Operate djus ds fy, 6 yksxksa dks Hire dj j[kk gSA og Lo;a ,d Central Office esa jgrk gS tks fd yxHkx mlds lHkh Book Stalls ls e/; esa gSA bl O;oLFkk dks ge fuEu fp= esa ns[k ldrs gSaA RadhaKrishna us vius lHkh Book Stalls ij ,d Phone yxk j[kk gS rkfd lHkh Book Stall ds Operators ls Touch ;k Connected jg ldsA mlus vius lHkh Book Stall dks ,d Number ns j[kk gS] ftlls og lHkh Book Stalls dks igpkurk gSA ;s rks RadhaKrishna ds Book Stall dh fLFkfr (State) gSA vius Book Stall dh fLFkfr crkus ds ckn vc og crkrk gS fd og vius Book Stalls dks Handle dSls djrk gS og dgrk gS fd gj jkst ftl le; dksbZ Operator Book Stall Open djrk gS] rks og rqjUr dqy Books o Magazines dh la[;k ;kuh Current Stock RadhaKrishna dks Phone djds crkrk gSA ;kuh mlds Book Stall ds Stock dh fLFkfr (State of Stock) D;k gSA lkFk gh tc Hkh fdlh Book Stall ls dksbZ Item fcdrk gS] rks ml Book Stall dk Operator vius Book Stall dk Number crkrk gS vkSj RadhaKrishna dks ;s Message nsrk gS fd mlds Stall ls ,d Book ;k ,d Magazine fcd pqdh gSA ¼gkykafd okLro esa ,slk ugha gks ldrk gS fd gj Book ds fcdus ij Appropriator dks Message fd;k tk, vkSj Book Stall ij dsoy ,d gh Book o Magazine csph tkrh gks½ bl rjhds ls RadhaKrishna dks mlds gj Book Stall ds Stock dk Input o Output irk pyrk jgrk gS] ftls og Note djrk jgrk gS vkSj bl Node ds vk/kkj ij mls irk jgrk gS fd fdl Book Stall ij fdlh le; fdruk Stock miyC/k gSA bl tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij RadhaKrishna le; jgrs ;s r; dj ikrk gS fd mls Supplier dks vkSj Books o Magazines dk Order dc nsuk gSA
97 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl iwjh tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd RadhaKrishna dks vius gj Book Stall ls rhu izdkj ls Interactions dh t:jr gksrh gS vkSj bUgha rhu rjhdksa dk Interaction mls mlds Program ls pkfg, rkfd og vius Program ls fuEu rhu dke dj lds& 1 og vius Program esa gj jkst dqy Books o Magazines dh la[;k Enter dj ldsA 2 gj Book ;k Magazine ds Sale gksus dk Record j[k ldsA ;kuh tc Hkh fdlh Book Stall ls dksbZ Book ;k Magazine fcds] rks og ml Book Stall ds Stock dks de dj ldsA 3 og Program ls ;s tku lds fd fdlh Book Stall ij fdlh le; dqy fdruk Stock “ks’k gSA Step 1 igys Step dks iwjk djrs gq, gj jkst lqcg RadhaKrishna vius Program }kjk fuEukuqlkj gj Book Stall ds Books dh la[;k ;k Stock dks Computer esa Enter dj ldrk gS% Stall number:1 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 34 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:103 <--userentersquantity Stall number:2 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 40 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:13 <--userentersquantity Stall number:3 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 49 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:30 <--userentersquantity Stall number:4 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 90 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:100 <--userentersquantity Stall number:5 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 140 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:65 <--userentersquantity Stall number:6 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 20 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:60 <--userentersquantity
98 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;kuh Computer ,d Message nsrk gS] vkSj RadhaKrishna ml Message ds vuqlkj Data Input djrk gSA Step 2 nwljh fLFkfr izkIr djus ds fy, tc Program esa Book ;k Magazines ds Selling dh Entry djuh gks] rc fuEukuqlkj dsoy ,d Message vkuk pkfg,] tgka RadhaKrishna ml Book Stall dk Number Input djsxk tgka ls Book Sell gqbZ gSA Enter stall number:3 <--userentersstandnumber blds ckn fuEukuqlkj ,d vkSj Message vk,xk tks RadhaKrishna ls iwNsxk fd Book Sell gqbZ gS ;k Magazine, RadhaKrishna tks Hkh Option Select djsxk] Program Automatically ml Item ds Stock dh la[;k dks ,d de dj nsxkA Press0 forBook and1 for Magazine:1 <--userentersstandnumber Step3 rhljh fLFkfr izkIr djus ds fy, RadhaKrishna dks dsoy fdlh Hkh Stall dk Number Input djuk gksxkA ml Stall ds Stock dh tkudkjh fuEukuqlkj izkIr gks tk,xh& Enter stall number:4 <--userentersstandnumber Booksin hand= 30 <--programdisplaysdata Magazinesinhand = 130 <--programdisplaysdata geus iwjs Description ds vk/kkj ij ;s r; fd;k fd RadhaKrishna dh leL;k dk lek/kku fdl izdkj ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ml Description ds vk/kkj ij Interaction ;kuh User Interface Hkh r; djus dh dksf”k”k dh fd RadhaKrishna vius Program ls fdl izdkj Interface dj ldsxk ;k fdl izdkj ls vius Program ls Interact djsxkA vc gesa ;s lksapuk gS fd RadhaKrishna dks bl izdkj dk Interaction izkIr gks] bldk Design Object Oriented Programming Language “C++” esa fdl izdkj ls cuk;k tk, ,d Object Oriented Programmer fdlh Hkh leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, gesa”kk lcls igys ;s tkuuk pkgrk gS fd leL;k esa ,slk dkSulk Object gS] tks ml leL;k ds Program dk lcls izeq[k Object cu ldrk gSA dbZ ckj fdlh leL;k dk eq[; Object irk djuk dkQh eqf”dy
99 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi dke gksrk gSA fQj Hkh] gekjs ikl dbZ Similar Real World Objects gksa rks os lHkh gekjs Program ds eq[; Object ds Candidate gks ldrs gSaA RadhaKrishna dh leL;k esa dbZ Objects tSls fd Books, Book Stall vkSj Book Stalls dks Operate djus okys Operators gSa vkSj lHkh Objects vyx&vyx Category ds gSaA buesa ls fdls eq[; Object ekuk tk, pwafd gesa Book ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ugha j[kuh gS fd fdl uke dh fdruh Books gSa ;k fdlh Book dk Writer dkSu gSA blfy, Book rks og eq[; Object gks gh ugha ldrkA blh rjg ls gesa Book Stalls dks Operate djus okys Operators dh Hkh tkudkjh ugha j[kuh gS fd fdl Book Stall dk Operator dkSu gSA dgka jgrk gSA fdruk i<k&fy[kk gS] vkfnA okLro esa RadhaKrishna dks mlds lHkh Book Stalls ds Stock dh tkudkjh j[kuh gSA bl fLFkfr esa Book Stall gh gekjk eq[; Object gSA dbZ ckj ,d Programmer xyr Object dks eq[; Object eku ysrk gSA “kq:vkr esa T;knkrj Programmers ds lkFk ,slk gh gksrk gSA ysfdu le; ds lkFk tSls&tSls os vf/kd vuqHkoh gksrs tkrs gSa] mUgsa Right Object dh igpku gks tkrh gSA leL;k dk eq[; Object irk py tkus ds ckn vc ,d Programmer dks ;s r; djuk gksrk gS fd ml Object dh Characteristics D;k gSA pwafd gekjk Object rks Book Stall gS ysfdu bl Book Stall dh Characteristics esa ls gesa dsoy mu Characteristics dks gh Abstract djds izkIr djuk gS tks RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr gSaA pwafd bu Book Stalls dh vyx&vyx Size gks ldrh gS] ;s “kgj ds vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa fLFkr gks ldrs gSa] bu ij vyx&vyx Operators gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu bu lHkh Attributes dk RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ls dksbZ lEca/k ugha gSA RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr rks dsoy mu Book Stall ij fLFkr Books o Magazines dh la[;k gSa] tks Book Stall ds Stock dks Represent djrh gSaA blfy, Book Stall dk eq[; Attribute Books o Magazines gSaA tc dksbZ Item Sell gksrk gS] rc Item ds Stock dh la[;k (State) esa gh vUrj iMrk gSA blfy, ,d Real World Physical Object Book Stall dk eq[; Attribute tks fd leL;k ls lEcaf/kr gS] og gS fdlh Book Stall Object ds dqy Books o Magazines dh la[;kA ;s Book o Magazine gh gS tks gj Book Stall dk eq[; Data gSA gkykafd fofHkUu 6 Book Stall Objects ds Books o Magazines dh la[;k esa vUrj gks ldrk gSA fQj Hkh gj Book Stall ij blh dh la[;k :ih Data (eku) dh fLFkfr (State) esa ifjorZu
100 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi vkrk gSA ;kuh gekjs Book Stall dk eq[; Attribute tks fd Abstraction ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS og gS% • Book • Magazine vc pwafd geus Book Stall Object ds leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Attribute dks rks izkIr dj fy;k ysfdu lkFk gh ;s Object vius Attribute dh State esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, dqN Operations Hkh djrk gSA ;kuh tc Stock dks Input fd;k tkrk gS] rc Object mlds Data ;kuh Book dh Counting dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djrk gS vkSj mls Increase djrk gS vkSj tc dksbZ Book Sell gksrh gS] rc ;s Object vius Data dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djds mlds eku dks Decrease Hkh djrk gSA lkFk gh tc User fdlh Book Stall ds dqy Book dh la[;k tkuuk pkgrk gS] rc ;s Object vius Data dh Current Position dks Hkh Display djrk gSA ;kuh ;s Object RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ds vuqlkj rhu Operations }kjk vius Data ;k Attribute ds eku ls Interact djrk gSA “C++” esa fdlh Object ds bu Operations dh Description dks Methods (Member Functions) }kjk Define fd;k tkrk gSA ;kuh “C++” esa ;fn bu Operations dks Define djsa] rks fuEukuqlkj bu Operations dks Describe dj ldrs gSa% inputData() soldOneBook() soldOneMagagine() displayStock() tc fdlh Program esa ,d gh izdkj ds dbZ Objects gksrs gSa] rc lHkh Objects dks vyx ls Describe djus ds rjhds dks vPNk ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA tc bl izdkj dh fLFkfr gksrh gS rc leku izdkj ds bu lHkh Objects dks Represent djus ds fy, ,d Common Specification ;k Modal cuk ysuk T;knk csgrj gksrk gSA bl Specification dks ge ,d Blueprint ;k ,d Modal dg ldrs gSaA ,d ckj fdlh Object dk ,d Modal ;k Specification Design dj ysus ds ckn ge bl Blue Print dk iz;ksx ftrus Objects dks Create djus ds fy, djuk pkgsa] dj ldrs gSaA
101 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Object Oriented Programming esa Objects Creation ds bl Modal ;k Specification dks Class dgrs gSaA RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ls geus fdlh ,d Book Stall Object ds nksuksa t:jh Components Attributes o Ability dks izkIr dj fy, gSaA bu nksuksa ds vk/kkj ij ge fuEukuqlkj ,d Real World Book Stall Object dk Computer esa ,d Logical Modal ;k Description cuk ldrs gSa% Class BookStall { //Attribute of Object (State) private: int booksInHand; //Instance Data int MagazinesInHand; //Instance Data //Operations of Object (Behavior) public: void inputData(void) //Method for InitializingStock of Books { } void soldOneBook(void) //Method for Adjusting Data (Book Counts) { } void soldOneMagazine(void) //Method for Adjusting Data (Book Counts) { } void displayStock(void) //Displays Current Stock of the Books { } }; ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;s Class Specification nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr jgrh gSA igys Hkkx esa Object dk Data gS vkSj nwljs Hkkx esa ml Data ij Perform gks ldus okys Operations
102 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ftUgsa “C++” esa Methods dgrs gSaA “C++” esa blh izdkj ls fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djus ds fy, Class Define dh tkrh gSA ,d ckr /;ku j[ksa fd Specification fy[k ysus ls Object Create ugha gks tkrk gSA Specification rks ek= ,d Blueprint gksrk gSA ftl izdkj ls fdlh pht dk ,d uD”kk cuk nsus ls og pht ugha cu tkrh gSA mlh rjg ls fdlh Object dk Specification rS;kj dj nsus ls Object Create ugha gks tkrk gSA Class ek= ,d Specification gS] blfy, ,d Class dk Description Memory esa rc rd dksbZ Space ugha ysrk gS] tc rd fd ge ml Class ds Instance ds :i esa dksbZ Object Create uk djsaA geus Book o Magazines dh la[;k Store djus ds fy, ,d Integer izdkj dk Variable Instance Variable ds :i esa Declare fd;k gSA pwafd Book o Magazines ,sls Objects gS] tks iw.kkZad la[;k esa gh Represent gks ldrs gSaA blfy, budh la[;k dks Store djus ds fy, geus int Keyword dk iz;kssx fd;k gSA bl Class esa Object vius Data ij pkj Operations dj ldrk gS] blfy, geus Class esa pkj Methods Define fd, gSaA ,d ckr gesa”kk /;ku j[ksa fd “C++” ds Hkh gj Statement dk vUr Semicolon ls gksrk gS ysfdu Function ds dks’Bd ds ckn Semicolon ugha yxk;k tkrk gSA pwafd Semicolon dk iz;ksx Compiler dks Statement ds vUr ds fy, dgrk gSA ;kuh Compiler dks tgka Hkh Semicolon feyrk gS] Compiler le>rk gS] fd ogha ij fdlh ,d Statement dk vUr gqvk gS] blfy, ;fn Method ds dks’Bd ds ckn Semicolon yxk fn;k tk,] rks Compiler bls Method dk vUr ekusxk tcfd ;s rks Method ;k Member Function ds Definition dh “kq:vkr gSA Variable Declarations geus Class Specification esa ;s r; fd;k gS fd fdlh Hkh Object esa nks Integer izdkj ds Variable gksaxsA pwafd ;gka ge Books o Magazines dh la[;k Store djsaxs] blfy, bUgsa Integer izdkj dk Declare fd;k x;k gSA ;kuh intBooksInHand; intMagazinesInHand; /;ku nsa fd ;s Declaration fdlh Variable dks dksbZ eku iznku ugha dj jgk gSA ;gka ;s Declaration dsoy ;s crkrk gS fd BooksInHand vkSj MagazinesInHand uke ds nks Integer izdkj ds Variable gksaxs tks Memory esa vius izdkj ds vuqlkj dqN txg Reserve
103 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi dj ysaxs vkSj mu Reserve Memory Cells dk uke BooksInHand o MagazinesInHand j[k nsaxsA Member Functions (Methods) Class Specification esa pkj Functions gSa % InputData(), SoldOneBook(), SoldOneMagazine(), DisplayData(), ;s Functions C++ ds Compiler dks crkrs gSa fd ;s uke Functions ds gSa uk fd fdlh Variable dsA ;s Functions Hkh viuh Size ds vuqlkj Memory esa mlh rjg Space Reserve djrs gSa] ftl rjg Variables djrs gSaA Functions ds vkxs Use fd, x, Keyword void dk eryc gksrk gS fd Function fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ eku Return ugha dj jgk gSA tc Function fdlh izdkj dk eku Return dj jgk gksrk gS rc void ds LFkku ij ml Data Type dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA tSls ;fn dksbZ Function ineger izdkj dk eku Return djrk gS] rks Function fuEukuqlkj fy[kk tkrk gS% int largest() { } ge Function ds dks’Bd esa Arguments ds :i esa vU; Parameters Hkh ns ldrs gSaA tSls int largest( int a = 10, int b = 15) { } bl Function esa nks Integer izdkj ds eku Argument ds :i esa Hksts tk jgs gSa vkSj mu nksuksa ekuksa esa ls tks eku cMk gS] mls Return Value ds :i esa Return djok;k tk jgk gSA Public and Private Public vkSj Private dk Central Idea ;s gS fd ,d Object ds dqN Hkkx dks Program Statements Access dj ldsa tcfd dqN Hkkx dks dsoy Object Lo;a gh Access djsA Class ds vUnj Define fd, x, public: o private: Section bl Design dks Specify djus ds fy, Use fd, tkrs gSaA gekjh Class esa lHkh Data public Section esa gSa vkSj lHkh Member Functions private Section esaA ge gesa”kk pkgrs gSa fd gekjs Program ds Data gesa”kk lqjf{kr jgsa] blfy, ge gekjs Data dks Private Section esa j[krs gSa vkSj Object dks ;s crkus ds fy, fd mls Data ds lkFk D;k djuk gS] Member Functions dks Public Section esa fy[krs gSaA Data dks Access djus ds fy, ge
104 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Directly Data dks dksbZ eku uk rks Hkst ldrs gSa uk gh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA Data dks Access djus ds fy, ge Member Functions dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA blhfy, Member Functions dks Public Area esa fy[kk tkrk gSA Member Functions blh v/;k; dh “kq:vkr esa geus ns[kk gS fd ,d Object ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA igyk Object ds Data vkSj nwljk Data ij dke djus okys Functions, Data ds ckjs esa geus vHkh ns[kk gSA vc ge Functions ds ckjs esa le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA lk/kkj.kr;k ,d Program fdlh Object ds member Functions dks Call djds Object dks dqN djus ds fy, dgrk gSA fdlh Object ds Member Function dks Call djus dks nwljs “kCnksa esa Object dks Message Send djuk Hkh dgrs gSaA gekjs Book Stall Program esa pkj Member Functions gSa % InputData(), SoldOneBook(), SoldOneMagazine() vkSj DisplayStock() “kq:vkr esa geus bu Member Functions ds dks’Bd dks [kkyh j[kk FkkA vc ge buesa Statements fy[ksaxs vkSj ns[ksaxs fd ;s D;k dj ldrs gSaA Data dks Initialize djuk gj fnu dh “kq:vkr esa RadhaKrishna vius Book Stall ds Program esa Books o Magazines dh la[;k dks Initialize djuk pkgrk gSA bl dke dks djus ds fy, ge InputData() Function dks Use djsaxsA blesa Program RadhaKrishna dks Books o Magazines dh la[;k dks Initialize djus ds fy, Prompt djsxk ;k lwpuk nsxkA bl dke ds fy, ge cout o cin statement dk iz;ksx djsaxsA ;s Function fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ nsxk% voidInputData() { cout << “EnterBooks onHand : “ ; cin >> BooksInHand; cout << “EnterMagazinesOn Hand : “ ; cin >> MagazinesInHand; } tc RadhaKrishna Books o Magazines dh la[;k Input djus ds fy, Program dk iz;ksx djsxk] rc fuEukuqlkj og Program ls Interact gksxk%
105 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Enter BooksonHand : 60 Enter MagazinesOnHand : 40 tgka Books o Magazines dh la[;k RadhaKrishna Input dj jgk gSA Selling dks Record djuk tc fdlh Book Stall ls ,d Book Sell gksrh gS] rks ml Book Stall dk Operator RadhaKrishna dks Call djds crk nsrk gS fd mldh Book Stall ls ,d Book Sell gks xbZ gSA tc RadhaKrishna dks ;s irk pyrk gS rc RadhaKrishna ml Book Stall ds Book Stack esa ls ,d Book dks Less djuk pkgrk gSA bl dke dks djus ds fy, gesa SoldOneBook() Member Function esa fuEu Statements fy[kus gksaxs% voidSoldOneBook() { BooksInHand = BooksInHand – 1 ; // Variable esa ls ,d de dj nsrk gSA } blh rjg tc ,d Magazine Sell gksrh gS rc Hkh RadhaKrishna Program dks crk nsrk gS fd ,d Magazine Sell gqbZ gS vkSj pkgrk gS fd Program Lo;a gh Current Stock esa ls ,d Magazine Less dj nsA ,slk djus ds fy, gesa fuEu Code SoldOneMagazine() Member Function esa fy[kus gksaxs% void SoldOneBook() { MagazinesInHand = MagazinesInHand – 1 ; // Variable esa ls ,d de dj nsrk gSA } Data dks Display djuk /;ku nsa fd BookStall Object Current Stock dks BooksInHand o MagazinesInHand Variables esa Store djds j[krk gSA ge cout Statement dk iz;ksx djds ;fn bu Variables ds ekuksa dks Screen ij Print dj nsa rks ;s RadhaKrishna dks Current Stock dh tkudkjh nsxkA ,slk djus ds fy, gesa DisplayStock() Functions esa fuEu Coding fy[kuh gksxh% voidDisplayStock() { cout << “BooksIn Hand = “ << BooksInHand<< endl ;
106 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi cout << “MagazinesInHand = “ << MagazinesInHand<< endl ; } bl Function dk Output fuEukuqlkj gksxk% BooksIn Hand = 60 MagazinesInHand = 40 Arithmetic Operators SoldOneBook() Function esa geus ,d eku esa ls nwljk eku ?kVkus ds fy,a Subtraction Operator (-) dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA C++ esa blh rjg ds ikap Operators gSa ftudk vyx&vyx txg ij xf.krh; izfØ;kvksa dks lEiUu djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Operator Purpose + Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division % Remainder igys ds pkj Operators ogh dke djrs gS ftuds fy, budk iz;ksx lkekU; xf.krh; izfØ;kvksa esa gksrk gSA ikapok Operator % Reminder Operator gSA tc ge fdlh Integer la[;k esa Integer la[;k dk Hkh Hkkx nsrs gSa] rks bl Operator dk iz;ksx djds ge “ks’kQy Kkr dj ldrs gSaA tSls % intnum = 10, reminder= 0 ; reminder=num % 3 ; bl Statement ds Execute gksus ij reminder uke ds variable esa “ks’kQy 1 Store gks tk,xkA ;kuh tc gesa fdlh xf.krh; izfØ;k esa fdlh la[;k esa Hkkx nsus ds ckn mldk HkkxQy fdlh Variable esa Store djuk gksrk gS rc ge / Operator dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ysfdu tc gesa mlh Expression dk “ks’kQy fdlh Variable esa Store djuk gksrk gS] rc ge % Operator dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ge fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xf.krh; izfØ;k esa buesa ls fdlh Hkh Operator dk ftl rjg pkgsa ml rjg ls iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA tSls % c = (f-32) * 5 / 9;
107 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl Expression esa Fahrenheit ds rkieku dks Celsius esa cnyk x;k gSA /;ku nsa fd geus ;gka ij dks’Bd dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] D;ksafd dks’Bd esa fLFkr Expression igys Calculate gksrh gS vkSj vU; Expression ckn esaA C++ esa Hkh lHkh xf.krh; izfØ;k,a izkFkfedrk Øe ds vuqlkj gh Execute gksrh gSaA tSls + vkSj / dk Øe + o – Operator ls igys vkrk gS] blfy, ;fn fdlh Expression esa xq.kk o tksM nksuksa gks jgs gSa] rks igys xq.kk gksxk fQj tksM gksxkA tSls % 10 * 5 + 20 bl Expression dk eku 70 gksxk uk fd 250 C++ esa ge fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Data Type ds Variable dh Calculation dj ldrs gSaA tSls Åij crk, x, Expression esa c dk eku Float esa gksxk vkSj f dk eku int esa gksxk] fQj Hkh ge budh Calculation djok ldrs gSaA C++ gesa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Error ugha nsxk cfYd Calculation ls igys C++ Lo;a gh bUgsa lgh Data Type esa Convert dj ysrk gS vkSj fQj Calculation djrk gSA Increment vkSj Decrement Operators Programming esa gesa vDlj fdlh Variable esa ls ;k rks ,d ?kVkuk iMrk gS ;k ,d tksMuk iMrk gS] tSlkfd geus SoldOneBook() o SoldOneMagazine() Functions esa ns[kk gSA C++ esa gesa bl dke ds fy, nks u, Operators feyrs gSa] ftUgsa Increment ;k Decrement Operators dgrs gSaA Increment Operator fdlh Variable ds eku esa ,d tksM nsrk gS vkSj Decrement Operator fdlh Variable ds eku esa ls ,d de dj nsrk gSA bu Operators dk iz;ksx djds ge SoldOneBook() o SoldOneMagazine() Functions dks fuEukuqlkj fy[k ldrs gSa% void SoldOneBook() { --BooksInHand ; } void SoldOneBook() { --MagazinesInHand ; }
108 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Decrement Operator esa nks Minus ds fpUg gksrs gSaA ;fn BooksInHand Variable dk eku 60 gks rks bl Statement ds Execute gksus ij BooksInHand Variable dk eku 59 jg tkrk gSA blh rjg ls Increment Operator esa nks + ds fpUgksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bu Increment o Decrement Operators dks Unary Operators dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;s dsoy ,d gh Variable ds lkFk iz;ksx gksrs gSaA izkFkfedrk Øe esa bUgsa vU; Arithmetic Operators ls igys dk Øe izkIr gSA ;kuh ;fn fdlh Expression esa Increment o Subtraction nksuksa Operators dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks igys Variable dk eku Increment gksxk fQj Subtraction dk Operator dke djsxkA pfy,] vc ge ns[krs gSa fd ge vius Program esa fdl izdkj ls bu Member Functions dk iz;ksx Object ls dqN dke djokus ds fy, djrs gSaA Specifying a Class vc ,d Complete Class Specification ds lkjs vo;o gekjs ikl gSaA gesa irk gS fd gekjs Data dks Store djus ds fy, Basic Data Type ds Variable dSls Declare djus gSa] mu Data ls Interact djus ds fy, Member Functions dSls Create djus gSa vkSj dqN mi;ksxh dke djus ds fy, Keyboard ls Input dSls ysuk gS vkSj Screen ij Output dSls Print djuk gSA vc ge fuEukuqlkj Book Stall Class dh iwjh Specification cuk ldrs gSa% //Creating First Class in C++ class BookStall // ,d Class ftldk uke BookStall gSA { // Class Specification dh “kq:vkr private: int BooksInHand; // Variables ftlesa Books o Magazines dh la[;k Store gksxhA int MagazinesInHand; public: void InputData() // Variables esa Data dks Input djus ds fy, Member Function { cout << “Enter Books on Hand : “ ; cin >> BooksInHand ; cout << “Enter Magazines On Hand : “ ; cin >> MagazinesInHand ; } voidSoldOneBook() // Book ds la[;k dks Adjust djus ds fy, {
109 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi --BooksInHand ; // ;gka Function dh Body } void SoldOneMagazine() // Magazines dh la[;k dks Adjust djus ds fy, { --MagazinesInHand ; // ;gka Function dh Body } void DisplayStock() // Stock dks Display djus ds fy, { cout << “Books In Hand = “ << BooksInHand << endl ; cout << “Magazines In Hand = “ << MagazinesInHand << endl ; } }; // Class Specification dk vUr djus ds fy, vc ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd lHkh Member Function Data ij Operations djus ds fy, fdl rjg ls vkil esa vyx&vyx rjhds ls Related gSaA InputData() Member Function Keyboard ls Data Input esa ys dj Variables esa Store djus dk dke dj gSA DisplayStock() Function Variables ds Data dks Screen ij Display djus dk dke djrk gSA Object Create djuk vkSj Object ds lkFk izfØ;k djuk vHkh rd geus lh[kk fd fdl izdkj ls Data vkSj Data ij dke djus okys Member Functions }kjk ,d Class Specification cukrs gSaA gkykafd Class Specification dk mn~ns”; ,d Blueprint ;k uD”kk cukuk gksrk gSA ftlds vk/kkj ij ge Object Create dj ldrs gSaA pfy,] le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa fd Object fdl izdkj ls Create djrs gSa vkSj Create fd, x, Objects ds lkFk ge fdl izdkj ls Interact dj ldrs gSaA Class Specification }kjk Objects cukuk ge Bhd mlh izdkj ls Objects Create dj ldrs gSa ftl izdkj ls ge fdlh Basic Data Type dk Variable Create djrs gSaA C++ esa Objects Bhd mlh izdkj ls Handle fd, tkrs gSa ftl izdkj ls Variables dks vkSj Class dks mlh izdkj ls Handle fd;k tkrk gS ftl izdkj ls Data Types dksA ;kuh ge ljy Hkk’kk esa dgsa rks Class ,d u, izdkj dk Data Type gksrk gS vkSj Objects ml Class izdkj ds Data Type ds Variables gksrs gSaA fuEu Statement BookStall dk ,d Object stall1 Create djrk gS%
110 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi BookStall stall1; tc Program dk ;s Statement Execute gksrk gS] rc lcls igys Program BookStall Class dh Specification dks Program esa [kkstrk gS tks fd gesa igys gh cukuh gksrh gSA ;s r; djrk gS fd bl Class dk Object memory esa fdruh Byte Reserve djsxk vkSj Object dks mruh Memory Assign dj nsrk gSA fQj Program Object dks Assign dh xbZ Memory dks ,d uke Stall1 ns nsrk gSA ;s lc dke fcYdqy mlh rjg ls gksrk gS ftl rjg ls ,d Basic Data Type dk Variable Create djrs le; gksrk gSA fQj Hkh] Stall1 Object lkekU; Variable ls vf/kd tfVy gS D;ksafd blesa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data o Member Functions gSaA ,d ckj Class dh Specification cukus ds ckn ge ml Class ds ftrus pkgsa mrus Objects Create dj ldrs gSaA tSls % BookStall Stall1; BookStall Stall2; BookStall Stall3; ge fuEukuqlkj Hkh Object Create dj ldrs gSa % BookStall Stall1,Stall2,Stall3; Class dh Specification cukuk ,d tfVy dke gksrk gS ysfdu Class ds Object cukuk fcYdqy ljy gSA Object dks Message Hkstuk ,d ckj Object Create gks tk,] rc gesa blds lkFk Interaction djuk gksrk gSA Object ds lkFk Interaction djus ds fy, ge mu Member Functions dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ftUgsa Class Specification esa Describe ;k ifjHkkf’kr fd;k gSA ge Object ds Member Function dks Call djrs gSaA bls ,slk Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ge Object dks ,d Message Send djrs gSaA bl dke ds fy, ,d fo”ks’k Syntax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tc ge fdlh Object dks Message Send dj jgs gksrs gSa rc gesa nks ckrs /;ku esa j[kuh gksrh gSaA igyh ;s fd ge fdl Object ds lkFk Communicate dj jgs gSa ;k fdl Object dks Message Send dj jgs gSa vkSj nwljh ;s fd ge Object dks D;k Message Send dj jgs gSaA
111 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi blh ckr dks ge nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa rks ,slk Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ge fdl Object ds Member Function dks Call dj jgs gSaA bl rjg gekjs Syntax ds nks Hkkx gks tkrs gSa % Object dk uke vkSj Member Function dk ukeA ge fuEukuqlkj Syntax }kjk stall1 Object dks Data Display djus dk Message Send dj jgs gSa % stall1.DisplayStock() ; Object dk uke o Function dk uke ,d Dot ls Connected jgrk gSA bls Dot Operator ;k Class Member Access Operator dgrs gSaA bl rjhds ls ge fdlh fo”ks’k Object ds Member Function ;k Data dks Access dj ldrs gSaA tc ;s Statement Execute gksrk gS rc fuEukuqlkj Output Display gksrk gS % BooksIn Hand = 60 MagazinesInHand = 40 ge blh rjg dk Message nwljs Object dks Hkh Hkst ldrs gSaA tSls stall2.DisplayStock() ; ;s Syntax nwljs Object ds Data dks Output esa Display djsxkA tSls BooksIn Hand = 6 MagazinesInHand = 140 blh rjg ge rhljs Object esa User ls Data Input djus ds fy, Message Send dj ldrs gSaA tSls stall3.InputData() ; tc ;s Statement Execute gksxk] rc Program User ls fuEukuqlkj Interact djsxk% Enter BooksInHand : 65 Enter Magazinesinhand: 100 ,d ckj stall3 Object dks eku Initialize djus ds ckn ge bl Stall ls Book o Magazines dks Sell dj ldrs gSaA Selling dh lwpuk Object dks nsus ds fy, ge SoldOneBook() ;k SoldOneMagazine() Member Function dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA tSls%
112 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi stall3.SoldOneBook() ; vc ;fn Stock ns[kuk gks rks ge stall3 dks Stock Display djus dk Message Send djrs gSaA ;kuh% stall3.DisplaySock() ; Program gesa fuEukuqlkj Stock Display dj nsrk gS% Enter BooksInHand : 64 Enter Magazinesinhand: 100 Lkkjka”k geus ns[kk fd ,d C++ Program dk vk/kkjHkwr vo;o Objects gSa tks fd fdlh Class Specification ds vuqlkj cuk, tkrs gSaA fdlh Program dks Design djus dk eryc gS fd ge ;s r; djsa fd Program esa Object D;k gksxk vkSj og fdl izdkj ls dke djsxkA fdlh Hkh Object dh nks ckrsa eq[; gksrh gSa %  Data of Object  Member Functions ,d Object ds Data dks Program ds vU; Hkkxksa ls lkekU;r;k Private j[krs gSa] rkfd Program dk dksbZ Hkh vU; Hkkx Data dks Directly Access uk dj ldsA ;fn Data dks Access djuk gS rks mlds lkFk fy[ks x, Member Functions dk mi;ksx djuk iMrk gSA bl rjhds dh otg ls Data Accidentally Modify ;k Corrupt ugha gksrkA ,d ckj Class Specify djus ds ckn vkSj ml Class ds Objects Create djus ds ckn] Program Object dks Message Send djrk gSA ;kuh Object dks dqN dke djus dk Order nsus ds fy, mlds Member Function dks Call djrk gSA pfy,] vc ge Book Stall dk iwjk Program Access djrs gSa% Program // Book Stall inventory database program #include <iostream.h> class BookStall { private:
113 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi int BooksInHand; int MagazinesInHand; public: void InputData() { cout << “Enter Books on Hand : “ ; cin >> BooksInHand ; cout << “Enter Magazines On Hand : “ ; cin >> MagazinesInHand ; } void SoldOneBook() { --BooksInHand ; } void SoldOneMagazine() { --MagazinesInHand ; } void DisplayStock() { cout << “Books In Hand = “ << BooksInHand << endl ; cout << “Magazines In Hand = “ << MagazinesInHand << endl ; } }; void main() { BookStall stall1; // BookStand Object Create fd;k BookStall stall2; // set initial data cout << "nInitialize data for stall 1";
114 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi stall1.InputData(); cout << "nInitialize data for stall 2"; stall2.InputData(); // record some sales cout << "nSelling2 Books from stall1"; stall1.SoldOneBook(); stall1.SoldOneBook(); cout << "nSelling3 Magazines from stall2"; stall2.SoldOneMagazine(); stall2.SoldOneMagazine(); stall2.SoldOneMagazine(); cout << endl; // display current data cout << "nStock in hand, Stall1"; stall1.DisplayStock(); cout << "nStack in hand, Stall2"; stall2.DisplayStock(); } ge Class Specification djuk tku pqds gSa vkSj Object Create djds mlds lkFk izfØ;k djus okys Statement fy[kuk Hkh lh[k pqds gSaA bl Program esa geus IOSTREAM.H Header File dks Include fd;k gSA bldk iz;ksx fd, fcuk ge cin o cout Objects, << o >> Operators o endl Manipulator dk iz;ksx djds Input o Output dh lqfo/kk izkIr ugha dj ldrsA budh vkSj vU; cgqr lh phtksa dh Specifications bl Header File esa gS tks fd gekjs Compiler ds lkFk vkrh gSA ;s ,d Text File gksrh gS Bhd mlh rjg ftl rjg gekjh C++ dh Source File gksrh gSA bl Header File dks gekjs Program esa Insert djus ds fy, gesa blds uke ds igys ,d Preprocessor Directive dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA bls ge #include Keyword ds lkFk fuEukuqlkj fy[k dj Include djrs gSa% #include <iostream.h>
115 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;s Directive Compilation ds le; bl Text File ds lkjs Source Codes dks gekjs Program esa Insert dj nsrk gSA Preprocessor Directives lh/ks gh Compiler ds fy, nh xbZ Instructions gksrh gSaA tSls Beta = 60; Microprocessor ds fy, ,d Instruction gS] ftls Compiler Machine Language esa Translate djds Microprocessor ij Hkstrk gS vkSj Micro Processor mls le>rk gSA Preprocessor Directive gesa”kk # fpUg ls “kq: gksrk gSA tSls gh Compiler dks #include Preprocessor Directive feyrk gS] ;s IOSTERAM.H uke dh File dks [kkstuk “kq: dj nsrk gSA gekjs Compiler ds lkFk dqN Sub Directories Hkh gksrh gSa ftuesa include uke dh ,d Directory gksrh gSA ;fn ;s File Include uke ds Folder esa uk gks] rks gesa Compiler dks bl QkbZy dk ikFk nsuk t:jh gksrk gS] vU;Fkk gekjk Program Compile ugha gksrkA Compiler dks tSls gh ;s File fey tkrh gS] Compiler bl File dks ogka ij Insert dj nsrk gS] tgka ij geus #include Preprocessor Directive dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA #include Directive dks Specify djus ds nks rjhds gSaA lgh rjhdk Use djus ij Program dh Speed vPNh gksrh gSA blesa ge header File dks <> ds chp esa fy[krs gSaA ,slk djus ij Compiler Header File dks Include uke ds Sub Folder esa gh [kkstrk gSA nwljs rjhds esa ge Header File ;k vU; fdlh Source File dks “” ds chp esa fy[krs gSaA bl rjg fy[kus ij Compiler header File dks ogka [kkstrk gS tgka gekjh Source File gksrh gSA C++ dh Library esa dbZ izdkj ds dkeksa ds fy, vyx&vyx Header Files gSaA tSls xf.krh; dkeksa ds fy, ge MATH.H uke dh Header File dks vius Program esa Insert dj ldrs gSa vkSj Data Conversion ls lEcaf/kr dkeksa ds fy, ge STDLIB.H uke dh Header File dksA Main Function gj pht dh ,d “kq:vkr gksrh gS vkSj gekjk Program tgka ls “kq: gksrk gS] mls main() Function dgrs gSaA ;s fdlh Class dk Member Function ugha gksrk gSA ;s ,d Standalone Function gS ftlls Program dk Control Operating System ls Transfer gksrk gSA main() Statement fdlh Hkh Program dk lcls igys Execute gksus okyk Statement gSA Program ds vU; lHkh Statements main() Function ds vUnj gh fy[ks tkrs gSaA Loops ge Loops dk iz;ksx fd, fcuk ,d mi;ksxh izksxzke ugha cuk ldrs gSaA fcuk Loop dk izksxzke dsoy ,d ckj gh gekjk okafNr dke djrk gS] tcfd Loop dk iz;ksx djus ls gekjk izksxzke dbZ ckj gekjk okafNr dke djrk gSA C++ esa rhu rjg ds Loops dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s r; djus ds fy, fd izksxzke fdruh ckj ifj.kke iznku djsxk] C++ dk Loops Condition ;k
116 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Expression ds True ;k False gksus dks Check djrk gSA True ;k False dk eku ;s r; djrk gS fd Loop pysxk ;k ughaA True and False Values Loops vkSj Decision Making Statements True ;k False ds vk/kkj ij ;s r; djrs gSa fd izksxzke fdl izdkj ls Run gksxk vkSj ifj.kke nsxkA C++ esa 0 False dks vkSj dksbZ Hkh vU; eku ( Any nonzero value ) True dks Represent djrk gSA dbZ Hkk’kkvksa esa ,d fo”ks’k izdkj dk Boolean Data Type gksrk gS tks dsoy True ;k False dks gh Hold djrk gS] ysfdu C++ esa bu ekuksa dks fdlh Hkh Integer Data Type esa Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA dbZ ckj fdlh ,d Variable ds eku dks ;s r; djus ds fy, fd fdlh Statement Block ;k Statement dk Execution Condition ds vuqlkj fdruh ckj gksxk] iz;ksx dj fy;k tkrk gSA fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh Conditions dks Check djus ds fy, gesa gekjs Loop esa Conditional Operators dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA tc rd Condition True gksrh gS] Loop Execute gksrk gSA tSls gh Condition False gks tkrh gS] Loop terminate gks tkrk gSA Relational Operators Relational Operators nks ekuksa dh rqyuk djrs gSa vkSj True ;k False Return djrs gSaA C++ esa 6 Conditional Operators gksrs gSaA Symbol Meaning Example == equal to a == b != not equal to a != b < less than a < b > greater than a > b <= less than or equal to a <= b >= greater than or equal to a >= b Åij crkbZ xbZ fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa a vkSj b ds eku ij ;s fuHkZj djrk gS fd Condition True gksxh ;k False, tSls ;fn a = 1 o b = 4 gS rks a= = b False Return djsxk D;ksafd a o b dk eku cjkcj ugha gSA ysfdu a!=b True Return djsxk] D;ksafd a b ds cjkcj ugha gS ;s ckr lgh gSA ge Characters dh rqyuk Hkh mlh rjg ls dj ldrs gSa ftl rjg ls numbers dh rqyuk djrs gSaA tSls ;fn ‘A’ == 65 True Return djsxk D;ksafd ‘A’ dh ASCII Value Integer 65 ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
117 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi while Loops while loop gesa ;s lqfo/kk nsrk gS fd Program fdlh Statement Block dks rc rd Execute djrk jgrk gS tc rd fd Condition Change ugha gksrhA ;kuh Condition True ls False ;k False ls True ugha gksrhA fuEu Statements dks nsf[k,] char answer; while ( answer != 'y') { cout << "Enter a Character : "; cin >> answer ; } bl Loop esa tc rd User ‘y’ Press ugha djrk gS] rc rd Program User ls Data ysrk jgrk gSA bldk Output fuEukuqlkj izkIr gksrk gS% Enter a Character : q Enter a Character : d Enter a Character : g Enter a Character : f Enter a Character : h Enter a Character : j Enter a Character : y ,d while Loop esa ,d Keyword while dk vkSj ,d dks’Bd dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ftlesa ge Expression ;k Condition nsrs gSaA ysfdu bl dks’Bd ds ckn Semicolon dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd Semicolon dk iz;ksx Statement ds vUr dks n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gS vkSj ge while Loop dh “kq:vkr gh bl izdkj ds Syntax ls djrs gSaA ;fn gekjs Loop dh Body esa dsoy ,d gh Statement gks rks gesa Curly Braces dk iz;ksx djus dh t:jr ugha jgrh gSA tSls& while(A<100) A = A * 3; <--One-statementloopbody,sonobraces ;fn Condition lgh gksrh gS rks Program Control while Loop ds Statement Block dks Execute djrk gSA ;kuh igys Condition Check gksrh gSA ysfdu tc gekjs Program esa gesa ,slh t:jr gksrh gS fd Condition lgh gks ;k uk gks ysfdu de ls de ,d ckj rks Loop Execute gksuk gh pkfg,] rc ge do while Loop dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
118 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl Loop esa Program Control do while Loop ds Statement Block dks Execute djrk gSA mlds ckn Condition dks Check djrk gSA ;fn Condition True gksrh gS] rks Program Control okil Loop ds Statement Block dks Execute djrk gS vU;Fkk vxys Statement ij pyk tkrk gSA tSls& char answer; do { cout << "Enter a Character : "; cin >> answer ; } while ( answer != 'y'); for Loops tc gesa gekjs fdlh Program esa irk gksrk gS fd fdlh Statement dks fdruh ckj Execute djuk gS] rc ge for Loop dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Logical Operators tc gesa dbZ Conditions ds vuqlkj True ;k False dks Kkr djuk gksrk gS vkSj Statements Execute djus gksrs gSa] rc ge Relational Operators ds lkFk Logical Operators dk Hkh vko”;drkuqlkj iz;ksx djrs gSaA Logical Operators eq[;r% rhu gksrs gSa% Logical Operator Meaning Example && AND x>0 && x<10 || OR x==3 || x<1 ! NOT !x Precedence Operators Operator Types Precedence * / % Multiplicative Higher + - Additive < > <= >= = = != Relational && || Logical = Assignment Lower
1 How to Buy from BccFalna.com इस Website पर उपलब् सभी Saleable Hindi EBooks के साथ “ADD TO CART” नाम का एक Button Attached है। आप जो भी पुस् क खर�दना चाहते ह�, उसके साथ Associated ADD TO CART Button को Click करते ह� वह पुस् क आपके Shopping Cart म� Add हो जाती है: य�द आप अपने Shopping Cart म� कई पुस् क� Add करते ह�, तो Extra Discount प्राप होता है, जो �क Discount Amount व Discount Amount घटाने के बाद सभी पुस् क� के Total Payable Amount के रूप म इसी My Shopping Cart म� उपरोक् �चत्रानुसार �दखाई देता ह सभी वां�छत पुस् क� अपने Shopping Cart म� Add करने के बाद अपना Order Place करने हेतु Checkout Button को Click करना होता है। प�रणामस् रप �नम् ननुसार Checkout Page Display होता है, जहां आपको अपनी Billing Details को Specify करके अपना Payment Mode Select करना होता है:
2 य�द आप इन पुस् क� को खर�दने के �लए Total Payable Amount का भुगतान अपने Debit Card (ATM, Credit Card), Cash Card अथवा Net Banking) द्वारा घर बैठे करना चाहते ह, तो आपको Online Payment Option Select करना होता है। ले�कन य�द आपके पास �कसी प्रकार कCCAvenue Supported Debit Card (ATM, Credit Card) या Cash Card नह�ं है, न ह� आपके पास �कसी Bank क� Internet या Mobile Banking सु�वधा है, तो उस िस्थ�त म अपना Offline Order Place करने के �लए Offline Manual Payment Option को Select कर सकते ह�।
3 Online Payment using CCAvenue जब आप Online Payment Option को Select करते हुए “Place order” Button पर Click करते ह�, तो आपके सामने �नम् ननुसार Page Display होता है: अपनी सु�वधा अपने Debit Card (ATM, Credit Card), Net Banking, Cash Card या Mobile Payments Option को Select क�िजए और उपरोक् �चत्र म� दशार्ए अनुसार सभी जरPayment Information को Fill करके Make Payment Button पर Click क�िजए तथा आगे आने वाले Payment Security से सम् ब�धत Step (Login/Password/Pin) Follow क�िजए, ता�क आपका Total Payable Amount आपके Bank A/c से हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer हो सके ।
4 आपका Payment Transfer होते ह� आप �नम् �चत्रानुस My Account Page पर पहुंच जाते ह�, जहां पर आप द्वार Order क� गई सभी पुस् क� के Download Links होते ह�, साथ ह� आपको Automatically एक Email भी Send कर �दया जाता है, िजसम� आप द्वार खर�द� गई पुस् क� के Download Links होते ह�:
5 Offline Payment using Manual Ways जब आप Offline Manual Payment Option को Select करते हुए “Place order” Button पर Click करते ह�, तो Click करते ह� आपका Order Place हो जाता है और आपके सामने �नम् ननुसार Page Display होता है: ये Webpage आप द्वारा Place �कए गए Order क� Information के साथ ह� Order क� गई पुस् क� के Download Links प्राप करने के �लए Follow �कए जाने वाले अगले Step क� जानकार� भी देता है, साथ ह� इस Page पर �दखाई देने वाल� सार� Information आपको आपके Email पर भी Send कर द� जाती है, िजन् ह Follow करते हुए आप अपने Total Payable Amount का Offline Manual Payment करके अपनी Order क� गई पुस् क� के Download Links प्राप कर सकते ह�। जब आप इस Offline Manual Payment Option को Select करते हुए Order Place करते ह�, तो आपका Order तब तक On-Hold Status म� रहता है, जब तक �क आप Offline Manual Payment Page पर Specified �कसी भी तर�के का प्रयोग करते हुए अप Total Payable Amount, हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer/Deposit नह�ं कर देते। अपना Total Payable Amount हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer/Deposit करने के बाद आपको हमारे Mobile No.: 097994-55505 पर Call/Miss Call करके अपने Payment Transfer/Deposit करने से सम् ब�धत जानकार� देनी होती है। जैसे ह� आपका Call/Miss Call हम� प्राप होता है, हम अपना Bank A/c Check करते ह� और जैसे ह� आपका Payment हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer/Deposit होता है, हम आप द्वाराOrder क� गई पुस् क� का Download Link Manually Activate कर देते ह�।
6 प�रणामस् रूप आपकोAutomatically एक EMail प्राप होता है, िजसम� आप द्वाराOrder क� गई सभी पुस् क� के Download Links होते ह�, िजन् ह आप अगले 48 घण् ट के दौरान Download कर सकते ह�। साथ ह� आपके Download Links के Activate होने क� Information हम आपको Call/SMS के माध् म से भी देते ह�। जब�क अपने Order क� Current Status देखने के �लए आप Website के Menubar म� �दखाई देने वाले My Account Menu Option पर Click कर सकते ह�, जहां आपके Order क� Current Status Information �नम् �चत्रानुस �दखाई देती है: चूं�क ये सारा Process हम� व आपको Manually Follow करना होता है, इस�लए इस Offline Manual Payment द्वार Order करने क� िस्थ�त म� पुस्क� का Download Link प्राप होने म� 5 से 10 �मनट का समय लगता है। एक बार Download Link Activate हो जाने के बाद आप अपनी खर�द� गई पुस् क� को अपने My Account Page से भी Download कर सकते ह�, जहां Download Link Activate होने के बाद आपको अपना My Account Page �नम् �चत्रानुसार �दखाई देने लगता ह
7 इसके अलावा �कसी Particular Order क� Details प्राप करने के �लए आप इस My Account Page पर �दखाई देने वाले View Button को भी Click कर सकते ह�।
8 Offline Manual Methods to Pay “Total Payable Amount” viuk Total Payable Amount Pay djus ds fy, vki viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh rjhds dks Use dj ldrs gSa% Fund Transfer Using ATM Machine orZeku le; esa yxHkx lHkh Banks viuh ATM Machine }kjk Fund Transfer djus dh lqfo/kk Provide djrs gSa] tgka vki vius ATM Card }kjk gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank Account esa viuh iqLrdksa dk Total Payable Amount Transfer dj ldrs gSaA vr% ;fn vkids ikl fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh State Bank dk Debit Card gS% • SBI (State Bank of India) • SBBJ (State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur) • SBH (State Bank of Bikaner and Hyderabad) • SBP (State Bank of Bikaner and Patiala) • SBM (State Bank of Mysore) • SBT (State Bank of Travancore) vFkok PNB (Punjab National Bank) ;k BOB (Bank of Baroda) dk Debit Card gS] rks vki SBI/PNB/BOB ds ATM Machine ls Hkh viuk Payment gekjs SBI/PNB/BOB Bank A/c esa Transfer dj ldrs gSaA ;fn vki SBI ATM Machine ls gekjs SBI Bank A/c esa Payment Transfer djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks fuEu Steps dks Follow djuk gksrk gS%  SBI ATM Machine esa viuk Debit Card, Swipe dhft,A  ATM Screen ds Bottom Right Corner esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys Transfer uke ds Option dks Select dhft,A  vius Debit Card dk PIN Number Enter dhft,A  vc Card to Card Transfer uke ds Option dks Select dhft,A  vc gekjs SBI Debit Card Number (6220180786800030243) dks Enter dhft,A  vc gekjs SBI Debit Card Number (6220180786800030243) dks nksckjk Enter dhft,A  vc Transferable Amount ds :i esa Total Payable Amount Specify dhft,A  vc vius Account Type (Savings or Checking) dks Select dhft,A  mijksDr lHkh Steps lgh rjhds ls Follow gksus dh fLFkfr esa vkidk Transaction Complete gks pqdk gS vkSj Total Payable Amount yxHkx rqjUr gekjs SBI Bank A/c esa tek gks tkrk gSA
9 Bhd blh rjg ds Steps vkidks ml le; Hkh Follow djus gksrs gSa] tc vki PNB या BOB ds ATM Machine ds ek/;e ls gekjs PNB Bank A/c esa Total Payable Amount, Card to Card Transfer djrs gSaA gkykafd vki HDFC, IDB, ICICI tSls dbZ vU; ATM Machines }kjk Hkh Card to Card Transfer dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn nksuksa Debit Cards leku Banks (PNB, SBI or BOB) ds u gksa] rks Transaction Perform gksus esa 24 ls 96 ?k.Vs dk le; yxrk gSA blfy, bl fLFkfr esa csgrj ;gh gksrk gS fd ;fn vkids ikl Net Banking, Mobile Baking, AirTel Money ;k SBI/PNB/BOB Debit Card fdlh Hkh rjg dh lqfo/kk u gks] rks vki Total Payable Amount dk Payment djus ds fy, Cash Deposit rjhds dks gh Use djsa vFkok Bank esa tkdj NEFT Transfer Hkh dj ldrs gSa] ftlesa vkidk Payment vf/kdre 4 ?k.Vs ds njE;ku gekjs Bank A/c esa Deposit gks tkrk gSA Payment Transfer Using Net-Banking ;fn vkids ikl Net-Banking dh lqfo/kk gS] rks vki Payment Transfer djus ds fy, vius Account esa Login djds fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Payment Deposit dj ldrs gSa%
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11 tc vki Net-Banking ds ek/;e ls Payment djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks yxHkx 8 ls 24 ?k.Vs igys gekjs ml Account dks Beneficiary ds :i esa vius Bank A/c ls Link djuk iMrk gS] ftlesa vki Payment Transfer djuk pkgrs gSaA tc ,d ckj gekjk Bank Account Beneficiary ds :i esa Activate gks tkrk gS] mlds ckn vki ml Bank Account esa viuk Total Payable Amount Transfer dj ldrs gSaA Pay with Mobile-Banking or AirTel Money ;fn vkius vius Mobile Number ij AirTel Money uke dh Service dks Activate fd;k gqvk gS] rks vki vius Mobile }kjk AirTel Money Account ds ek/;e ls Hkh gesa Payment dj ldrs gSaA tcfd ;fn vkius vius Bank ls Mobile Banking dh lqfo/kk dks Activate djok;k gqvk gS] rks vki vius Mobile }kjk gesa Mobile-Banking ds ek/;e ls Hkh Payment Transfer dj ldrs gSaA ;fn vki viuk Total Payable Amount Pay djus ds fy, AirTel Money ;k Mobile Banking Transfer lqfo/kk dks Use djrs gSa] rks vkidk Payment rqjUr gekjs Account esa Transfer gks tkrk gSA blfy, rqjUr EBooks izkIr djus gsrq Payment Transfer djus dk ;s lcls rst rjhdk gSA tcfd blds vykok tks nwljk lcls rst rjhdk gS] og ATM Machine }kjk Fund Transfer lqfo/kk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Payment Transfer djuk gSA tcfd Internet-Banking ml fLFkfr esa dkQh /khek Process gS] tc vki igyh ckj Payment dj jgs gksrs gSa] D;ksafd First Time Payment djus ls igys vkidks Beneficiary ds :i esa gekjs fdlh ,d Bank Account dks vius Bank Account ls Link djuk iMrk gS vkSj bl Process esa Payment Transfer gsrq gekjk Bank Account Activate gksus esa de ls de 8 ls 24 ?k.Vs dk le; yxrk gSA gkykafd ,d ckj Account Activate gks tkus ds ckn vkidk Transfer rqjUr gks tkrk gSA
12 tcfd Cash Deposit dk rjhdk lcls /khek rjhdk gS] tgka vki Bank Holidays dks Payment Deposit ugha dj ldrs vkSj Business Days esa Hkh Payment Deposit djus dk ,d fuf”pr le; 10PM to 4AM gksrk gSA Cash Deposit in Bank Brach ;fn vkids ikl Net-Banking ;k Mobile-Banking dh lqfo/kk ugha gS] rks vki gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Total Payable Amount, Cash Deposit Hkh dj ldrs gSa vFkok vki Bank Branch esa tkdj NEFT Transfer ds ek/;e ls Hkh Payment dj ldrs gSa] tks fd Cash Deposit ds leku gh gksrk gSA tc vki Direct Deposit djuk pkgrs gSa] rc vkidks vkids fdlh Hkh utnhdh Bank Branch esa tkdj ,d Payment Deposit Slip Fill-Up djuk gksrk gS] ftlesa vkidks gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c dh Information dks Fill djuk gksrk gS] tcfd Payment Deposit djokus ds fy, mlh Bank esa vkidk Lo;a dk Account gksuk t:jh ugha gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn vki gekjs SBI Bank A/c esa viuh Selected iqLrdksa dk Total Payable Amount Pay djus ds fy, Bank esa tkdj Direct Deposit djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vki tks Payment Deposit Slip Fill-Up djsaxs] og vxys fp=kuqlkj djuk gksrk gSA
13 bl fp= }kjk vki le> ldrs gSa fd Payment, Direct Deposit djus ds fy, vkidks gekjs fdlh Bank A/c dh Information dks Payment Deposit Slip esa Specify djuk gksrk gS] blfy, ml Bank esa vkidk Lo;a dk Bank A/c gksuk t:jh ugha gksrkA blh rjg ls ;fn vki pkgsa] rks gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Check }kjk Hkh Total Payable Amount dk Check Deposit dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh vki fdlh Hkh rjhds ls gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Total Payable Amount Deposit dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu ge Money-Order, Demand-Draft ;k Check tSls Manual ek/;eksa ls Payment Accept ugha djrs] D;ksafd bl rjg dk Payment Clear gksus esa cgqr le; yxrk gSA tcfd ATM Fund Transfer, Cash Deposit, Mobile Banking vFkok Net-Banking ds ek/;e ls rqjUr Payment Transfer gks tkrk gS] ftlls ge vkidks vkidh Purchased EBooks 10 ls 30 Minute ds njE;ku vkids Order esa Specified Email Address ij Send dj nsrs gSaA viuk Payment djus ds fy, vki ftu Offline Manual rjhdksa dks mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSa] mudh Detailed Information vki http://www.bccfalna.com/how-to-deposit-payment/ ls Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSa] tgka vkidks Payment djus ls lEcaf/kr fdlh Hkh rjg dk Latest Update izkIr gksrk gSA Pay with PayPal if you live Out Of India ;fn vki India esa ugha jgrs ysfdu ;s Hindi EBooks [kjhnuk pkgrs gSa] rks vki viuh okafNr iqLrdksa ds Total Payable Amount dk Hkqxrku gesa PayPal ds ek/;e ls bccfalna@gmail.com ij Hkh Send dj ldrs gSaA pwafd International Payment Processing esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Extra Charges Pay djus gksrs gSa] blfy, PayPal ds ek/;e ls Payment djrs le; vkidks Total Payable Amount (In USD) + $2 dk Extra Payment Send djuk t:jh gksrk gSA viuk Payment Send djus ds ckn vki vius Payment dh Information gesa SMS ;k Email ds ek/;e ls ns ldrs gSaA tSls gh vkidk Email/SMS gesa izkIr gksxk] vki }kjk Order dh xbZ iqLrdksa dk Download Link vkids Email Address ij ftruk tYnh lEHko gksxk] mruk tYnh Send dj fn;k tk,xkA
14 Confirm the Payment tc vki viuh Order dh xbZ iqLrdksa dks [kjhnus ds fy, mijksDrkuqlkj fdlh Hkh Offline Manual rjhds ls “Total Payable Amount” gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Deposit/Transfer dj nsrs gSa] rks Payment Deposit/Transfer djrs gh vkidks gesa mlh Mobile Number ls ,d Call/Miss Call/SMS djuk gksrk gS] ftls vkius Order Place djrs le; “Order Form” esa Specify fd;k FkkA blh Mobile Number ds ek/;e ls gesa irk pyrk gS fd vkius fdu iqLrdksa ds fy, dkSulk Order fd;k gS vkSj mudk Total Payable Amount fdruk gSA lkFk gh gesa ;s Hkh irk py tkrk gS fd vki }kjk Purchase dh tk jgh iqLrdsa fdl Email Address ij Send djuh gSA vkids Total Payable Amount dks ge Net-Banking ds ek/;e ls vius Bank A/c esa Check djrs gSa vkSj ;fn vkidk Total Payable Amount gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Deposit/Transfer gqvk gksrk gS] rks ge vkidks 10 Minute ds njE;ku vkidh Order dh xbZ EBooks vkids Email Address ij Send dj nsrs gSa] ftls vki vxys 2 fnuksa esa dHkh Hkh Download dj ldrs gSaA
15 If you have any problem ;fn iqLrdsa [kjhnus ls lEcaf/kr fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dksbZ ckr vkidks Bhd ls le> esa u vkbZ gks ;k fdlh Hkh rjg dk Confusion gks] rks vki 097994-55505 ij Call/Miss Call/SMS dj ldrs gSaA ;Fkk lEHko rqjUr vkidh leL;k dk lek/kku fd;k tk,xkA pwafd ;s lkjh iqLrdsa PDF Format Softcopy Ebooks gSa blfy, bu iqLrdksa dk Download Link vkidks vkids Email ij gh Send fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa Click djrs gh ;s iqLrdsa vkids Computer ij Download gksuk “kq: gks tkrh gSaA ,d ckj bu iqLrdksa dks Download djus ds ckn vki bUgsa fdlh Hkh PDF Supported Computer, Mobile, Smart Phone, Tablet PC, Net-Book, Notebook ;k Laptop tSlh Device ds ek/;e ls i< ldrs gSa vFkok ;fn vki pkgsa] rks vius Printer }kjk bu iqLrdksa dk Hard Copy Printout fudky ldrs gSaA pwafd bu iqLrdksa ds Download Links vkidks vkids Email Address ij gh izkIr gksrs gSa] blfy, t:jh gS fd mijksDr “Order Form” ij vki viuk tks Email Address o Mobile Number Specify djrs gSa] og Working vkSj ,dne lgh gksA D;ksafd fdlh Hkh rjg dh ijs”kkuh gksus dh fLFkfr esa ge vkidks vkids Mobile Number vFkok Email Address }kjk gh Contact djrs gSaA

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Sirajrockinhindi 150412043647-conversion-gate01

  • 1. C++ in Hindi B c c F a l n a . c o m 0 9 7 9 9 4 - 5 5 5 0 5 Kuldeep Chand C with Class is C++. It means, without understanding Object Oriented Programming System (OOPS) Concepts properly, no one can understand C++ and any other Modern Programming Language like Java, C#, VB.Net, etc… So, In this EBook, I have covered each and every concept related to OOPS and I have tried to Implement each OOPS Concept with easy to understand Demo C++ Program. In this EBook, I have defined more then 350 Programs and hundreds of Code Fragement to clear each and every C++ and OOPS Concept. So, This EBook would not only be easy to learn OOPS and C++ but also very useful if you are interested in learning Java or .NET Language like C# or VB.NET.
  • 2. 1 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Kuldeep Chand BetaLab Computer Center Falna
  • 3. 2 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi C++ Programming Language in Hindi Copyright © 2011 by Kuldeep Chand All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Betalab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 e-mail [email protected], or visit http://www.bccfalna.com For information on translations, please contact Betalab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 Phone 097994-55505 The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, the author shall not have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this book.
  • 4. 3 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi This book is dedicated to those who really wants to be a ProfessionAl Developer
  • 6. 5 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Table of Contents OOPS and C++ ................................................................................ 11 The Object-Oriented Approach................................................................................14 Features of Object-Oriented Languages .................................................................16 Classes .................................................................................................................18 Data Hiding, Data Abstraction and Encapsulation ..................................................20 Inheritance ............................................................................................................22 Reusability ............................................................................................................22 Creating New Data Types ....................................................................................23 Polymorphism and Overloading ...........................................................................23 Dynamic Binding...................................................................................................24 Message Passing .................................................................................................25 Benefits Of OOPS....................................................................................................28 Object Oriented Languages .....................................................................................28 Object-Based Programming Language ...................................................................29 Object-Oriented Programming Language................................................................29 OOPS with C++ ................................................................................ 31 Class and Objects....................................................................................................31 Basic C++ Data Types.............................................................................................55 Assignment Operator ( = )........................................................................................56 Escape Sequences ..................................................................................................56 Integers.....................................................................................................................57 Unsigned Integers.................................................................................................58 Floating Point ...........................................................................................................58 Comments................................................................................................................60 Type Conversion ( Type Casting )...........................................................................73 Abstract Data Types.................................................................................................83 Reusability..............................................................................................................119 Arrays and Strings..........................................................................154 Array Fundamentals...............................................................................................154 Defining an Array....................................................................................................154 Multidimensional Arrays.........................................................................................159 Arrays as Instance Data.........................................................................................160 Employee Class .....................................................................................................161 The Enter Key.....................................................................................................165 Postfix and Prefix Increment Operators .............................................................166 The Stack Class..................................................................................................166 Pushing and Popping .........................................................................................168 An Array Disguised as a Stack...........................................................................170 Arrays of Objects ................................................................................................170 Array of Time Objects.........................................................................................171 Strings ....................................................................................................................173 String Variables ..................................................................................................173 String Constants .................................................................................................174 Using const Variables.........................................................................................176 String Library Functions......................................................................................181 Copying String (strcpy() Function).........................................................................182 Appending Strings (strcat() Function) ................................................................182 Comparing Strings (strcmp() Function)..............................................................183 Self-Made String Class ..........................................................................................184
  • 7. 6 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Arrays of Strings .................................................................................................188 The weekday Class ............................................................................................190 Functions ........................................................................................206 Function Calls.........................................................................................................206 Function Definitions................................................................................................208 Function Declarations ............................................................................................211 Standalone Member Functions..............................................................................213 Inline Functions ......................................................................................................213 Specifying an Inline Function .............................................................................214 Member Functions Defined Within a Class ...........................................................215 Member Functions Defined Outside a Class.........................................................216 Revised weekdays Program..................................................................................217 Macros....................................................................................................................220 Overloaded Functions............................................................................................221 Default Arguments .................................................................................................226 Declarations and Definitions ..................................................................................232 Lifetime and Visibility..............................................................................................233 Automatic Variables............................................................................................234 Register Variables ..............................................................................................235 External Variables...............................................................................................235 Local Static Variables .........................................................................................237 Objects ...................................................................................................................239 Visibility of Instance Data ...................................................................................239 Lifetime of Instance Data....................................................................................239 Creating Static Data............................................................................................240 Accessing Static Data.........................................................................................240 Static Functions ..................................................................................................241 Reference Arguments............................................................................................244 Swapping Integers ..............................................................................................244 Passing by Value ................................................................................................244 Passing by Reference ........................................................................................245 Returning by Reference......................................................................................250 Constructors ...................................................................................254 Constructor Arguments..........................................................................................261 No-Argument Constructor......................................................................................263 The One-Argument Constructor ............................................................................264 Initialize Array Size.................................................................................................271 Initializing a Member Array Elements....................................................................276 Copy Constructors .................................................................................................277 The Default Copy Constructor...............................................................................279 const for Function Arguments................................................................................280 const Objects..........................................................................................................286 const Function........................................................................................................288 Operator Overloading .....................................................................295 The operator X() Function......................................................................................296 Relational Operators ..............................................................................................304 Assignment Operators ...........................................................................................307 Overloading Unary Operators................................................................................310 Prefix Version of Operator ++.............................................................................311 Postfix Version of Operator ++...........................................................................313 The Unary Minus Operator.................................................................................316
  • 8. 7 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Conversion from Objects to Basic Types ..............................................................319 Type Casting: Conversion for Basic Types ...........................................................320 Conversions Between Classes..............................................................................327 Overloading the Assignment Operator (=).............................................................334 Overloading [ ] Operator.........................................................................................341 Constant Overloaded Operators............................................................................345 *this Object.............................................................................................................349 Inheritance ......................................................................................357 Reusability..............................................................................................................357 Inheritance and Program Design...........................................................................358 Composition: A “Has a” Relationship.....................................................................359 Inheritance: A “Kind of” Relationship .....................................................................360 Class Hierarchy......................................................................................................369 Reusability..............................................................................................................375 The Base Class Constructor..................................................................................379 The protected Access Specifier.............................................................................379 Constructors and Inheritance.................................................................................381 The Great Chain of Constructors .......................................................................381 No Argument Inheritance Constructor................................................................385 Arguments Inheritance Constructor ...................................................................386 Adding Functionality to the Derived Class Constructor.....................................388 Access Specifier.....................................................................................................390 Public Inheritance ...............................................................................................400 Private Inheritance..............................................................................................402 Protected Inheritance..........................................................................................404 Composition ...........................................................................................................409 Multiple Inheritance................................................................................................417 Pointers ...........................................................................................428 Addresses and Pointers.........................................................................................428 Pointers to Objects.................................................................................................434 Pointer to void ........................................................................................................438 Pointers and Arrays................................................................................................439 Pointers and Functions ..........................................................................................442 Pointers and Strings...............................................................................................447 Membership Access Operator (->).........................................................................451 newOperator..........................................................................................................454 Delete Operator......................................................................................................456 Creating Objects with new.....................................................................................459 this and const.........................................................................................................464 Pointers and the const Modifier .............................................................................469 Linked List Class....................................................................................................479 Containers ..............................................................................................................483 Virtual Functions and Friend Functions ........................................491 Polymorphism.........................................................................................................491 Normal Member Functions Accessed with Pointers..............................................493 Virtual Member Functions Accessed with Pointers ...............................................495 Late Binding ...........................................................................................................497 Arrays of Pointers to Objects.................................................................................499 Passing Reference.................................................................................................513 Passing Pointers ....................................................................................................517 Abstract Classes ....................................................................................................525
  • 9. 8 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Pure Virtual Functions............................................................................................527 Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions ........................................................532 Pure Virtual Functions with Bodies ........................................................................532 Virtual Destructors..................................................................................................533 Friend Functions.....................................................................................................544 Friend Classes .......................................................................................................556 Interclass Communication......................................................................................556 Pointers in Interclass Communication ...................................................................558 Nested Classes......................................................................................................561 Communication between Nested Classes.............................................................562 Exception Handling ........................................................................565 Throwing Multiple Exceptions ................................................................................572 Specifying Data in an Exception Class..................................................................587 Initializing an Exception Object..............................................................................588 Extracting Data from the Exception Object............................................................588 Exception and Function Nesting ............................................................................591 Streams and Files ...........................................................................593 Stream Classes......................................................................................................593 Stream Class Hierarchy.........................................................................................593 ios Class.................................................................................................................595 Formatting Flags.................................................................................................595 Manipulators .......................................................................................................596 Functions ............................................................................................................597 Istream Class .........................................................................................................599 The ostream Class.................................................................................................600 The iostream and the _withassign Classes...........................................................600 Predefined Stream Objects....................................................................................601 Stream Errors.........................................................................................................601 Error-Status Bits .................................................................................................602 Inputting Numbers ..............................................................................................603 Too Many Characters .........................................................................................603 No-Input Input .....................................................................................................604 Inputting Strings and Characters........................................................................605 Error-Free Distances ..........................................................................................605 All-Character Input..............................................................................................609 Disk File I/O with Streams......................................................................................609 Formatted File I/O...............................................................................................610 Writing Data........................................................................................................610 Reading Data......................................................................................................612 Strings with Embedded Blanks...........................................................................613 Detecting End-of-File..........................................................................................615 Character I/O ......................................................................................................616 Direct Access to the streambuf Object...............................................................617 Binary I/O................................................................................................................618 Object I/O............................................................................................................620 Writing an Object to Disk....................................................................................620 Reading an Object from Disk .............................................................................621 Compatible Data Structures ...............................................................................622 I/O with Multiple Objects.....................................................................................623 The fstream Class..................................................................................................626 The Mode Bits.....................................................................................................626
  • 10. 9 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Error Handling in File I/O ....................................................................................627 Reaction to Errors...............................................................................................628 Analyzing Errors .................................................................................................629 File Pointers ...........................................................................................................631 Specifying the Position .......................................................................................632 Specifying the Offset...........................................................................................632 The tellg() Function.............................................................................................634 File I/O Using Member Functions.......................................................................634 Object That Read and Write Themselves..............................................................634 Classes That Read and Write Themselves...........................................................638 Static Functions......................................................................................................639 Size Of Derived Objects.........................................................................................639 Using the typeid( ) Function...................................................................................640 Interaction with empl_io .........................................................................................648 Overloading the << and >> Operators...................................................................650 Overloading for cout and cin..................................................................................651 Overloading for Files ..............................................................................................654 Overloading for Binary I/O .....................................................................................657 Memory as a Stream Object..................................................................................660 Fixed Buffer Size....................................................................................................661 The ostrstream Object............................................................................................662 Input Memory Streams...........................................................................................663 Universality.............................................................................................................664 File Pointers ...........................................................................................................664 Dynamic Buffer Size...............................................................................................664 Last but not Least. There is more…...............................................666
  • 12. 11 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi OOPS and C++ lcls igyk loky rks ;gh gS fd C++ D;ksa lh[kk tk, ;s vkt dh izHkko”kkyh Hkk’kk gSA tc Programmers dks cMs o tfVy izksxzke cukus gksrs gSa] rc Professional Programmers C++ dks Choose djrs gSaA dbZ vkSj Hkh ljy o izHkkoh Hkk’kk,a gSa] ysfdu mudh dqN dfe;ksa dh otg ls muesa izksxzke Development dh ,d lhek gSA tSls Visual Basic Microsoft Company dh ,d cgqr gh ljy Hkk’kk gS] ysfdu tc izksxzke cgqr gh cMs o tfVy gksrs gSa] rc bl Hkk’kk esa Program Develop djuk le>nkjh dh ckr ugha gksrh gSA D;ksafd bl Hkk’kk esa Graphics dk cgqr iz;ksx gksrk gS] vkSj Hkh dbZ dkj.k gSa] ftlls ;fn bl Hkk’kk esa cMs izksxzke Develop fd, tk,a rks izksxzke dh Speed cgqr de gks tkrh gSA Assembly Hkk’kk Hkh dkQh vPNh gSA blesa fy[ks x, izksxzkeksa dh xfr dkQh vPNh gksrh gS] ysfdu ;s Hkk’kk Hardware ds Device Drivers ds izksxzke fy[kus ds fy;s T;knk vPNh gS uk fd Application izksxzke fy[kus dsA blh rjg Java Internet ds fy;s vPNh gS] gkykafd Java C++ ls gh izsfjr gSA ysfdu ,d cMs Standalone Application Development djus ds fy;s C++ lcls yksdfiz; Hkk’kk gSA ;s ,d cgqr gh Flexible o Best Performing Language gSA Procedural Languages Pascal, C, Basic, Fortran tSlh ikjEifjd Hkk’kk,a Procedural Languages ds mnkgj.k gSaA ftlesa izR;sd Statement Computer dks dqN dke djus dk vkns”k nsrk gSA ;kuh Procedural Languages Instructions dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA Procedural Languages esa NksVs Programs ds fy;s fdlh Hkh vU; izdkj ds Pattern dh vko”;drk ugh gksrh gSA Programmer Instructions dh List cukrk gS vkSj Computer muds vuqlkj dke djrk gSA tc izksxzke dkQh cMs o tfVy gks tkrs gSa] rc Instructions dh ;g List dkQh ijs”kkuh iSnk djrh gSA blfy;s ,d cMs izksxzke dks NksVs&NksVs VqdMksa esa ckaV fn;k tkrk gSA bu NksVs&NksVs VqdMksa dks Functions dgk tkrk gSA Functions dks nwljh vU; Hkk’kkvksa esa Subroutine, Subprogram ;k Procedure dgk tkrk gSA ,d cMs izksxzke dks NksVs&NksVs Functions esa foHkkftr djus ls iwjk Program Functions dk ,d lewg cu tkrk gS] ftls Module dgk tkrk gSA ysfdu ;s Modules Hkh Procedural Programming ds vUrxZr gh vkrs gaS D;ksafd lHkh Functions esa Statements dh ,d List gksrh gS vkSj lHkh Functions fey dj iwjk Program cukrs gSa] ftlls iwjk Program Instructions dh ,d cgqr cMh List cu tkrk gSA
  • 13. 12 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Procedural Languages ds “kq:vkrh nkSj esa buesa gh Program Develop fd, tkrs FksA “C” Hkh ,d Procedural Languages gS vkSj tc “C” Hkk’kk dk vkfo’dkj gqvk Fkk] rc Programmers vU; Hkk’kkvksa dks NksM dj “C” esa gh vius Program Develop djus yxs FksA ysfdu le; o vko”;drk ds vuqlkj tc Program cMs o tfVy gksus yxs] rc Programmers dks bl Hkk’kk esa izksxzke cukus esa fnDdrsa vkus yxhaA mUgksus eglwl fd;k fd bl Hkk’kk esa dqN lq/kkj dh vko”;drk gS rkfd ;s Hkk’kk ljy o yksdfiz; cu ldsA ;s Hkk’kk ljy cu lds blds fy;s bldk okLrfod thou ds vuqlkj gksuk t:jh FkkA ;kuh ge gekjs lkekU; thou esa ftl izdkj ls O;ogkj djrs gSa] bl Hkk’kk dk Hkh oSlk gh gksuk t:jh Fkk rkfd Programmers blesa vf/kd ljyrk o lQyrk ls Program cuk ldsaA Hkk’kk okLrfod thou ds vuqlkj gks] ;gh Concept Object Oriented Programming ;kuh OOPS dk vk/kkj cukA “C” Hkk’kk dh bu dfe;ksa dks igpkuk x;k vkSj blesa lq/kkj fd;k x;kA QyLo:i gesa “C” Hkk’kk dk ,d u;k laLdj.k “C++” izkIr gqvkA vkb;sa] ge Hkh tkuus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa fd “C” Hkk’kk esa ,slh dkSulh dfe;ka Fkha] ftuesa lq/kkj dh vko”;drk eglwl dh xbZ Procedural Languages esa dke gksus dk egRo Fkk Data dk ugha] ;kuh fd Keyboard ls Data Input fd;k tk,] Data ij Processing dh tk,] Errors dks Check fd;k tk, vkfnA Functions esa Hkh blh egRo dks tkjh j[kk x;kA Functions dksbZ dke djrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls ftl izdkj ls lk/kkj.k Statement djrk gSA Functions dksbZ tfVy dke Hkh dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu buesa Hkh dke ds gksus dk gh egRo FkkA iwjs Program esa Data ij dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk Fkk] tcfd iwjs izksxzke dk ewy vk/kkj Data gh gksrk gSA fdlh Inventory ds Program esa bl ckr dk dksbZ T;knk egRo ugha gksrk gS fd Data dks fdl izdkj ls Display fd;k tkrk gS ;k ,d Function fdl izdkj ls Corrupt Data dks Check djrk gS] cfYd bl ckr dk gksrk gS fd Data D;k gS vkSj og fdl izdkj ls Program esa dke vk jgk gSA Procedural Program esa Data dks f}rh; Lrj ij j[kk x;k Fkk tcfd fdlh Hkh Program dk ewy vk/kkj Data gh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] fdlh Inventory ds Program esa fdlh Data File dks Memory esa Load fd;k tkrk gS] rc ;s File ,d Global Variable dh rjg gksrh gS] ftls dksbZ Hkh Function Use dj ldrk gSA ;s Functions Data ij fofHkUu izdkj ds Operations djrs gSaA ;kuh ;s Data dks Read djrs gS] Analyze djrs gSa] Update djrs gSa] Rearrange djrs gSa] Display djrs gSa vkSj okil Disk ij Write djrs gSaA “C” esa Local Variables Hkh gksrs gSa ysfdu Local Variables, egRoiw.kZ Data ds fy;s brus mi;ksxh ugha gksrs gSa] tks fd fofHkUu Functions }kjk Access fd, tkrs gSaA
  • 14. 13 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi eku yks fd ,d u, Programmer dks Data dks fdlh [kkl rjhds ls Analyze djus ds fy;s ,d Function fy[kus dks dgk x;kA izksxzke dh xw<rk ls vufHkK Programmer ,d ,slk Function cukrk gS tks fd vpkud fdlh egRoiw.kZ Data dks u’V dj nsrk gSA ,slk gksuk dkQh vklku gS D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh Function Data dks Access dj ldrk gS] blfy;s D;ksafd Procedural Language esa Data Global gksrk gSA ;s dqN ,slk gh gS tSls fd vki vius Personal dkxtkr dks Telephone Directory ds ikl j[k nsa tgka dHkh Hkh dksbZ Hkh igqap ldrk gS] mlls NsMNkM dj ldrk gS vkSj mls u’V dj ldrk gSA blh izdkj ls Procedural Languages esa gksrk gS tgka vkidk Data Global gksrk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh Function mls Use djds [kjkc dj ldrk gS ;k uqdlku igqapk ldrk gSA Procedural Languages dh nwljh deh ;s Fkh fd dbZ Functions ,d lkFk ,d gh Data dks Use dj jgs gksrs gSa] blfy;s Data dks Store djus dk rjhdk dkQh tfVy gks tkrk gSA leku Data dks Use dj jgs lHkh Functions dks Modify fd, fcuk Data esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ;fn vki ,d u;k Data Add djrs gSa rks mu lHkh Functions dks Modify djuk gksxk tks fd Data dks use dj jgs gSa rkfd ;s lHkh Functions Add fd, x, u, Data dks Use dj ldsaA ;s irk djuk fd dkSu&dkSu ls Function Data dks Use dj jgs gSa vkSj lHkh dks fcYdqy lgh rjhds ls Modify djuk dkQh dfBu gksrk gSA Procedural Programs dks Design djuk dkQh eqf”dy gksrk gSA leL;k ;s gksrh gS fd budk Design okLrfod thou ls Related ugha gksrk gSA tSls fd] ekuk vki ,d Graphics User Interface esa Menus Window ds fy;s Code fy[kuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks ;s r; djuk eqf”dy gksxk fd dkSulk Function Use fd;k tk, dkSulk Data Structure Use fd;k tk, vkfnA budk dksbZ Li’B mRrj ugha gSA Procedural Programs ds lkFk dbZ vkSj ijs”kkfu;ka gSaA muesa ls ,d leL;k u, Data Type dh gSA Computer Languages esa dbZ izdkj ds Built-in Data Types gksrs gSa] tSls fd Integer, Float, Character vkfnA ekuyks fd vki Complex Numbers ds lkFk izfØ;k djuk pkgrs gSa ;k Two-dimensional Coordinates ds lkFk dke djuk pkgrs gSa ;k Date ds lkFk izfØ;k djuk pkgrs gSaA Built-in Data Type budks vklkuh ls Handle ugha dj ldrs gSaA blfy, gesa gekjh vko”;drkuqlkj Lo;a ds Data Type cukus dh t:jr gksrh gSA ;kuh Real World Objects dks Represent djus ds fy, gesa ,d ,sls rjhds dh t:jr gksrh gS] ftlls vklkuh ls Real World Objects dks Computer esa Represent fd;k tk lds vkSj ftl rjg ls Real World esa fofHkUu Objects vkil esa Interaction djds fdlh leL;k dk ,d mfpr lek/kku izkIr djrs gSa] mlh rjg ls Computer esa Hkh fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr fd;k tk ldsA
  • 15. 14 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Procedural Language esa Lo;a ds Data Type cuk dj ge mUgs fcYdqy Built-in Data Type dh rjg Use ugha dj ldrs gSaA Procedural Language brus mUur ugha gSaA tfVy rjhdksa dks viuk, fcuk ge Procedural Languages esa x o y nksuksa Coordinates dks ,d gh Variable esa Store djds ml ij Processing ugha dj ldrs gSaA Procedural Languages dks fy[kuk o Maintain djuk dkQh eqf”dy dke gksrk gSA Lkkjka”k • dkeksa dks djus dk egRo Fkk] Data dk ughaA ;kuh Primary Attention Problem dks Functions esa foHkkftrdjus dk Fkk Data dh Security dk ughaA ( Algorithm ) • cMs Program dks NksVs Programs esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftUgsa Functions dgrs gSaA T;knkrj Functions Global Data dks Share djrs Fks] ftlls Data Insecure gks tkrk FkkA • Application esa Data dk dkQh vklkuh ls fofHkUu Functions ds chp Transaction gksrk FkkA fofHkUu Functions Data dks fofHkUu Forms esa Transform djrs FksA • Top-Down Approach dks Support djrs FksA The Object-Oriented Approach Object Oriented Language ds ihNs dk ewyHkwr fopkj ;s gS fd ,d Program esa Data vkSj ml Data ij dke djus okys Functions dks Combine djds ,d Unit ds :i esa ys fy;k tk,A bl Unit dks Object dgk tkrk gSA ,d Object ds Function ;kuh Data o Data ij dke djus ds fy;s fy[ks x, Function dks “C++” esa Member Function dgk tkrk gSA D;ksafd ;s fdlh Object ds fdlh veqd Class ls lEcaf/kr gksrs gSa] tks fd fdlh Data dks Access djus dk ,d ek= ek/;e gksrs gSaA ;fn vki fdlh Object ds vUnj j[ks fdlh Data dks Read djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks blh Object ds vUnj fy[ks ml Member Function dks Call djuk iMrk gS] ftls ml Object ds Data dks Use djus ds fy;s gh fy[kk x;k gSA ;gh ,d Function gksrk gS] ftldh enn ls vki ml Object ds Data dks Read dj ldrs gSaA vki lh/ks gh Data ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh izfØ;k ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd Data Hidden jgrk gSA blfy;s fdlh izdkj ls vpkud gq, ifjorZu ls Data lqjf{kr jgrk gSA Data o Data dks Use dj ldus okys Function dk ,d lkFk ,d gh Unit ds :i esa gksuk Encapsulation dgykrk gSA Data dk Hidden jguk ;kuh Data Hiding o Encapsulation Object Oriented Programming dk ewy rF; ;k Key terms gSA ;fn vki fdlh Data dks Modify djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks irk gksuk pkfg, fd dkSulk Function ml Data ij dke djsxk ;kuh Object dk og Member Function ftls Data ds lkFk fy[kk x;k gSA dksbZ Hkh vU; Function ml Data dks Access ugha dj ldrk gSA ;s Processing Program dks fy[kuk] Debug djuk o Maintain djuk vklku cukrh gSA ,d “C++” dk
  • 16. 15 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi izksxzke <sj lkjs fofHkUu izdkj ds Objects dk cuk gksrk gS] tks fd vius&vius Member Functions ds }kjk vkil esa Communication djrs gSaA “C++” o dbZ vU; OOP Languages esa Member Functions dks Methods dgk tkrk gS vkSj Data Item dks Instance Variable dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Object ds Member Function dks Call djuk ml Object dks Message Send djuk dgykrk gSA ge ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA ekuk ,d cMk izhfr&Hkkst (Party) dk lekjksg gS] ftlesa lHkh esgeku fdlh Dining Table ds pkjksa vksj cSBs gSaA fdlh Table ds pkjksa vksj cSBs yksxksa dks ge Functions eku ldrs gSa tks fd [kkuk [kkus dk dke djrs gSa vkSj tks Hkh [kkuk Table ij j[kk gS] mls Data dg ldrs gSaA tc Hkh fdlh dks Table ij j[ks fofHkUu izdkj ds O;atuksa esa ls dqN ysuk gksrk gS] rks og Lo;a gh ml O;atu rd igqaprk gS vkSj mls mi;ksx esa ys ysrk gS fdlh iMkSlh esgeku ls dksbZ Hkh O;atu Pass djus dks ugha dgrkA Procedural Program dk Hkh ;gh rjhdk gksrk gSA ;s rjhdk rc rd cgqr Bhd gS tc rd fd [kkuk [kkus okys esgekuksa dh la[;k lhfer gks ;kuh N% ls vkB yksx vyx&vyx lewg esa vyx&vyx Table ij [kkuk [kk jgs gSaA ysfdu ;fn esgekuksa dh la[;k chl ;k blls Hkh vf/kd gks rks ;s rjhdk Bhd ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd tc esgeku vf/kd gksaxs rks Table Hkh cMk gksxk vkSj [kkus ds fofHkUu lkeku iwjs Table ij dkQh nwj&nwj gksaxsA ,sls esa ;fn dksbZ esgeku fdlh nwj j[ks O;atu rd igqapuk pkgrk gS rks gks ldrk gS fd mlds Shirt dh Sleeves fdlh nwljs esgeku ds [kkus esa pyh tk, ;k dbZ esgeku ,d lkFk fdlh O;atu ij gkFk c<k,a vkSj O;atu Table ij fxj dj [kjkc gks tk,A ;kuh ;fn esgekuksa dh la[;k dkQh T;knk gks rks ,d gh Table ij Hkkstu djuk ,d ijs”kkuh okyk dke gksxkA ,d cMs Procedural Program esa Hkh ;gh gksrk gSA bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds :i esa ;fn dbZ NksVs&NksVs Tables gksa vkSj mu ij ,d lhfer ek=k esa esgeku gksa vkSj lcds ikl mudk viuk Hkkstu gks rks ;s ,d vPNh O;oLFkk gks ldrh gSA bl NksVs Table ij lHkh esgeku fdlh Hkh O;atu ij vklkuh ls igqap ldrs gSa vkSj fdlh izdkj dh ijs”kkuh Create ugha gksrh gSA ;fn dksbZ esgeku fdlh vU; Table ij j[ks fdlh O;atu dks ysuk pkgrk gS rks lEHkor;k og fdlh vU; esgeku ls ml O;atu dks ykus ds fy;s dg ldrk gSA ;s rjhdk Object Oriented Programming dk gS ftlesa gjsd NksVh Table dks ,d Object dgk tk ldrk gSA gjsd Object esa mldk Lo;a dk Data vkSj Function gksrk gS mlh izzdkj ls ftl izdkj ls gjsd Table ij vyx & vyx esgeku gksrs gSa vkSj gjsd Table ij viuk vyx [kkuk gksrk gSA Data o Function ds chp gksus okys fofHkUu ysu&nsu vf/kdrj Object ds vUnj gh gksrs gSa ysfdu vko”;drkuqlkj ;s Hkh lEHko gS fd fdlh vU; Object ds Data dks Hkh Use fd;k tk ldsA bl rjg ls fdlh cMs Procedural Program dks NksVs&NksVs Object ds :i esa O;ofLFkr djds T;knk vPNh rjg ls Program dks Maintain fd;k tk ldrk gSA
  • 17. 16 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Features of Object-OrientedLanguages Objects tc vki fdlh leL;k dks Object Oriented Language ds :i esa cukuk pkgrs gSa] rc ;s r; ugha djuk gksrk gS fd leL;k dks Functions esa fdl izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k tk, cfYd ;s r; djuk gksrk gS fd leL;k dks Objects esa fdl izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k tk,A lk/kkj.k lk loky fnekx esa vk ldrk gS fd ;s Objects D;k gksrs gSa bldk tokc Hkh bruk gh lk/kkj.k gSA ge tks dqN Hkh lksap ldrs gSa] nqfu;k dh og gj oLrq Object gSA fQj Hkh FkksMk lk le>kus ds mn~ns”; ls ge ;gka ij Objects ds dqN mnkgj.k ns jgs gSa% 1 Physical Objects  fdlh Lift ls lEcaf/kr izksxzke ftlesa Program dk ewy fcUnq Lift ij fuHkZj djrk gS] blesa Lift dks ,d Object dgk tk ldrk gSA  fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk ls lEcaf/kr izksxzke esa fo”o ds lHkh ns”kksa dks Object ekuk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd bl izksxzke dk ewy fcUnq fofHkUu ns”k gksaxs] ftudh vFkZO;oLFkk ij lkjk izksxzke fuHkZj gksxkA  fdlh Traffic Flow ls lEcaf/kr izksxzke esa fofHkUu izdkj ds okgu Objects gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd iwjk izksxzke okguksa dks dsUnz esa j[k dj gh Develop fd;k tk,xkA  fdlh Air Traffic ls lEcaf/kr izksxzke esa fofHkUu ns”kksa ds Aircraft Object gksaxsA 2 fdlh Computer User Environment esa dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu vo;o tSls fd Window, Menu, Graphics Objects ( Line, Rectangle, Circle ) Mouse, Keyboard, Toolbars, Command Buttons, Disks Drives, Printer vkfn Objects gksrs gSaA 3 Human Entities esa  fdlh Company ds Employees  fdlh fo|ky; ds fofHkUu fo|kFkhZ  fofHkUu xzkgd  Salesmen vkfn Objects gksrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s gh fdlh izksxzke dh ewy bdkbZ gksrs gSaA 4 Data Storage Construct esa  fofHkUu Customized Arrays  Arrays  Stacks  Linked Lists
  • 18. 17 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi  Binary Trees vkfn Objects gksrs gSaA 5 Collection Of Data esa  Inventory  Personal File  Dictionary  Longitude o Latitude dh Table 6 User Defined Data Types esa Time, Complex Numbers, Points Of Planes vkfn Objects gksaxsA 7 Computer Game esa  dksbZ fp=  Chess ;k Checkers ds eksgjs vkfn  tkuojksa ds fpUg  fofHkUu fpUg vkfn Objects gks ldrs gSaA bu mnkgj.kksa ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd fdlh Program ds fdlh fgLls esa ;k iwjs izksxzke esa tks ewy oLrq gksrh gS] og Object dgh tk ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh leL;k dks Object ds :i esa foHkkftr djuk dkQh vklku gSA D;ksafd nqfu;k dh gj oLrq dks t:jr ds vuqlkj ,d Object ekuk tk ldrk gSA gjsd Object dh viuh {kerk,a gksrh gSa vkSj gjsd Object dqN uk dqN dke dj ldrk gSA bls le>us ds fy;s ,d mnkgj.k ns[krs gSaA cMh bekjrksa esa fofHkUu eaftyksa ij vkus&tkus ds fy;s Lifts gksrh gSaA bl Lift dks ,d Object ekuk tk ldrk gSA ekuk fd pkSFkh eafty ij fdlh Lift esa pkj Passengers gSa vkSj Passengers us 8th , 10th o 15th eafty ij tkus ds fy;s Button Press fd;k gS] rks Lift esa ;s {kerk gksrh gS fd ;s uhps tk ldrh gS] Åij tk ldrh gS] ;s blds njoktksa dks [kksy ldrh gS o cUn dj ldrh gS] ;s irk dj ldrh gS fd nwljh Lifts dkSulh eafty ij gSa vkSj mls vxyh fdl eafty ij tkuk gSA “C++” esa ,d Object ds Data ;s /;ku j[krs gSa fd Object esa D;k&D;k {kerk,a gSa vkSj Object ds Member Functions bl ckr dk /;ku j[krs gSa fd Object mu Data ds lkFk D;k&D;k dj ldrk gSA bl Lift Object esa fuEu Data gks ldrs gSa% • Current_floor_number • Number_of_passengers • List_of_buttons_pussed vkSj Member Functions fuEu gks ldrs gSa%
  • 19. 18 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi • GoDown() • GoUp() • OpenDoors() • CloseDoors() • GetInfo() • CalculateWhereToGo() Object Oriented Programming esa fdlh oLrq dh fo”ks’krk o oLrq dh {kerk ,d lkFk esa gksrh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ls Object Oriented Program esa Data o Functions ,d lkFk esa ,d Unit ds :i esa gksrs gSa] ftls Object dgk tkrk gSA Object ds Data o mu Data dh State esa ifjorZu djus okys Functions dks ,d Unit ;k bdkbZ ds :i esa Combine djus dh izfØ;k dks Encapsulation dgrs gSaA Encapsulation dh izfØ;k ls izkIr gksus okyk Template ;k Description Class dgykrk gSA Objects fdlh Object Oriented System dh Basic Run Time Entities gksrs gSaA Objects Memory esa Space ysrs gSa vkSj gj Object dk ,d Memory Address gksrk gSA tc ge fdlh Object Oriented Program dks Execute djrs gSa] rc fofHkUu Objects ,d nwljs dks Message Pass djds ;kuh muds Member Functions dks Call djds ,d nwljs ls Communication djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, eku yks fd “Customer” o “Account” nks Objects gSaA vc ;fn Customer dks viuk Bank Balance tkuuk gks] rks og Account Object dks ,d Message Pass djrk gS vkSj vius Bank Balance dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, Request djrk gSA Account Object Customer Object dh Request dks iwjk djrk gS vkSj mls Bank Balance dh tkudkjh iznku dj nsrk gSA bl rjg ls Customer Object fcuk ;s tkus gq, fd Account Object esa dkSu&dkSu ls Data gSa] vius Balance dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrk gSA viuk Balance tkuus ds fy, Customer Object dks dsoy bruk gh /;ku j[kuk gksrk gS fd Account Object dks dkSulk Message Pass djus ij ;kuh Account Object ds fdl Member Function dks Call djus ij Account Object Account Balance dh tkudkjh iznku djsxkA Classes tc gesa ,d gh Data Type ds dbZ Data dks fdlh Variable esa Store djuk gksrk gS] rc ge Array dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj tc fofHkUu Data Type ds vkil esa Logically Related dbZ
  • 20. 19 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Data dks ,d gh Variable esa j[kuk gksrk gS rc ge Structure dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA “C++” esa Class Hkh ;gh dke djrk gSA ;kuh Class esa Hkh ge fofHkUu Data Types ds] vkil esa Logically Related Variables Declare djrs gSaA Structure o Class esa ewyHkwr vUrj ;gh gS fd ,d Structure ds Members Default :i ls Global ;k Public gksrs gSa tcfd ,d Class ds Members Local ;k Private gksrs gSaA Class dh nwljh fo”ks’krk ;s gS fd Class ds Data Members dks Access djus ds Functions Hkh Class ds vUnj gh fy[ks tkrs gSa vkSj ge bUgha Member Functions dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Class ds Object ds Data Members dks Access dj ldrs gSaA ,d Class esa Data Nqik gqvk jgrk gS D;ksafd dsoy ml Class ds Objects gh ml Class ds Data dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA fdlh vU; Class ds Objects ;k fdlh External Functions ds fy, ;s Data Accessible ugha gksrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks Data Hiding dgrs gSaA Data o Data dks Access djus ds fy, Authorized Function nksuksa dks ,d Unit ds :i esa Combined Form esa Describe fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Object ds Data o Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations ds Functions dks ,d Unit ds :i esa j[kus dh izfØ;k dks Encapsulation dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Class ds vUnj Declare fd, x, os Variables ftuesa Object ds Data Stored jgrs gSa] Data Members dgykrs gSa vkSj mu Data ds lkFk izfØ;k djus okys Functions Member Functions dgykrs gSaA fdlh Object ds Data o Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations dks Encapsulate djds ,d Unit esa j[kus ij Create gksus okys Template ;k Description dks Class dgrs gSaA Class ,d u, izdkj dk User Defined Data Type gksrk gSA bl Create gksus okyh Class dk ge ftrus pkgsa mrus Objects Create dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh ,d Class leku izdkj ds Objects ds lewg dh Description ;k Template dks Represent djrk gSA Classes User Defined Data Type gksrh gSa vkSj Built-In Data Type dh rjg Behave djrh gSaA ftl izdkj ls fdlh Structure dks Define djus ds ckn ml Structure ds izdkj ds Variables Declare fd, tkrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls fdlh Class ds Hkh Variables Declare fd, tkrs gSa rkfd ml Class ds Data dks Use fd;k tk ldsA “C++” esa Class izdkj ls Declare fd, x, Variables dks Object dgk tkrk gSA tc dksbZ Class Define dh tkrh gS] rc og Memory esa dksbZ Space Reserve ugha djrk gSA ,d Class izdkj dk Variable ftls Object dgrs gSa] Declare djus ds ckn gh og Memory esa vius Class dh {kerk ds vuqlkj Space Reserve djrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ls ftl izdkj ls fdlh Structure dks Define djus ij og Memory esa dksbZ Space Reserve ugha djrk gSA tc ge Structure izdkj ds Variable Declare djrs gSa rHkh Memory esa Space Reserve gksrh gSA
  • 21. 20 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Data Hiding,Data Abstraction and Encapsulation fdlh System dh Inner Working dks Hide djds mls mi;ksx djus ds fy, ,d Well Defined Interface rS;kj djus dh izfØ;k dks ge Encapsulation dgrs gSaA Create gksus okys Object dks Real World esa tc Use djuk gksrk gS] rc ge mlh Well Defined Interface }kjk ml Object ds Data dks Access djrs gSaA Encapsulation dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k ,d Watch dk fy;k tk ldrk gSA ,d Wristwatch fdl izdkj ls dke djrk gS] Internally ml Wristwatch esa D;k izfØ;k gksrh gS] Wristwatch pkgs Analog gks ;k Digital] og fdl izdkj ls Hours, Minutes o Seconds dks Manage djrk gS] ;kuh Wristwatch dh Internal Working ls gesa rc rd dksbZ eryc ugha gksrk gS] tc rd fd Wristwatch lgh rjhds ls dke djrh gSA ge dsoy le; tkuus ds fy, fdlh Wristwatch dks Use djrs gSaA Data o Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations ds Functions dks ,d Unit ds :i esa Bind djds Object dh Class cukus dh izfØ;k dks Encapsulation dgrs gSaA bl Encapsulation ds Concept ds vk/kkj ij cuus okyh Class ds Data dks dsoy mlh Class esa Define fd, x, Member Functions gh Access dj ldrs gSaA bu Member Functions ds vykok dksbZ Hkh External Function ml Specific Class ds Data dks Access ugha dj ldrk gSA fdlh Class ds vUnj Define fd, x, Member Function gh Program o Object ds Data ds chp Interface iznku djrs gSaA fcuk bu Member Function ds Main Function, fdlh vU; Class esa Define fd;k x;k Member Function ;k dksbZ Hkh vU; User Defined External Function ml Specific Object ds Data dks Access ugha dj ldrk gSA ;kuh Main Program ls Object dk Data iwjh rjg ls Insulated ;k vyx gksrk gSA bl Insulation ds dkj.k fdlh Specific Object dk Data fdlh vU; User Defined External Function ;k Main Program ls Nqik gqvk jgrk gSA blfy, bl Insulation dh izfØ;k dks Data Hiding dgrs gSaA Data Abstraction ,d ,slh izfØ;k gksrh gS] ftlesa fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr t:jh ckrksa dks fcuk t:jh ckrksa ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA fQj mu t:jh ckrksa dks leL;k ds fdlh Object dh Properties ds :i esa Describe fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd fdlh Company ds Administrator dks viuh Company ds lHkh Employees dh Educational Information dh tkudkjh j[kuh gSA bl fLFkfr esa fdlh Employee dh fofHkUu Properties fuEukuqlkj gks ldrh gSa% • Name Of the Employee • Father’s Name of the Employee
  • 22. 21 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi • Address of the Employee • City of the Employee • State of the Employee • Country of the Employee • Date Of Birth of the Employee • Education Of the Employee • Hobbies of the Employee • Experience in the Company of the Employee • Extra Degree Of the Employee • Cast of the Employee • Religion of the Employee fdlh Employee dh vkSj Hkh cgqr lh fo”ks’krk,a gks ldrh gSa] ysfdu pwafd leL;k esa Company ds Administrator dks vius Employees dh dsoy Educational Information ls gh eryc gS] “ks’k Information dk Company ds Administrator ds fy, dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gS] blfy, Administrator dh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr t:jh ckrsa dsoy fuEukuqlkj gh gSa% • Name Of the Employee • Education Of the Employee • Extra Degree Of the Employee buds vykok ,d Employee dh tks Hkh Information gSa] os bl leL;k ds fy, t:jh ugha gSa] gkykafd fdlh vU; leL;k ds fy, ;s t:jh gks ldrh gSaA bl rjg ls geus ,d Employee dh fofHkUu fo”ks’krkvksa esa ls mu fo”ks’krkvksa dks vyx fd;k tks Company ds Administrator ds fy, t:jh gSa ;k gekjh Current leL;k ls lEcaf/kr gSaA bl izfØ;k dks gh Abstraction dgrs gSa] ftlesa geus Employee dh mu t:jh ckrksa dks mu fcuk t:jh ckrksa ls vyx fd;k gS] ftudh Company ds Administrator dks t:jr gSA fdlh vU; leL;k tSls fd Employees ds Bio Data dks Manage djus okyh Class dks Create djrs le; ;s lHkh Information t:jh gks ldrh gSaA ml fLFkfr esa dqN vU; ckrsa gksaxh tks Employee ds Bio Data ls lEcaf/kr ugha gksaxhA rc Hkh gesa Employee ds fofHkUu Data ij Abstraction dh izfØ;k dks ykxw djds t:jh Data dks fcuk t:jh Data ls vyx djuk gksxkA tc ge fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, fdlh Object dh t:jh ckrksa dks fcuk t:jh ckrksa ls vyx dj ysrs gSa] ;kuh Object dh fofHkUu Properties ij Data Abstraction dh Process dks ykxw djus ds ckn tks t:jh Properties izkIr gksrh gSa] mu Properties dks Class ds Attributes ds :i esa Define dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj bu Attributes ;k Properties dh State ;k fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djus okys Operations ds Functions dks Attributes ds lkFk ,d Unit ds :i esa Encapsulate dj fy;k tkrk gS] ftlls ,d Description cu tkrk gSA fQj bl
  • 23. 22 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Description dks ,d uke ns fn;k tkrk gS] tks fd fdlh Class dks Define djrk gS] ;kuh ge ,d ubZ Class cuk ysrs gSaA pwafd ge tkurs gSa fd Class OOPS esa ,d u, User Defined Data Type dks Represent djrk gS vkSj ge tks Class cukrs gSa] ml Class esa Abstraction izfØ;k ds ckn izkIr gq, Attributes gksrs gSa] blfy, bl u, Create gksus okys Data Type dks Abstract Data Type dgrs gSaA Inheritance ftl izdkj ls ge okLrfod thou esa fofHkUu Classes dks Subclasses esa foHkkftr djrs gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj ls ge “C++” esa Hkh Classes dks fofHkUu Subclasses esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaA tSls tkuojksa ds lewg dks ge ikuh esa jgus okys tkuojksa] ok;q esa mMus okys tkuojksa o /kjrh ij pyus okys tkuojksa esa ckaV ldrs gSaA fQj gjsd tkuoj dks mldh fo”ks’krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij vkSj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaA Bhd blh izdkj ls ge “C++” esa Hkh Classes dk foHkktu dj ldrs gSa] tks fd fiNyh Classes dh fo”ks’krkvksa ds lkFk viuh Hkh dqN vU; fo”ks’krkvksa dks mi;ksx esa ysrk gSaA ;s izfØ;k OOPS esa Inheritance dgykrh gSA tks eq[; Class gksrh gS] mls Base Class dgrs gSa vkSj bldh viuh fo”ks’krk,a gksrh gSaA bl Class ds vUnj vkSj foHkktu fd;k tk, rks og foHkkftr Class Derived Class dgykrh gS] ftlesa mldh Base Class ds xq.k rks gksrs gh gSa] lkFk gh blds vius Hkh dqN vyx xq.k gksrs gSa tks fd Base Class esa ugha gksrsA Inheritance ,d ,slk rjhdk gS ftlls ,d Class ds Objects fdlh nwljh Class ds xq.kksa dks izkIr dj ysrs gSaA ;s Hierarchical Classification dks Support djrk gSA OOPS esa Inheritance dk ;s Concept Reusability dk Idea Provide djrk gSA bl Concept ds vk/kkj ij ,d igys ls cuh gqbZ Class ds xq.kksa dks Derive djds ubZ Class cukbZ tkrh gSA Reusability ,d ckj ,d Class fy[k dj rS;kj dj ysus ds ckn ge mlh Class dks dbZ vU; izksxzkeksa esa vko”;drkuqlkj mlh izdkj ls Use dj ldrs gSa ftl izdkj ls Procedural Languages esa Library Functions dks Use djrs gSaA Inheritance dh fo”ks’krk dks Use djrs gq, ge ,slk Hkh dj ldrs gSa fd fdlh igys ls cukbZ xbZ Class esa ifjorZu fd;s fcuk gh ge mlesa ,d Derived Class cukdj Base Class ds xq.k Hkh Use dj ysa vkSj viuh Derived Class ds xq.k Hkh mlesa tksM ldrs gSaA
  • 24. 23 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi tSls fd ekuk vkius ,d Class cuk;k tks fd Menu cukus dk dke djrk gSA vki bl Class esa ifjorZu djuk ugha pkgrs gSa] ysfdu vki pkgrs gSa fd mlesa Animation dh Capability Hkh vk tk,A ,slss esa vki ,d ubZ Class cuk ldrs gSa] ftlesa Base Class ds lkjs xq.k rks gksaxs gh lkFk esa vki Animation dk xq.k Hkh mlesa tksM ldrs gSaA bl rjg ls OOPS dh otg ls vki fdlh Class dks ckj&ckj fy[kus ls cp tkrs gSa vkSj ,d gh Class dks dbZ txg Use dj ldrs gSaA ;s Hkh OOPS dh ,d [kkl fo”ks’krk gSA Creating New Data Types Object dh ,d fo”ks’krk ;s Hkh gS fd ;s Programmers dks vko”;drkuqlkj u, Data Types cukus dh Hkh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ,d Programmer tks Hkh Class Create djrk gS] og Class Computer esa ,d u, izdkj ds Data Type dks Represent djrk gS vkSj Class fdlh Real World Object dh fo”ks’krkvksa vkSj {kerkvksa dk Description ;k Specification gksrk gS fd ml Class dk Object fdl rjg dk gS vkSj D;k&D;k dj ldrk gSA Polymorphism and Overloading tSlkfd geus igys Hkh crk;k fd ,d Class “C” ds Structure dk gh Modified :i gSA ;kuh ge Structure izdkj ds Variable rks Declare dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ftl izdkj ls Built - In izdkj ds Data Type ds nks Variables dks ge vkil esa tksM ldrs gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj ls fdlh Structure ds nks Variables dks ge ugha tksM ldrsA bls le>us ds fy;s ge ,d mnkgj.k ns[krs gSaA ekuk ,d Structure fuEukuqlkj gS% struct Add { int num1; int num2; }; struct Add A, B, C ; ;fn ge C = A + B ; djsa] rks ;s ,d xyr Statement gksxkA fdlh Class ds Objects dks Hkh ge Bhd blh izdkj ls ugha tksM ldrs gSa] D;ksafd Class Structure dk gh Modified :i gSA bldk dkj.k ;s gS fd Compiler ;s ugha tkurk gS fd User }kjk Define fd, x, Variables ds lkFk fdl izdkj ls tksM fd;k tk,A tcfd Built-in Data Types esa tksM djus ds bl rjhds
  • 25. 24 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi dks Compiler esa igys ls gh fuf”pr dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj + Operator ;s tkurk gS fd bu Variables dks dSls tksMk tk,A blfy;s User Defined Data Type ds Variables ;k Object dks tksMus dk rjhdk Operators dks crkuk iMrk gSA ;kuh + Operators dks ;s crkuk iMrk gS fd fdl izdkj ls User Defined Data Type ds Variables ;k Objects dks ;s Operator tksMsxkA blds fy;s gesa u, izdkj ds Operations Define djus gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ls Operators o Functions dks vyx&vyx rjhds ls bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrs gq, fd os fdl izdkj ds Data ij Operation dj jgs gSa] Use fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl izfØ;k dks Polymorphism dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Existing Operator tSls fd +, = vkfn dks bl yk;d cuk;k tkrk gS fd os User Defined Data Type ds fofHkUu izdkj ds Variables ;k Objects ij fØ;k dj ldsaA fofHkUu Operators dks bl yk;d cukus dh fØ;k dks Operators dh Overloading djuk dgk tkrk gSA tc dbZ Functions ds uke leku gksrs gSa ysfdu muds Arguments ;k Parameters dh la[;k ;k Return Data Type ;k fQj Formal Arguments ds Data Type esa vkil esa vUrj gksrk gS] rks bls Functions dh Overloading gksuk dgk tkrk gSA Overloading ls ,d Programmer ds fy, Program fy[kuk o le>uk vklku gks tkrk gSA ;g Hkh Polymorphism dk ,d rjhdk gSA Dynamic Binding fdlh Object ds Reference esa dkSulk Function Call gksuk pkfg,] tc ;s ckr Program ds Compile Time esa r; gksrh gS] rks bls Early Binding dgrs gSaA tcfd fdlh Object ds Reference esa fdlh dke ds fy, dkSulk Procedure Execute gksxk] ;s ckr tc Program ds Runtime esa r; gksrh gS] rc bls Late Binding ;k Dynamic Binding dgrs gSaA Polymorphism ds vUrxZr Dynamic Binding dk dke gksrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu fp= nsf[k,% bl fp= esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Shape Class ,d Base Class gS ftls Inherit djds rhu ubZ Classes Circle, Box o Triangle dks Create fd;k x;k gSA pwafd ;s rhuksa gh Classes Shape Class ls Inherited gSa] blfy, Base Class Shape dk Draw() Method rhuksa gh Classes esa Inherited gSA vc ekuyks fd geus rhuksa Derived Classes dk ,d&,d Object Create fd;k vkSj ml Object dks Draw djus ds fy, Draw() Method dks Call fd;kA ,sls esa tc ge Circle
  • 26. 25 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Class ds Object ds fy, Draw Method Call djrs gSa] rc Compiler Circle Class ds Draw Method dks Call djds Circle Draw djrk gSA tc ge Box Object Draw djus ds fy, Box Class ds Object ds Reference esa Draw() Method dks Call djrs gSa] rc Compiler Box Class ds Draw Method dks Execute djrk gSA blh rjg ls tc ge Triangle Class dk Object Create djuk pkgrs gSa] rc Compiler Triangle Class ds Draw Method dks Execute djds Triangle Draw dj nsrk gSA ;kuh ,d gh uke dk Draw Method Create gks jgs Object dh Class ds vk/kkj ij mlh Class ds Draw Method dks Execute djrk gS] ftl Class dk Object Create fd;k tk jgk gSA bl izfØ;k dks Binding Object ds lkFk Method dh Binding gksuk dgrs gSaA pwafd fdl Object ds Reference esa dkSulk Draw Method Call gksxk] bldk fu.kZ; Compiler Program ds Runtime esa djrk gS] blfy, bl izfØ;k dks Late Binding ;k Dynamic Binding dgrs gSaA Message Passing Object Oriented Program esa Objects dk iwjk ,d lewg gksrk gSA ;s Objects vkil esa Communication djrs gSaA fdlh Object Oriented Programming esa fuEu rhu Concepts gksrs gSa% • Abstract Data ds vk/kkj ij ,d ,slh Class Definition Create djuk tks Required Object dh Properties o mlds Behaviors dks Describe djsA • Create fd, x, Abstract Data Type ;k Class ds Objects Create djukA • Create gksus okys fofHkUu Objects ds chp Communication dks Establish djukA nks Objects vkil esa mlh izdkj ls Information Hkst dj o izkIr djds Communication djrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Real World esa vke yksx vkil esa Message Pass djds Communication djrs gSaA
  • 27. 26 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Message Passing ds Concept ls ge Computer Application ds :i esa fdlh leL;k dks mlh izdkj ls Directly Modal dj ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls ml leL;k dks Real World esa Describe djrs gSaA Message Passing Concept esa tc ,d Object A fdlh nwljs Object B ls Communication djuk pkgrk gS] rc og Object A ml nwljs Object B dks ,d Message Pass djrk gS ;kuh ml nwljs Object B ds fdlh Member Function dks Call djrk gSA bl Concept esa rhu ckrsa gksrh gSa% • Object • Message ( Member Function of the object) • Information (Arguments in the Member Function of the object) mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd Customer Object Account Object ls vius Bank Balance dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA ,sls esa Customer Object Account Object dks ,d Message Hkstrk gS ¼ ;kuh Account Object ds Reference esa fdlh Member Function dks Call djrk gSA ½ vkSj Message esa Bank Balance dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, Information (Arguments) Hkstrk gSA ;kuh Customer Object Account Object ls fuEukuqlkj Communication djrk gS% Account.Information(Bank_Balance); tc ge bl izdkj ls Account Object ls Bank Balance Return djokrs gSa] rks ml Bank Balance dks Customer Object ds fy, Use dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ls ,d Object (Customer) nwljs Object (Account) ls Communication djus ds fy, nwljs Object ds fdlh Appropriate Member Function dks Call djrs gq, mls Message Hkstrk gS] rFkk fdlh tkudkjh ds fy, Arguments ds :i esa Request djrk gSA nwljk Object ml Request dks Message }kjk izkIr djrk gS vkSj Appropriate Member Function ds Execution }kjk igys Object dks mldh Required Information iznku dj nsrk gSA OOPS ,d ,slk Concept gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij ge fdlh leL;k dks Design djrs le; mls fofHkUu izdkj ds Physical Objects ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr djrs gSa vkSj bu fofHkUu izdkj ds Physical Objects dks Computer esa fdlh Hkh Programming Language esa Logically Represent dj ldrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds Objects dks ftl Programming Language esa vPNh rjg ls Represent fd;k tk ldrk gS] ml Programming Language dks ge Object Oriented Programming Language dg ldrs gSaA “C++” ,d ,slh gh Programming Language gS] tks OOPS ds lHkh Concept dks Computer esa Implement djus esa l{ke gSA ;fn ge Object dks ljy :i esa ifjHkkf’kr djsa] rks ge ;s dg
  • 28. 27 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ldrs gSa fd Object ,d ,slk Variable gksrk gS] ftlesa ,d ls T;knk izdkj ds “Basic Data Type” ds ekuksa dks Store o Manipulate fd;k tkrk gSA ;s r; djus ds fy, fd Object fdl izdkj ds vkSj fdrus ekuksa dks Manipulate djus dk dke djsxk ;k Object fdl Physical Real World Object dks Logically Computer esa Represent djsxk] gesa ,d Specification (Modal) cukuk gksrk gSA ;s Specification ;k Modal tks fd Object dh fo”ks’krkvksa ;k Attributes (Data Members) vkSj mu fo”ks’krkvksa (Data Members dh States) esa ifjorZu djus okys Object ds Behaviors (Member Functions) dks Represent djrk gSA bl Specification dks gh Class dgrs gSa] tks fd ,d rjQ rks fdlh Real World Object dks Computer esa Logically Represent dj jgk gksrk gS vkSj nwljh rjQ ogh Class fdlh Object dk ,d ,slk Specification gksrk gS] tks Programming Language esa ml Real World Object dks Logically ,d u, Data Type ds :i esa Represent dj jgk gksrk gSA lkjka”k • leL;k esa Procedures ds ctk, Data dk egRo gSA ;kuh OOPS esa Data dks Primary Level ij j[kk x;k gS vkSj Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations ds Functions dks Secondary Level ij j[kk x;k gSA • Problem dks Functions esa foHkkftr djus ds ctk; Objects esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA • Data Structure dks bl izdkj ls Design fd;k x;k gS] tks fd Object dks Characterize djrs gSaA • Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations okys Functions dks Object ds Data Structure ds lkFk gh Combined dj fn;k x;k gS] ftls Encapsulation dgrs gSaA • Data dks dsoy Data ds lkFk Associate fd, x, Functions gh Access dj ldrs gSa] ftlls Data External Functions ds fy, Hidden jgrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks OOPS esa Data Hiding dgrs gSaA • Objects vkil esa Functions }kjk Communication djrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks Message Passing djuk dgrs gSaA • vko”;drk gksus ij Object esa u, Data o Data ij Perform gksus okys Operations dks Add fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks OOPS esa Inheritance dgrs gSaA • Program Design esa OOPS ds Approach dks Bottom-Up Approach dgrs gSaA
  • 29. 28 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Benefits Of OOPS OOPS Program Designer o Program Usernksuksa ds fy, dbZ lqfo/kk,a iznku djrk gSA OOPS}kjk Develop fd, tkus okys Programs esa fuEu fo”ks’krk,a gksrh gSa% • Inheritance dk iz;ksx djds ,d Programmer ckj&ckj ,d tSlh Coding fy[kus ls cp tkrk gSA og ,d ckj fy[kh xbZ Coding dks ckj&ckj Reuse dj ikus esa l{ke gks tkrk gSA Coding dks Reuse djus ds dkj.k Programmer dks Program Develop djus esa de le; yxrk gS vkSj Program dks Maintain djuk ljy gks tkrk gSA • pwafd] OOPS esa Program dk Data iwjh rjg ls Outer World ls Hide jgrk gSA Data dks Access djus ds fy, vf/kd`r Member Functions gh ml Data dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA pwafd] Program ds Data dks dksbZ Hkh Unauthorized External Function Access djus esa l{ke ugha gksrk gS] blfy, Accidental Modifications ls Data lqjf{kr jgrk gSA • ,d gh Object ds dbZ Instances fcuk fdlh Interference ds ,d gh Program esa ,d lkFk Exist gks ldrs gSaA • Program dks Objects esa foHkkftr djus ds dkj.k Program Real World Concepts dks Logically T;knk csgrj rjhds ls Computer esa Represent djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA • OOPS ij vk/kkfjr Application dks Upgrade] Modify o Change djuk dkQh ljy o lqfo/kktud gksrk gSA • cgqr gh tfVy leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dks Hkh OOPS Concept ds vk/kkj ij dkQh vklku rjhds ls Develop o Manage fd;k tk ldrk gSA ObjectOrientedLanguages OOPS ds Concepts dks “C” ;k “Pascal” tSlh Procedural Languages esa Hkh iwjh rjg ls Implement fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu tc ge “C” tSlh Procedural Language esa OOPS ds Concepts dks Implement djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa] rc gesa dbZ vU; Compiler lEcaf/kr lhekvksa dk lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA tcfd “C++” tSlh OOPS dks /;ku esa j[k dj Design fd, x, Compiler dks Use djus ij gesa bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk ugha djuk iMrkA OOPS dks Implement djus ds lEca/k esa Hkh ge Programming Languages dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldrs gSa%
  • 30. 29 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Object-Based ProgrammingLanguage Microsoft Company dk Visual – Basic ,d Object Based Programming Language gSA bl izdkj dh Programming Languages Encapsulations o Object Identity dks Support djrk gSA Object Based Programming Languages ds eq[; Features Encapsulation, Data Hiding o Access Mechanism, Objects dk Automatically Initialize o Clear gksuk rFkk Operator Overloading gksrs gSaA Object-Based Programming Languages Inheritance o Dynamic Binding dks Support ugha djrs gSaA os Languages tks Objects dks Use djrs gq, Programming lEHko cukrh gSa] Object – Based Programming Languages dgykrh gSaA Object-OrientedProgramming Language Object Oriented Programming esa Object Based Programming ds lHkh Features Available gksus ds lkFk gh buesa Inheritance o Dynamic Binding dh Hkh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA “C++” ,d Hybrid Language gS] D;ksafd ;s Procedural Programming ds lkFk&lkFk Object Oriented Programming dks Hkh Support djrh gSA
  • 32. 31 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi OOPS with C++ Object Oriented Programming Concept dks le>s fcuk ge “C++” dh Capabilities dk iwjk Qk;nk ugha mBk ldrs gSaA Class “C++” dk lcls t:jh Concept gSA Object Oriented Programming dk Concept le>s fcuk ge dksbZ Serious Program ugha cuk ldrs gSaA blfy, Class dks le>uk “C++” dks le>us ds fy, lcls t:jh gSA Object Oriented Concept dks “C++” ds lkFk Use djrs gq, OOPS dks le>kuk dkQh tfVy dke gSA O bject Oriented Technology dk lkj ;gh gS fd Programmers vius Program mlh izdkj ls Design dj ldsa ftl rjg ls Real World esa fdlh dke ;k leL;k dks Design fd;k tkrk gSA ge ;gka ij igys ;gh le>saxs fd Object Oriented Design D;k gksrk gS vkSj fdl izdkj ls fdlh leL;k dks Object Oriented Form esa Design djds Computer ij ml leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA Object Oriented Programming Concept dk eq[; vk/kkj Object o Class gSaA Class and Objects OOPS dk Modal bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gS fd nqfu;k dh gj og oLrq ftls ge Physically ns[k ldrs gSa] Nw ldrs gSa ;k Logically vuqHko dj ldrs gSa] ,d Real World Object gS vkSj gj Object dbZ vU; NksVs Objects ls cuk gksrk gSA lkFk gh gj Object fdlh uk fdlh Class dk ,d mnkgj.k (Instance) ;k lnL; gksrk gSA ;fn ,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa rks Computer ,d Object gSA ysfdu ;s Computer Lo;a dbZ vU; NksVs Objects tSls fd Motherboard, Processor, RAM, Hard Disk, Floppy Drive, Cabinet, SMPS, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse vkfn ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA ge Real World esa Hkh ns[krs gSa fd dbZ Objects ds Features leku gksrs gSaA tSls fd ftrus Hkh Computers gksrs gSa] mu lHkh esa Motherboard gksrk gS] Processor gksrk gS] Hard Disk gksrh gS] RAM gksrh gS] CD ROM gksrk gS] vkfnA ;kuh gj Computer ds Basic Features ;k vk/kkjHkwr vo;o leku gksrs gSaA bu lHkh Objects ds pkfjf=d xq.kksa ;k Characteristics esa le:irk gSA blfy, ,d Computer fdlh Computer Class dk ,d Instance ;k Object gksrk gSA Class ,d ,slk Modal, Design ;k Description gksrk gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij leku Characteristics okys dbZ Object Create fd, tk ldrs gSaA ;kuh ;fn nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa rks Class ,d ,slk Modal, Design ;k Description gksrk gS] tks fdlh ,d veqd (Particular) lewg ds Objects (Entity Set) dh fo”ks’krkvksa (Characteristics) ;k Features dks Represent djrk gSA
  • 33. 32 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi tc ge fdlh Object Oriented Programming Language esa Program fy[krs gSa] rks Programming ds le; ge fdlh Object dks Define ugha djrs gSa] cfYd ge ml Object dh fo”ks’krkvksa dk ,d Modal cuk ysrs gSa] ftls Class dgrs gSaa vkSj ml Modal (Class) ds vk/kkj ij vko”;drkuqlkj dbZ Objects Create dj ysrs gSaA bls ,d mnkgj.k }kjk le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA ekuyks fd ;fn vkils dgk tk, fd ,d Car dh ifjHkk’kk nhft,A ifjHkk’kk ds :i esa vki D;k dgsaxs vki Car dh ,slh fo”ks’krkvksa (Characteristics) dk o.kZu (Description) djsaxs tks mls nqfu;k dh nwljh phtksa (Objects) ls vyx cukrh gSA vki dg ldrs gSa fd Car ,d ,slh pht gksrh gS ftlds pkj Wheels gksrs gSaA mlesa cSBus ds fy, dqN lhVsa gksrh gSaA Car esa ,d Engine gksrk gSA ;s Engine Diesel ls pyrk gSA blesa xfr dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, ,d Accelerator vkSj ,d Gear Box gksrk gSA blh rjg ls dbZ vkSj fo”ks’krk,a crkbZ tk ldrh gSa] ftuls ,d Car dh igpku gks ldrh gSA vkius ,d Car dh tks ifjHkk’kk crkbZ gS] D;k og ifjHkk’kk dkj gSA ugha! ;s ifjHkk’kk dkj ugha gS cfYd ;s ifjHkk’kk rks Car dk ,d fooj.k ;k Description ek= gSA ekuyks fd vkidks fdlh Automobile Company ls ;s Offer vkrk gS fd vki ftl rjg dh Car pkgrs gSa] Company ml rjg dh Car cukus ds fy, rS;kj gSA vki ftl rjg dh pkgsaxs] ml rjg dh Car cu tk,xhA vc vkidks Company dks crkuk gS fd vkidks fdl rjg dh Car ilUn gSA lh/kh lh ckr gS fd Company ds Engineers vkidh dYiukvksa okyh Logical Car dks rHkh lkdkj :i dh Physical Car esa cny ldrs gSa] tc vki fdlh rjhds ls mu Engineers dks viuh ml liuksa okyh Logical dkj dk fooj.k ns ik,saA ekuyks fd vki viuh Car esa fuEu fo”ks’krk,a (Characteristics) ;k Features pkgrs gSa% 1 vkidh dkj ij Yellow, Blue o White ;s rhu Color gksus pkfg,aA 2 Car gYdh gksuh pkfg,A 3 Car esa dsoy nks lhVsa gh gksuh pkfg,A 4 Car esa lkekU; dkjksa dh rqyuk esa ,d Extra Gear gksuk pkfg, rkfd t:jr iMus ij ml Gear ds iz;ksx ls Car tehu ls Åij Hkh mM ldsA 5 Car dk Engine Latest Quality dk o lcls Highest Power dk gksuk pkfg,A 6 dkj ,slh gksuh pkfg, dh og vius pkyd dks Identify dj lds rkfd vki ;s r; dj ldsa fd ml Car dks dkSu&dkSu pyk ldsaxsA bl fo”ks’krk ds dkj.k vkidh dkj dksbZ pksjh ugha dj ldrkA 7 tc Hkh vki Car ds ikl tk,a Car vkids fy, njoktk [kksy nsA 8 tc Hkh vki vius xUrO; LFkku ij igqaps] Car ds :drs gh njoktk [kqy tkuk pkfg,A
  • 34. 33 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi oxsjg] oxsjgA dYiukvksa dh deh ugha gksrh gS] blfy, ,slh gtkjksa [kwfc;ksa okyh Car dh vki dYiuk dj ldrs gSaaA ;s rks vkius viuh liuksa okyh Logical Car dk Description ns fn;kA ysfdu dbZ LFkkuksa ij ,slh t:jr Hkh iM ldrh gS tc vki viuh ckr dks dsoy Description ls ugha le>k ldrsA ml fLFkfr esa vki D;k djsaxsA vki ekusa ;k uk ekus] vki isu vkSj dkxt mBk,axs vkSj Lo;a viuh Car dk ,d iw.kZ lUrqf’Vnk;d Modal ;k Design cuk,axsA D;k ;s Modal vkidh Car gS D;k vki bl Modal dks pyk ldrs gSa ugha! ;s okLrfod dkj ugha gS cfYd ,d Logical Car ;k Car dk Modal ek= gSA ysfdu ;s Modal Qkyrw ugha gS cfYd ;s Modal gh lcls egRoiw.kZ pht gSA ,d ckj bl Modal ds cu tkus ds ckn Company ds Engineers vkidh Logical Car dks ,d Physical Car esa cny ldrs gSa vkSj vkids liuksa okyh Car dks ,d Physical Modal dk :i ns ldrs gSaA ekuyks fd Company ds Engineers us vkidh Car cuk nh vkSj og Car fcYdqy oSlh gh gS tSlh vki pkgrs FksA vc ;fn Company fcYdqy mlh rjg dh ,d vkSj Car cukuk pkgs] rks D;k Company dks “kq: ls okil lkjk dke djuk iMsxkA D;k mls nqckjk vkils Modal cuokuk iMsxkA ugha! Modal dsoy ,d gh ckj curk gS] ysfdu ml Modal ds vk/kkj ij gtkjksa dkjsa cu ldrh gSa vkSj ftl Modal ds vk/kkj ij gtkjksa Cars cu jgh gSa] ge le> ldrs gSa fd tc rd Modal Change ugha fd;k tk,xk] rc rd cuus okyh lHkh dkjksa dh lHkh [kwfc;ka ,d leku gksaxhA fdlh Hkh Car ds fdlh Hkh Feature ;k Characteristic esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ vUrj ugha gksxkA tks Logical Modal vkius cuk;k gS] og Object Oriented Programming Language esa ,d Class dks Represent djrk gS vkSj ml Modal ds vk/kkj ij Company ds Engineers us tks Physical Car cukbZ gS] og Car ,d Physical Object dks Represent djrk gSA ;s Physical Car vkids }kjk cuk, x, Modal (Class) dk ,d mnkgj.k (Instance) ek= gS] D;ksafd ;fn Company pkgs rks mlh Modal ds vk/kkj ij dbZ vU; Cars cuk ldrh gSA ftl rjg ls ,d Modal ds vk/kkj ij ;fn Company pkgs rks gtkjksa dkjsa cuk ldrh gS] mlh rjg ls ,d Object Oriented Programming Language esa ,d ckj ,d Class Design dj ysus ds ckn ,d Programmer ml Class ds ftrus pkgs mrus Instance Create dj ldrk gSA “C++” esa Class Create djus ds fy, class Keyword dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA okLro esa Class ,d u, izdkj dk User Defined Data Type gksrk gSA ;s ,d ,slk Data Type gksrk
  • 35. 34 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi gS] ftls Programmer Real World ds Physical Objects dks Computer Software ;k Program ds Logical World ds Object ds :i esa Represent djrk gSA ge ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA fiNys mnkgj.k esa geus ,d Modal ds vk/kkj ij Object cuk;k FkkA bl mnkgj.k esa ge ,d Real World Object ds vk/kkj ij vius Computer Program ds fy, ,d Logical Class cuk jgs gSaA ,d Real World Object ds vk/kkj ij ml Object dh Logical Class cukus ds ckn] ml Class ds vk/kkj ij ge ftrus pkgsa mrus Objects cuk ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ,d Object ds Description ds fo”ys’k.k ls gesa Car dk Modal (Class) fey tk,xkA ekuyks fd gesa ,d Physical Car Object dks Computer esa ,d Logical Car ds :i esa Represent djuk gSA vc Physical dkj dh ,slh D;k fo”ks’krk,a gSa] tks mls fdlh nwljs Real World Object ls vyx cukrh gSa] mu Characteristics dks fuEukuqlkj fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ;kuh 1 ,d Physical Car dk dksbZ ,d uke gksrk gSA 2 ,d Physical Car dk dksbZ uk dksbZ Modal Number gksrk gSA 3 ,d Physical Car ds Engine dk ,d Unique Serial Number gksrk gSA 4 ,d Physical Car ds Chassis dk ,d Unique Serial Number gksrk gSA 5 ,d Physical Car fdlh uk fdlh bZa/ku ls pyrh gSA 6 ,d Physical Car dk dksbZ Color gksrk gSA 7 ,d Physical Car dh dksbZ Size gksrh gSA 8 ,d Physical Car esa dqN Seats gksrh gSaA 9 ,d Physical Car esa dqN Gear gksrs gSaA 10 ,d Physical Car dk Pickup Rate gksrk gSA 11 ,d Physical Car fdlh uk fdlh vf/kdre Speed ij nkSM ldrh gSA 12 ,d Physical Car esa pkj Wheels gksrs gSaA blh rjg ls ge dqN vkSj fo”ks’krk,a Hkh crk ldrs gSa] tks fdlh Car dks ifjHkkf’kr djrh gSaA fdlh ,d Car ds vk/kkj ij ge Car dh bruh fo”ks’krk,a izkIr dj ldrs gSaA bu lHkh Descriptions dks fuEukuqlkj Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gS% Description of the Car (Class) nameOfCar modalNumberOfCar serialNumberOfEngine serialNumberOfChassis fuelOfCar
  • 36. 35 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi colorOfCar sizeOfCar noOfSeatsInCar noOfGearsInCar pickupRateOfCar maximumSpeedOfCar noOfWheelsInCar ;fn ge pkgsa rks bu Features esa fuEukuqlkj fofHkUu izdkj ds eku Hkh Fill dj ldrs gSa% Description of the Maruti800 Car (Class) nameOfCar = Maruti800 modalNumberOfCar = March1999 serialNumberOfEngine = 12325465 serialNumberOfChassis = 65457898 fuelOfCar = Diesel colorOfCar = Yellow sizeOfCar = 4.5ft noOfSeatsInCar = 6 noOfGearsInCar = 5 pickupRateOfCar = 60KMPH After 4 Seconds maximumSpeedOfCar = 140KMPH noOfWheelsInCar = 4 ;fn ge FkksMk /;ku nsa rks le> ldrs gSa] fd ;s dqN ,slh Common fo”ks’krk,a ;k dqN ,sls Common Features (Characteristics) gSa] tks yxHkx lHkh izdkj dh dkjksa ds Features dks Represent dj ldrs gSaaA mnkgj.k ds fy, geus Åij Maruti800 ds fofHkUu Features ds ekuksa dks ns[kkA vc fuEukuqlkj Features ds ekuksa esa ifjorZu djus ij ge bUgh Features ds vk/kkj ij Tata Indica ;k Tata Sumo dks Hkh Computer esa Logically Represent dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh Description of the Tata Indica Car (Class) nameOfCar = TataIndica modalNumberOfCar = Feb2000 serialNumberOfEngine = 25465454 serialNumberOfChassis = 98787898 fuelOfCar = Diesel
  • 37. 36 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi colorOfCar = Silver sizeOfCar = 4.25ft noOfSeatsInCar = 5 noOfGearsInCar = 5 pickupRateOfCar = 80KMPH After 4 Seconds maximumSpeedOfCar = 160KMPH noOfWheelsInCar = 4 ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Car ds dsoy ,d Physical Modal ds vk/kkj ij geus Computer esa ,d Logical Modal cuk;k vkSj ml Logical Modal dh Description ds vk/kkj ij ge ftruh pkgsa mruh dkjksa dks Logically Computer esa Represent dj ldrs gSaA bl Description dks gh Class dgrs gSaA bl Car Class ds vk/kkj ij ge ftruh Hkh dkjksa dks Computer esa Logically Represent djsaxs] os lHkh dkjsa blh Car Class ds mnkgj.k (Instance) ;k Objects gksaxs] D;ksafd mu lHkh dkjksa ds Basic Features ,d leku gksaxs dsoy mu Features ds ekuksa esa gh vUrj gksxkA geus ;s Description fdlh ,d Car ds vk/kkj ij Develop fd;k Fkk] ysfdu ;s Description vU; lHkh dkjksa dks Hkh leku izdkj ls Represent dj ldrk gSA Computer esa Hkh ;gh fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh leL;k ds lcls ewy Object dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA fQj ml ewy Object ds vk/kkj ij leL;k ls lEcaf/kr t:jh Features dks ysdj ,d Description rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Description ds vk/kkj ij ,d Modal cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj ml Modal ds vk/kkj ij ge ml Class ds ftrus pkgsa mrus Logical Objects Create dj ldrs gSa vkSj mlh rjg ls mUgsa Represent dj ldrs gSa ftl rjg ls Real World Objects dks Represent djrs gSaaA ;fn vkils dgk tk, fd ikap dkjksa ds mnkgj.k nks rks vki Tata Sumo, Tata Indica, Maruti Zen, Maruti 1000, o Maruti 800 ds mnkgj.k ns ldrs gSaA D;k bu lHkh izdkj dh dkjksa dks mijksDr Description ds vk/kkj ij Represent ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS fuf”pr :i ls fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd ;s lHkh Objects leku Class ds mnkgj.k gSaA ;s lHkh ,d Car Class ds Instances ;k Objects gaS vkSj buds Basic Features leku gSaA ;fn ;gka ge okil ls Class dh ifjHkk’kk dks nksgjk,a rks dg ldrs gSa fd ,d Class leku Featurs okys Objects ds ,d lewg (Entity Set with Similar Features) dk Logical ;k Abstract Representation gksrk gS] tcfd ml Class dk dksbZ Instance (mnkgj.k) ml Class dk Actual Representation ;k Physical Representation gksrk gS ftls Object dgrs gSaA lkekU;r;k “C++” dh gj Class nks eq[; Components ls cuh gksrh gS %
  • 38. 37 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi 1 Attributes mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Objects ds ,d lewg (Entity Set) dks yhft,A vki ns[ksaxs fd mu lHkh esa dqN ,slh ckrsa gSa] tks lHkh Objects dks leku :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSaA ;s ogh fo”ks’krk,a gksrh gSa tks fdlh Object dks fdlh nwljs Object ls vyx cukrh gSaA bu fo”ks’krkvksa dks Attributes dgk tkrk gSA gj Object fdlh uk fdlh Class dk ,d Instance ;k lnL; gksrk gSA fdlh Entity Set ds ;s Attributes gh mudh Class ds Features gksrs gSaA tSls ;fn ge ,d Book dks gh ysa rks Book dh viuh ,d Class gks ldrh gS] ftlls ge nqfu;k dh fdlh Hkh Book dks Describe dj ldrs gSaA vc bl Book dh Class ds Features ogh gksaxs tks fdlh ,d Book ds Features gSaA Book dh ,slh dkSulh Properties gks ldrh gSa] tks ,d Book dks nwljs fdlh Object ls vyx cukrh gSa blds loky ds tokc esa ge fdlh Book dks fuEu Properties }kjk ifjHkkf’kr dj ldrs gSa% 1 gj Book dk ,d uke gksrk gSA 2 gj Book dk ,d Author gksrk gSA 3 gj Book fdlh uk fdlh Publication ls izdkf”kr gksrh gSA 4 gj Book dk ,d ISBN Number gksrk gS] ftlls ml Book dh Unique igpku gksrh gSA 5 gj Book esa dqN Pages gksrs gSaA 6 gj Book dh dqN dher gksrh gSA blh rjg ls Book dh dbZ vkSj Characteristics gks ldrh gSaA ;s lHkh Characteristics ml Book Object dh Class ds Features gksrs gSaA bUgha Features dks Book Class ds Attributes Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ;fn ge bl Book dh Description dks Class ds Modal ds :i esa Describe djsa rks bl Book Object dh Class dks fuEukuqlkj Represent dj ldrs gSa% Book’s Attributes Description (Book Class) bookName bookAuthor bookPublication bookISBN bookPages bookPrice
  • 39. 38 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi fdlh Class ds Attributes fdlh Object dh Appearance, State o Condition ds vk/kkj ij r; gksrs gSaA ;kuh fdlh Class dh Description ds Attributes bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa fd ml Class ds Object fdl izdkj ds fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa vkSj muds Objects dh fLFkfr (Position or Situation) D;k gks ldrh gSA fdlh Object ds bu Appearance o State dh fofHkUu Description gh ml Object dks nqfu;k ds lHkh Object ls vyx igpku iznku djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, bl Book Class dks gh ysrs gSaA ge bl Book Class dk ,d Object Create djds mlds fofHkUu Attributes dks fuEukuqlkj eku iznku dj ldrs gSa% Book’s Attributes Description (Book Class) bookName = B with OOPS through C++ in Hindi bookAuthor = Kuldeep Mishra bookPublication = Publication bookISBN = 010101010101 bookPages = 600 bookPrice = 300 ;s lHkh Fields Book dh State ;kuh Situation crk jgs gSaA ;kuh Book dk uke “B with OOPS through C++ In Hindi” gS] tks fd Book dh ,d fLFkfr gSA blh rjg ls Book dh Price 300 gS] ;s Hkh Book dh fLFkfr dks Represent dj jgk gSA ;fn ge Car dk mnkgj.k ysa] rks Car dk Color o Car dh Size Car ds Appearance dks Represent djrs gSaA ;kuh ;s crkrs gSa fd Car fn[kkbZ dSlh nsrh gSA tcfd Car dk uke Car dh State ;k Situation dks Represent djrk gS] tks ;s crkrk gS fd Car dh fLFkfr D;k gS ;kuh Car cukus okyh Company dh Market esa vPNh lk[k gS ;k dksbZ lk/kkj.k Company gSA Class dh Common Descriptions mldh Class ds lHkh Objects ds fy, leku gksrh gSa vkSj Object dh ;s Common Descriptions ,d Object dks nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh vU; Object ls vyx cukrh gSaA tSls ,d Car vkSj ,d Book nksuksa vyx Object gSaA Car dks Car Class ds Attributes ls igpkuk tkrk gS tcfd Book dks Book Class ds Attributes lsA Class fdlh Hkh ,d Object ls nwljs Object dks vyx Represent djus dk ,d Description gksrk gS tcfd ,d Object dh mlh Class ds nwljs Objects ls vyx igpku Object ds Features ;k Attributes dks iznku fd, tkus okys eku ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA ;kuh ;fn ,d Book dk uke “C In Hindi” gS vkSj nwljh Book dk uke “OOPS with C++ In Hindi” gS] rks ;s nksuksa gh Books Book Class ds mnkgj.k (Instance) ;k lnL; gSa] ysfdu
  • 40. 39 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi nksuksa gh Books vyx Objects dks Represent dj jgs gSa] D;ksafd nksuksa ds bookName Attribute ds eku ;k Data esa vUrj gSA Class ,d Derived Data Type gksrk gS] ftls ,d Programmer nqfu;k ds Actual Objects dks Computer esa Logically Represent djus ds fy, Create djrk gSA fdlh Real World Problem dks Computer }kjk Solve djus ds fy, gesa gesa”kk ,d ,sls Data Type dh t:jr gksrh gS] tks Real World Object dks Reflect dj ldsA ;s lqfo/kk “C++” esa gesa Class }kjk izkIr gksrh gSA pfy, ,d mnkgj.k }kjk le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa fd ,d Real World Problem }kjk fdl izdkj ls ,d u, Data Type dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlds vk/kkj ij Computer esa Logically fdlh Object dks Define o Declare fd;k tk ldrk gSA Real World esa Hkh Data (eku ;k ekuksa dk lewg [Value or a Set of Values]) dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd ,d School dk Principal viuh School ds fofHkUu Students dh tkudkjh dks Computer ij Maintain djuk pkgrk gSA og pkgrk gS fd mls tc Hkh t:jr gks] og Computer dk iz;ksx djds viuh School ds fdlh Hkh Student dh Basic tkudkjh dks izkIr dj ysA ;fn ge fdlh Student dh Basic Information dks ns[ksa rks fdlh Hkh Student dh fuEu Basic Information gks ldrh gSa] ftUgsa School dk Principal tkuuk ilUn dj ldrk gS%  Student dk uke  Student ds firk dk uke  Student dk Address  Student dh City  Student dh rglhy  Student dk ftyk  Student dk State  Student dh Class  Student ds Contact Number  Student dh Date of Birth  Student dh School esa Join djus dh Date of Admission  Student dh Age  Student dk Serial Number  Student dh tkfr ;s dqN ,slh tkudkfj;ka gSa] ftUgsa School dk Principal tkuuk ilUn dj ldrk gSA fdlh Student dh iwjh Information dks bl izdkj ls VqdMksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj
  • 41. 40 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi tkudkjh ds bu lHkh fgLlksa esa dksbZ eku (Data) Fill fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh tkudkjh ds bu NksVs&NksVs fgLlksa ;k VqdMksa dks Field dgk tkrk gSA tc fofHkUu Fields feyrs gSa rc fdlh ,d Student ds ckjs esa i;kZIr tkudkjh ;k Information iznku djrs gSaA ;kuh fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu Fields feydj ml leL;k ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh iznku djrs gSaaA bu Fields ds lewg dks Record dgk tkrk gSA ;kuh gj Student dk ,d iwjk Record gksrk gS ftlesa mldh tkudkjh ds fofHkUu fgLls Fields ds :i esa gksrs gSaaA blh rjg ds dbZ Records dks tc ,d lkFk j[kk tkrk gS] rks ml ,d lkFk j[ks x, fofHkUu Records ds lewg dks File dgk tkrk gSA Student dh dqN vkSj Hkh tkudkfj;ka gks ldrh gSa] tks ,d Student dks vU; Student ls vyx cukrh gSaA tSls Student D;k [kkuk ilUn djrk gS] fdl izdkj ls jguk ilUn djrk gS] mls dkSulk TV Channel vPNk yxrk gS] vkfnA ysfdu School dk Principal Student dh bu tkudkfj;ksa dks tkuus esa Interested ugha gSA ;s tkudkfj;ka mlds fy, Qkyrw gSaA ;kuh dsoy mijksDr tkudkfj;ka School ds Principal ds fy, t:jh gSaA fdlh leL;k dh izd`fr ds vuqlkj leL;k dh dsoy t:jh ckrksa dks ysuk vkSj fcuk t:jh ckrksa dks NksM nsuk] bl izfØ;k dks Object Orientation esa Abstraction dgrs gSaA fdlh Student dh bu lHkh t:jh tkudkfj;ksa dks ;fn eku iznku fd;k tk, rks ge fdlh ,d Student ds bu Fields dks fuEukuqlkj fofHkUu eku iznku dj ldrs gSa% 1 Student dk uke = Bal Gopal 2 Student ds firk dk uke = Nandlal 3 Student dk Address = Bedal Road 4 Student dh City = Falna 5 Student dh rglhy = Bali 6 Student dk ftyk = Pali 7 Student dk State = Rajasthan 8 Student dh Class = 10th 9 Student ds Contact Number = 9352768938 10 Student dh Date of Birth = 06/03/1982 11 Student dh School esa Join djus dh Date of Admission = 03/07/1996 12 Student dh Age = 15 13 Student dk Serial Number = 1234545 14 Student dh tkfr = Brahmin ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;s lHkh Fields ,d nwljs ls Logically Related gSaA ;fn ge pkgsa rks bls ,d Structure ds :i esa Define dj ldrs gSa vkSj Structure ,d u, izdkj dk User
  • 42. 41 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Defined Data Type gh rks gksrk gSA “C++” esa bl Structure dks gh Modify djds Class ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k x;k gSA blfy, ge blh Description ds vk/kkj ij ,d Class dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSaA tc fdlh Object dks Computer esa Logically Represent djus ds fy, Class dh Description ;k Class ds Modal dks dkxt ij rS;kj dj fy;k tkrk gS] rc ml Class dks Computer esa Programming Language ds vuqlkj Define fd;k tkrk gSA Class dks Logically Computer esa Define djus ds ckn ml Class ds Objects Create fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj muds lkFk mlh izdkj ls dke fd;k tkrk gS] ftl izdkj ls fdlh Real World Object ds lkFk dke fd;k tkrk gSA ”C++” esa ,d Class dks Define djus dk Format fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% class class_name { private: Data_Members; Member_Functions; public: Data_Members; Member_Functions; }; class “C++” dk ,d Keyword gSA fdlh Class dks Computer esa Create djus ds fy, bl Keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl Keyword ds ckn ,d Programmer dks viuh Class dk uke nsuk gksrk gSA ;s ogh uke gksrk gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij Programmer vius Program esa ml Class ds Instances ;k Objects Create djrk gSA ;fn ge gekjh Book o Car Class ds lUnHkZ esa ns[ksa rks ;gka gesa Book ;k Car fy[kuk gksrk gSA ;s ,d Identifier gksrk gS] blfy, Identifier dks uke nsus ds fy, ftu fu;eksa dk “C” esa ikyu djuk gksrk gS] mu fu;eksa dk ikyu ;gka Hkh djuk gksrk gSA ;kuh ge dsoy Small o Capital Letters dk iz;ksx ;k Underscore fpUg dk iz;ksx viuh Class ds uke esa dj ldrs gSaA ;fn gesa vadksa dk iz;ksx djuk gks rks og vad Class ds uke dh “kq:vkr esa ugha vk ldrkA
  • 43. 42 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ,d Student ds Record dks ge Class ds :i esa Describe dj ldrs gSaA mijksDr Description fdlh Hkh Student ds mu Fields dks Represent djrs gSa] ftudh School ds Principal dks t:jr gSA ;fn ge bu Description dks lkekU; Fields esa Convert djsa rks gesa fuEukuqlkj fofHkUu Fields izkIr gksrs gSa] ftudks Combined :i esa ns[kus ij Principal dks fdlh Student ds ckjs esa os lHkh tkudkfj;ka izkIr gks ldrh gSa] ftUgsa ml School dk Principal tkuuk pkgrk gS% 1 studentName 2 studentFName 3 studentAddress 4 studentCity 5 studentTehsil 6 studentDistrict 7 studentState 8 studentClass 9 studentContactNumber 10 studentDateOfBirth 11 studentDateOfAdmission 12 studentAge 13 studentSerialNumber 14 studentCast pwafd Student ,d Real World Object gS vkSj bls Computer esa Logically Represent djuk gS] blfy, gesa bls Class }kjk Represent djuk gksxkA pwafd Student dh lHkh Basic tkudkfj;ksa ds Fields ftudh School ds Principal dks t:jr gS] gekjs ikl Student Class dh Description ds :i esa miyC/k gS] blfy, ge bUgha Attributes dk iz;ksx Student Class ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu blls igys ge fdlh Student ds bu lHkh Fields dks eku iznku djrs gSaA ;s eku fuEukuqlkj iznku fd, tk ldrs gSa% 1 studentName = Bal Gopal 2 studentFName = Nandlal 3 studentAddress = Bedal Road 4 studentCity = Falna 5 studentTehsil = Bali 6 studentDistrict = Pali 7 studentState = Rajasthan 8 studentClass = 10th
  • 44. 43 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi 9 studentContactNumber = 9352768938 10 studentDateOfBirth = 06/03/1982 11 studentDateOfAdmission = 03/07/1996 12 studentAge = 15 13 studentSerialNumber = 1234545 14 studentCast = Brahmin ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ,d Student ds fofHkUu Attributes dks eku ;kuh Data iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA pwafd ge tkurs gSa fd Computer esa ekuksa “Values / Set of Values” dks Store djus ds fy, Variables dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, bl Record ds vk/kkj ij ge le> ldrs gSa fd Student ds gj Attribute dks Computer esa Store djus ds fy, gesa ,d Variable dh t:jr gksxhA vc Variable fdl Data Type dk gksxk] ;s ge mijksDr Record esa Fill fd, x, ekuksa ds vk/kkj ij r; dj ldrs gSaA pfy, bl Record ds fofHkUu Attributes dks Class esa Describe djus ds fy, gj Attribute dk Data Type r; djrs gSaA gesa”kk Data Type r; djrs le; gesa lcls igys ;s r; djuk gksrk gS fd fdlh Field dk ;k fdlh Attribute dk eku Numerical gksxk ;k Non-Numerical, ;fn eku Numerical gS] rks gesa ;s ns[kuk gksrk gS fd ml Numerical Field ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh izfØ;k gks ldrh gS ;k ughaA ;fn izfØ;k gks ldrh gS] rc rks ml Attribute dks mldh Size ds vuqlkj fdlh Numeric Data Type dk Declare djuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ml Numerical fn[kkbZ nsus okys Field ;k Attribute dks Hkh String izdkj dk gh Declare djuk pkfg,A pfy,] blh vk/kkj ij ge Student ds fofHkUu Attributers dk Data Type r; djrs gSaA pwafd Student dk uke] mlds firk dk uke] Address, tkfr] City, District, rglhy] State, Class ;s lHkh ,sls Fields gSa] ftuesa Non-Numerical Data Store gksxk] blfy, bu lHkh dks Character izdkj ds Data Type ds ,d One – Dimensional Array ds :i esa Declare djuk gksxkA Admission dh Date, Birth of Date o Age ;s rhuksa ,sls Fields gSa] ftuds lkFk ;s tkuus ds fy, Processing dh tk ldrh gS] fd dksbZ Student fdrus le; ls School esa gS vkSj fdrus fnu ls School esa gSA ;s tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, Current Date dks Admission Date esa ls ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh ;s rhuksa gh iw.kkZad la[;k,a gSa blfy, bl izdkj ds Fields dks Integer izdkj dk Declare djuk gksxkA Serial Number, Class o Contact Number ;s rhu Attributes ,sls gSa fd buesa Store rks la[;k gh gksrh gS] ysfdu bu la[;kvksa ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh Calculation ugha dh tk ldrh gS] blfy, ;fn ge pkgsa rks bUgsa String izdkj ds Variable esa Store dj ldrs gSaA
  • 45. 44 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ysfdu String izdkj dk Variable ,d Character dks Store djus ds fy, 1 Byte ysrk gSA blfy, ;fn 10 vadksa ds Contact Number dks Store djuk gks] rks gesa nl Byte dh Memory blds fy, Reserve djuh gksxh] tcfd ;fn ge long izdkj dk Variable Declare djrs gSa] rks ge dsoy 8 Bytes esa gh nl vadksa dh la[;k Store dj ldrs gSaA blfy, ;fn ge pkgsa rks bUgsa Long izdkj dk Declare dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ls ge Students ds lHkh Attributes ds Data Type r; dj ldrs gSaA Data Type r; djus ds ckn bu Data Type ds lkFk gesa bu Attributes dks dsoy Class ds Attributes Section esa fy[kuk gksrk gSA ;kuh ge ,d Student dh Class dks “C++” Language }kjk fuEukuqlkj Computer esa Logically Describe dj ldrs gSa% Student Class Defining class Student { private: String studentName[20]; String studentFName[20]; String studentAddress[40]; String studentCity[15]; String studentTehsil[15]; String studentDistrict[15]; String studentState[15]; char studentClass[1]; long studentContactNumber; long studentDateOfBirth; long studentDateOfAdmission; char studentAge[1]; String studentSerialNumber[10]; String studentCast; //Behaviors of the Objects }; pwafd fdlh Class ds Create gksus okys lHkh Instances ,d vyx Object gksrs gSa vkSj muds Attributes ds eku Hkh vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA tSls Govind uke ds fdlh Student ds Record o Shyam uke ds fdlh Student ds Record, bu nksuksa Objects ds Record ds gj Field ;k Attribute dk eku vyx gksxkA ;s vyx eku Memory esa rHkh Store gks ldrs gSa tc gj
  • 46. 45 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Object ds bu Attributes ds fy, Memory esa vyx Space gksA okLro esa gksrk Hkh ,slk gh gSA tSlkfd geus igys Hkh dgk fd Class rks ek= fdlh Object ds Attributes dh ,d Description gksrh gSA ml Description ds vuqlkj ftrus Hkh Objects curs gSa] mu lHkh Objects ds gj Attribute dks Store gksus ds fy, ,d vyx Variable feyrk gSA pwafd gj Object fdlh Class dk ,d Instance gksrk gS blfy, gj Object ds bu Attributes dks Represent djus okys Variables dks Hkh Instance Variable dgrs gSaA blh mnkgj.k ds vk/kkj ij ge Car o Book dh Class dks Hkh Create dj ldrs gSaA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd geus Student ds fofHkUu Attributes dks private: Section esa Declare fd;k gSA geus ,slk blfy, fd;k gS] rkfd fdlh Object ds Data dks dsoy ogh Object Access dj ldsA Outer World ds fy, fdlh Object ds fy, ;s Data Hide jgrs gSaA ;s izfØ;k Bhd mlh izdkj dh gS ftl izdkj ls vkids ?kj ds fofHkUu lkekuksa dks dsoy vki gh mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSaSA dksbZ vutku O;fDr vkids ?kj esa ?kql dj vkids lkeku dks rc rd mi;ksx esa ugha ys ldrk tc rd fd vki mls bl ckr dh vuqefr iznku uk djsaA geus Class rks cuk nh ysfdu ;s Class vHkh iwjh ugha gSA ftl rjg ls gj Object dh dqN States ;k Situations gksrh gSa] ftuls og Object vU; Objects ls vyx igpku izkIr djrk gSA blds vykok gj Object fdlh uk fdlh izdkj dk O;ogkj Hkh djrk gSA ;kuh gj Object esa O;ogkj djus dh Hkh dqN (Abilities) {kerk,a gksrh gSaA tSls ,d i{kh Class ds Instances dks ns[ksa rks gj i{kh ds ikl ia[k gksrs gSa] gj i{kh ds pksap gksrh gSA ;s nksuksa Features rks ;s crkrs gSa fd dksbZ i{kh fdl rjg dk fn[krk (Appearance) gSA blds vykok ,d i{kh dqN dke Hkh dj ldrk gSA ;kuh og nkuk [kk ldrk gS vkSj mM Hkh ldrk gSA ;kuh gj Object dh viuh dqN fLFkfr;ka (States) gksrh gSa vkSj gj Object dh viuh dqN {kerk,a (Abilities) gksrh gSaA Object dh mu {kerkvksa ls Object dh States esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh Object dh fLFkfr (State and Appearance) ds eku esa ifjorZu gks ldrk gSA ;fn dkj dk gh mnkgj.k ysa rks dksbZ Car Yellow Color dh Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj fdlh nwljh Car dk Color Blue Hkh gks ldrk gSA ge fdlh Car ds Color dks Red Color ls Hkh Paint dj ldrs gSa vkSj White Color ls Hkh Paint dj ldrs gSaA Real World esa fdlh Hkh Object dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA mlh izdkj ls Computer esa Hkh fdlh Object ds Color State ;k Attribute dk eku Change fd;k tk ldrk gSA
  • 47. 46 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ge ;s Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd Real World esa ,d Object esa mlds Attributes ds eku dks Change djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA ,d Real World Object ftl Operation dks Perform djds viuh fLFkfr ;k Appearance esa ifjorZu djrk gS] ml Operation dks Object dk Behavior ;k Object dh Ability dgrs gSaaA pfy,] ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ns[krs gSaA ge lHkh us ns[kk gS fd cMs “kgjksa esa dbZ&dbZ eaftyksa dh bekjrsa gksrh gSa blfy, vDlj mu eaftyksa ij igqapus ds fy, Lift dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Lift dks lkekU;r;k Elevator dgrs gSaA Elevator Hkh ,d Real World Physical Object gS] D;ksafd ge bls ns[k vkSj Nw ldrs gSaA ;fn ge bldh States o Appearance ;kuh Characteristics dks Describe djsa rks bl Elevator dk fuEukuqlkj Description ns ldrs gSa% 1 ,d Elevator fdlh uk fdlh eafty (Floor) ij :dk gqvk ;k fLFkr gks ldrk gSA 2 ,d Elevator vf/kdre pkj yksxksa dks ogu dj ldrk gSA 3 ,d Elevator esa dqN Buttons gksrs gSa] ftudks Press djds fofHkUu Passengers fdlh uk fdlh Floor ij igqap ldrs gSaA 4 ,d Elevator esa ,d njoktk gks ldrk gS tks Open o Close gksrk gSA fdlh Elevator esa ;s pkjksa xq.k gks ldrs gSa tks ml Elevator dh fLFkfr o Appearance dks Describe dj jgs gSaA ysfdu ;s Elevator Passengers dh bPNkuqlkj dqN Operations Hkh Perform dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd bu Operations dks Perform djus dh Ability Hkh ,d Elevator Object esa gksrh gSA Elevator dh bu Abilities dks fuEukuqlkj Describe fd;k tk ldrk gS% 1 ,d Elevator fdlh Hkh le; fdlh uk fdlh Floor ij fLFkr gksxk] blfy, og viuh Current State esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, viuh eafty (Floor) ls Åij dh eafty (Floor) ij tk ldrk gSA 2 ,d Elevator fdlh Hkh le; fdlh uk fdlh Floor ij fLFkr gksxk] blfy, og viuh Current State esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, viuh eafty (Floor) ls uhps dh eafty (Floor) ij vk ldrk gSA 3 Passengers Elevator esa izos”k dj ldsa vkSj Elevator ls ckgj fudy ldsa] blds fy, ,d Elevator dk njoktk (Door) Open ;k Close gks ldrk gSA 4 tc dksbZ Passenger fdlh eafty ij tkus ds fy, ml eafty dk dksbZ Number Press djrk gS] rc Elevator ;s Calculate dj ldrk gS fd mls fdl txg tkuk gSA 5 ,d Elevator ;s Hkh irk yxkrk gS fd ml Building ds vU; Elevators fdl fLFkfr (Floor) ij gSaA bl Elevator Object dh States ;k Characteristics o Object }kjk mu Characteristics ij Perform fd, tk ldus okys Operations dks ge fuEukuqlkj Describe dj ldrs gSa%
  • 48. 47 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi //Characteristics (Attributes or States) 1 noOfCurrentFloor 2 noOfPassengers 3 listOfButtonsPushed //Performable Operations (Behaviors or Abilities) 1 GoDown 2 GoUp 3 OpenDoors 4 CloseDoors 5 GetOtherElevatorsInfo 6 CalculateWhereToGoNext bl mnkgj.k ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd ,d Real World Physical Object esa Hkh okLro esa nks Components gksrs gSaA igyk Component Object dh fLFkfr crkrk gS vkSj nwljk Component Object dh {kerk crkrk gSA tc ,d Real World Physical Object ds Hkh nks Component gksrs gSa rks ml Object dks Represent djus okyh Logical Class esa Hkh bu nksuksa Components dk Description gksuk pkfg,] rkfd Computer dk Logical Object Real World ds Physical Object dks iwjh rjg ls Represent djsA ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ysrs gSa] Real World ds Class o Objects dh ifjHkk’kk ds vuqlkj nqfu;k dh gj pht dks mldh Class cuk dj] ml Class ds Instance ;kuh Object ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blh vk/kkj ij vki Hkh ,d Real World Physical Object gSa vkSj fdlh ,d le; ij vki Hkh fdlh uk fdlh ,d Class ds Instance gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, eku yhft, fd vki ,d Student gSa vkSj 10th Class esa i<rs gSa blfy, vki Hkh ,d Student dk mnkgj.k (Instance) gSa D;ksafd vkidks fdlh d{kk (Class) dk ,d fo|kFkhZ (Object) dgk tk ldrk gSA vki tSls gh dbZ vkSj Students gksaxs tks vkids lkFk i<rs gksaxsA ekuyks fd 10th Class esa i<us okys lHkh Students dks eq[; :i ls 6 Subjects i<us gksrs gSaA lHkh Students dks lHkh izdkj ds Exams nsus gksrs gSaA lHkh Students leku le; ij Class esa tkrs gSa vkSj ,d le; esa lHkh Students leku Subject i<rs gSaA tc ,d d{kk ds lHkh Students ml d{kk esa tks Hkh dke djrs gSa] os lHkh dke lHkh dks ,d lkFk djus gksrs gS rks bl vk/kkj ij ge ;s dg ldrs gSa fd vki lHkh Student ,d gh d{kk (Class) ds fo|kFkhZ(Objects) gSa] D;ksafd vki lHkh ,d gh d{kk dh lHkh fLFkfr;ksa (States) dks ,d lkFk ogu djrs gSaA lHkh Students dks ,d lewg ds :i esa ns[kk tk, rks lHkh Students Objects dk ,d ,slk lewg (Entity Set) gS] tks dbZ leku Features dks Share djrs gSaA pwafd vki 10th d{kk ds
  • 49. 48 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi lHkh fu;eksa (Descriptions) dk ikyu djrs gSa] blfy, vki 10th d{kk (Class) ds Students (Objects) gSaA bl mnkgj.k esa geus ns[kk fd ,d Student mldh d{kk dk ,d fo|kFkhZ gksrk gSA ;s Description okLro esa d{kk dk Description gS vkSj d{kk ds Description ds vk/kkj ij cuh Class dk Instance fo|kFkhZ gksrk gSA ;fn d{kk ds Description dks iznf”kZr djus okys Attributes (Instance Variable) ds eku dks Change fd;k tk,] rks Student dk iwjk lewg Change gks tkrk gS] uk fd dsoy ,d Student Change gksrk gSA ;kuh ;fn 10th d{kk dh Description Change djds 11th d{kk dh Description ys fy;k tk,] rks ml d{kk ds lHkh fo|kFkhZ cny tkrs gSa] D;ksafd okLro esa iwjh d{kk gh cny tkrh gSA ysfdu ;fn ge pkgrs gSa fd ge Particular fdlh fo|kFkhZ dh Description cuk,a rks gesa d{kk dh Class cukus ds ctk; Student dh Class cukuh gksxhA tc fdlh Student ds Class dh Description r; djuh gksrh gS ;k ,d Student dks Represent djus okyk Modal (Class) Create djuk gksrk gS] rc gekjk eq[; Object Student gksrk gSA blfy, gesa dsoy Student ds Attributes o States dk gh irk yxkuk gksrk gSA vc ;fn ns[kk tk, fdl ,d Student ds lewg (Entity Set) dh ,slh dkSulh Characteristics gksrh gSa] tks mls nqfu;ka ds lHkh Objects ls vyx cukrs gSa] rks ge ,d Student dh fuEu Attributes ;k States izkIr dj ldrs gSa% 1 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk ,d Serial Number gksrk gSA 2 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk ,d uke gksrk gSA 3 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity ds firk dk uke gksrk gSA 4 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk ,d Address gksrk gSA 5 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dh ,d City gksrh gSA 6 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dh ,d District gksrh gSA 7 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk ,d State gksrk gSA 8 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity ds City dk ,d Pin Code Number gksrk gSA 9 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dh dksbZ tkfr gksrh gSA 10 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dk dksbZ jax gksrk gSA 11 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity dh dksbZ d{kk gksrh gSA 12 Student Entity Set ds gj Entity ds dn dh ,d yEckbZ gksrh gSA vkfn blh rjg ls ge ,d Student dh dbZ vkSj Attributes o States dk irk yxk ldrs gSaA pfy,] Real World esa ge ns[krs gSa fd gj Object viuk dke [kqn djrk gSA
  • 50. 49 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ekuyks fd vki ,d Student gSaA D;k vkidks Hkw[k yxus ij vkidk [kkuk dksbZ vkSj [kk ldrk gSA D;k vkidks I;kl yxus ij vkids fy, dksbZ vkSj ikuh ih ldrk gSA D;k ,slk gksrk gS fd School tkrs le; vkidh Uniform dksbZ vkSj igus vkSj School vki pys tk,aA D;k ,slk gksrk gS fd vkids cnys dksbZ vkSj vkidk Exam Fight djs vkSj feyus okyk Certificate vkids uke dk gks vkSj vki dks izkIr gks tk,A ugha! Real World esa ,slk ugha gksrkA blhfy, Computer esa Hkh ;fn ,slk gksrk gS] rks ml Programming Language dks Object Oriented ugha dgk tk ldrkA “C++” esa Hkh ,slk ugha gksrk gSA fdlh Class ds Description ds vk/kkj ij tks Object Create fd;k tkrk gS] ml gj Object dk viuk Lo;a dk Attribute ;k States dks Represent djus okyk Lora= Variable gksrk gS] ftlesa dsoy mlh Object ds Attributes ;k States ds eku gksrs gSaA pfy,] vc Object ds Behavior ;k Ability ij FkksMk vkSj fopkj djrs gSaA ge lHkh bUlku gSaA gekjh ,d Physical vkd`fr] jax] :i] yEckbZ vkfn gS] blfy, ge lHkh Human Being Class ds Instances ;k Objects gSaA ;fn ge ,d Human Being Class dk Description nsuk pkgsa] rks fuEu Description ns ldrs gSa% 1 gj Human Being dk ,d uke gksrk gSA 2 gj Human Being Object ds ikl mldk Lo;a dk fnekx gksrk gSA 3 gj Human Being ds nks gkFk gksrs gSaA 4 gj Human Being ds nks iSj gksrs gSaA 5 gj Human Being ds ,d flj gksrk gSA 6 gj Human Being ds flj ij cky gksrs gSaA 7 gj Human Being dku gksrs gSaa 8 gj Human Being ds nks vka[ksa gksrh gSaaA 9 gj Human Being ds psgjs ij ,d eqag gksrk gSA 10 gj Human Being ds nksuksa gkFkksa esa ikap&ikap vaxqfy;ka gksrh gSaA vkfn bu lHkh States o Attributes ds vykok ,d Human Being esa dqN Abilities Hkh gksrh gSaA dqN Abilities dks fuEukuqlkj Describe fd;k tk ldrk gS% 1 gj Human Being viuk uke Change dj ldrk gSA 2 gj Human Being Object vius fnekx ls lksaprk gS vkSj fu.kZ; ysrk gSA 3 gj Human Being vius gkFkksa dk iz;ksx djds fdlh izdkj dk b”kkjk dj ldrk gSA 4 gj Human Being vius iSjksa ls py ldrk gSA 5 gj Human Being Hkkx ldrk gSA 6 gj Human Being vius flj ij Vksih j[k ldrk gSA 7 gj Human Being vius flj ij ixMh cka/k ldrk gSA 8 gj Human Being vius flj ds fc[kjs gq, ckyksa dks da?ks ls laokj ldrk gSA
  • 51. 50 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi 9 gj Human Being vius cky dVok ldrk gSA 10 gj Human Being vius cky cMs dj ldrk gSA 11 gj Human Being vius dkuksa ls lqu ldrk gSA 12 gj Human Being viuh vka[kksa ls ns[k ldrk gSA 13 gj Human Being viuh vka[kksa dks cUn djds lks ldrk gSA 14 gj Human Being viuh vka[kksa ls b”kkjs dj ldrk gSA 15 gj Human Being vius eqag ls cksy ldrk gSA 16 gj Human Being vius eqag ls [kkuk [kk ldrk gSA 17 gj Human Being vius gkFkksa dh vaxqfy;ksa esa dksbZ pht idM ldrk gSA 18 gj Human Being vius gkFkksa dh vaxqfy;ksa ls dksbZ pht Qsad ldrk gSA ;gka geus dqN ,sls dke crk, tks lHkh Human Being Class ds Instances ;kuh bUlku Objects dj ldrs gSaA ,sls vkSj Hkh gtkjksa mnkgj.k fn, tk ldrs gSaA D;k vkidks Human Being Object ds States o Behavior esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ lEca/k irk pyk gj Object ds Attributes o Objects ds Operations esa ,d lEca/k gksrk gS vkSj lEca/k cl ;gh gS fd ,d Object dqN Operations Perform djds vius gh fdlh Attribute dh State dks Change djrk gSA ge bl Human Being mnkgj.k dks gh ysa] rks gj Human Being Object ds cky gksrs gSa vkSj gj Human Being Object fdlh izdkj dk Operation Perform djds vius ckyksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA ckyksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djuk Object dh ,d Ability gSA blh rjg ls gj Human Being Object ds iSj gksrs gSaA ;s iSj Human Being Object dk Attribute gSA bl Attribute dh State dks Change djus ds fy, Object ml ij pyus dk Operation Perform dj ldrk gSA Object ds pyus ls Object ds iSj dh fLFkfr (State) esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA gj Human Being Object ds ikl viuk eqag gksrk gS tks fd Human Being Object dk ,d Attribute gSA ;fn Human Being [kkuk [kkrk gS] rks mldk eqag pyrk gS ;kuh eqag dh fLFkfr (State) esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA ;kuh ;fn ge lkjka”k esa dgsa rks dg ldrs gSa fd gj Object esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk Operation Perform djds vius Lo;a ds Attributes dh fLFkfr (States) esa ifjorZu djus dh {kerk (Ability) gksrh gSA ,d Object dsoy Lo;a gh vius Attributes dh fLFkfr (State) esa ifjorZu djus ds fy,] fdlh izdkj dk Operation Perform dj ldrk gSA ;kuh fdlh Object A dk dksbZ Operation fdlh Object B ds fdlh Attributes dh fLFkfr (States) esa ifjorZu ugha dj ldrk gSA ,d Object A ds fofHkUu Attributes dh States dks Change djus dk vf/kdkj dsoy mlh Object A ds ikl gh gksrk gSA bl ckr dks ;fn Human Being ds mnkgj.k ls le>sa rks dksbZ Human Being Object Lo;a gh ;s fu.kZ; dj ldrk gS fd mls mlds fdlh Attribute dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, dksbZ Operation Perform djuk gS ;k ughaA ;kuh fdlh Human Being dks vius cky dVokus gSa ;k ugha] bl ckr dk fu.kZ; dsoy og Human Being gh ys ldrk gSA ,slk ugha gks ldrk fd ml
  • 52. 51 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Human Being ds cnys dksbZ nwljk Human Being ;s fu.kZ; djs vkSj fcuk mldh Permission fy, mlds cky dkV nsA ;kuh ,d gh Class ds fofHkUu Objects Hkh ,d nwljs ij fcuk Permission fy, fdlh Hkh izdkj dk Operation Perform djds fdlh nwljs Object ds Attributes dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ugha dj ldrs gSaA bl iwjs Discussion dk ;fn lkjka”k fudkysa rks ge fuEu lkjka”k izkIr dj ldrs gSa % 1 nqfu;k ds gj Object dks mlds lewg ds vk/kkj ij ,d Class ds :i esa Describe fd;k tk ldrk gSA 2 ,d ckj fdlh ,d Object ds vk/kkj ij Class dh Description cuk ysus ds ckn] ml Class ds ftrus pkgsa mrus Instances Create dj ldrs gSaA bu Instances dks gh Object dgk tkrk gSA 3 gj Object ds nks Components Attributes dh States o Object dh Ability gksrs gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij ml Object dh Class dk Description rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA 4 fdlh Objects ds Attributes dh States o mu Attributes dh States esa Object }kjk fd, tkus okys ifjorZuksa dh Description, bu nksuksa dks ,d lkFk feykdj ,d Entity ds :i esa Use djuk Encapsulation dgykrk gSA bl Entity dks gh Object dgrs gSa vkSj Encapsulation dh ;s izfØ;k Class ij Perform dh tkrh gSA 5 ,d Object ds Attributes dh fLFkfr (State) ds eku (Data) esa dsoy og Object gh fdlh Operation }kjk ifjorZu dj ldrk gS] vU; fdlh Hkh Object dks ;s vf/kdkj ugha gksrk gS] fd og fdlh nwljs Object ds Attributes dh State esa vius fdlh Operation }kjk ifjorZu djsaA bl fLFkfr esa fdlh Object ds Data dks dsoy og Lo;a gh Access dj ldrk gSA ;kuh ,d Object dk Data dsoy mlh Object ds fy, miyC/k jgrk gS] nwljs Objects ds fy, og Data Hide jgrk gSA blfy, Data ds bl izdkj ls fdlh Object ds vUnj Nqis gq, jgus ds rjhds (Structure) dks Data Hiding dgrs gSaA pfy,] vc Student dh Class dh Description dks iwjk djrs gSaA pwafd gesa Student ds lHkh Attributes irk gSa ftudh t:jr School ds Principal dks gSA ysfdu ,d School esa rks dbZ Students gksaxsA lkFk gh School esa u, Students dk Admission Hkh gksrk gksxk vkSj fdlh iqjkus Student dks School ls Transfer Hkh fd;k tkrk gksxk ;k fudkyk tkrk gksxkA dbZ ckj Student dh Information dks Update Hkh djuk iMrk gksxkA tSls ekuyks fd Student ds firk us viuk ?kj cny fy;k gS] rks Computer esa Student ds Address dks Hkh Change djuk gksxkA School esa rks dbZ Students gksrs gSa] blfy, fdlh fo”ks’k Student dks [kkstuk Hkh gksxk rkfd School ds Principal dks fdlh Student dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, lHkh Students ds Records dks uk Check djuk iMsA blh rjg ls ;fn lHkh Students ds Records dks ,d Øe esa Store fd;k tk,] rks Students ds
  • 53. 52 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Records dks Manage djuk ljy gksxkA bl rjg ls ge fdlh Student ds Records dks Manage djus ds fy, fuEukuqlkj Operations dh Description rS;kj dj ldrs gSa% //Ability Description (Operation Description) addNewStudent removeStudent updateStudent searchStudent sortStudent Computer esa fdlh Object ds fofHkUu Logical Operations dks tks fd ,d Object vius Attributes ds States dks Change djus ds fy, Perform djrk gS] mu lHkh Operations dks Methods ls Represent fd;k tkrk gSA Methods ds ckjs esa ge vkxs ppkZ djsaxs] ysfdu ;fn Student Class ds Operations dks ;fn Methods ds :i esa fy[kuk gks] rks ge “C++” esa Methods ;k “Member Function” dks fuEukuqlkj Describe djrs gSa% //AbilityDescription (Operation Description) Return_Data_Type addNewStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type removeStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type updateStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type searchStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type sortStudent(Arguments)
  • 54. 53 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi { //Code Statements ; } ;fn ge Student Class dh iwjh Description “C++” Syntax ds vuqlkj fy[kuk pkgsa] rks ;s Class Description fuEukuqlkj gksxk% Student Class Defining class Student { //Attributes Description private: String studentName[20]; String studentFName[20]; String studentAddress[40]; String studentCity[15]; String studentTehsil [15]; String studentDistrict[15]; String studentState[15]; byte studentClass; long studentContactNumber; long studentDateOfBirth; long studentDateOfAdmission; byte studentAge; String studentSerialNumber[10]; String studentCast; //AbilityDescription (Operation Description) public: Return_Data_Type addNewStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type removeStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ;
  • 55. 54 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi } Return_Data_Type updateStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type searchStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } Return_Data_Type sortStudent(Arguments) { //Code Statements ; } }; vc gekjh Student Class iwjh rjg ls rS;kj gSA gesa dsoy blds Operations dks Define djuk gSA Operations dks Define djus ds ckn bl Class ds Objects Create fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj muds lkFk Interaction fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn gesa bl Class ds Objects Create djus gksa] rks ge mlh izdkj ds Syntax dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ftl izdkj ds Syntax dk iz;ksx djds ge dksbZ Integer izdkj dk Variable Create djrs gSaA ge ,slk blfy, dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd Class ds :i esa ge ,d u, izdkj dk Data Type gh Develop djrs gSaA ;fn ljy “kCnksa esa dgsa rks geus ;gka ,d Student izdkj dk Data Type Create fd;k gS vkSj ge bl Data Type ds dbZ Variables Create dj ldrs gSa] ftUgsa Class dk Instance ;k Object dgrs gSaA bl Class esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd geus Object ds fofHkUu Attributes dks private Section esa j[kk gS tcfd fofHkUu Member Functions dks public Section esaA ,slk blfy, fd;k gS rkfd fdlh Object ds Data gesa”kk lqjf{kr jgsa vkSj fdlh Hkh vU; Object dk Member Function ;k dksbZ Function fdlh nwljs Object ds Data dks Access uk dj ldsA tcfd Member Functions dks public blfy, j[kk gS rkfd og Object Lo;a vius Data dks dgha ls Hkh fdlh Hkh LFkku ls Access dj ldsA blls igys fd ge Object Oriented Programming ds Concept dks vkxs c<k,a] ge igys C++ dk Program cukus dh izfØ;k dks le> ysrs gSa vkSj C++ Program dh Coding ds fy, t:jh Elements dks tku ysrs gSaA
  • 56. 55 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Basic C++ Data Types ge gekjs thou esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Use djrs gSaA ;fn /;ku ls ns[kk tk,] rks eq[; :i ls dqy rhu izdkj ds gh Data gks ldrs gSa] ftUgsa ge Use djrs gSaA ;k rks ge iw.kkZad la[;kvksa ds :i esa fdlh Data dks Represent djrs gSa] ;k fdlh nleyo okyh la[;k ds :i esa vFkok Character ds :i esaA Bhd blh Concept dks gh Computer Programming Language esa Hkh Use fd;k x;k gSA C++ dk Compiler Hkh ges bu rhu izdkj ds Basic Data Type iznku djrk gSA buesa ,d Data Type Character dks Represent djrk gSA nwljk Integer izdkj dk Data Type gS] ftls rhu vyx&vyx izdkj ds Data Type esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS vkSj blh rjg ls nleyo okyh la[;kvksa dks Represent djus okyk float izdkj dk Data Type gS] ftls rhu vU; vU; Real Numbers ;k Floating Point Numbers dks Represent djus okys Data Type esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa C++ esa vkSj Hkh dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] rkfd Data dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls Represent fd;k tk ldsA bls fuEukuqlkj n”kkZ;k tk ldrk gS% Type Name Usedto Store Examplesof ValuesStored char Characters ’a’,‘B’, ‘$’,‘3’, ‘?’ short Small whole numbers , 30,000, -222 int Normal-sizedwhole numbers same as short or same as long) long Large whole numbers ,000,000,000, -123,456,789 float Small real numbers .7, 199.99, -16.2, 0.000125 double Large real numbers ,553.393.95,47, -0.048512934 longdouble Extra-large real numbers ,123,456,789,012,345.666 pfy,] vc gjsd dks le>rs gSaA tc gesa Memory esa Characters dks Store djus ds fy, Space cukuk gksrk gS] rc ge fuEu Statement }kjk Character izdkj dk Variable Declare djrs gSa% char character1; ;s Statement Memory esa ,d Character Store djus ds fy, 1 Byte dh Memory Reserve djrk gS vkSj mldk uke Character1 j[k nsrk gSA vc ;fn gesa bl Variable esa dksbZ Character Store djuk gks] rks ge fuEu Statement fy[krs gSa % character1 = ‘A’;
  • 57. 56 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Character dks gesa”kk Single Quote esa fy[krs gSaA tSls ‘A’, ‘x’, ‘%’ vkfnA AssignmentOperator( = ) = ds fpUg ds Right Side esa tks eku gksrk gS mls Compiler = fpUg ds Left Side ds Variable esa Store dj nsrk gSA tSlkfd Åij crk, x, Statement esa character1 esa A dks Assign fd;k x;k gSA ;s Statement Execute gksus ds ckn Variable Character1 esa ‘A’ Store gks tkrk gSA = fpUg dks Assignment Operator dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s Operator blds Right Side ds eku dks Left Side ds Variable esa Store dj nsrk gSA Computer dh Memory esa okLro esa lHkh Characters Integer ds :i esa Store gksrs gSa ftls Computer le>rk gSA ASCII Codes dk iz;ksx Characters dks Integer esa Convert djus ds fy, gksrk gSA tSls ‘A’ dk ASCII Code 65 gS] ‘B’ dk 66 vkfnA Escape Sequences C++ esa dqN Special Characters gksrs gSa tks fo”ks’k dke djrs gSaA bUgsa Back Slash ds ckn fy[kk tkrk gSA bUgsa Escape Sequence Characters dgk tkrk gSA ;s Special Characters fuEukuqlkj gSa% Escape Sequence Character Represented ‘n’ bls New Line Character Constant dgrs gSaA ;s gekjs Program esa ubZ Line nsrk gSA ‘t’ ;s Tab Space iznku djrk gSA ‘b’ ;s Backspace nsrk gSA ‘r’ Carriage Return ;kuh Cursor dks Line dh “kq:vkr esa j[k nsrk gSA tc Hkh ge Enter Key Press djrs gSa] ;s Escape Character Generate gksrk gSA Character izdkj ds Variables dk iz;ksx vDlj NksVh la[;k,a Store djus ds fy, Hkh gksrk gSA tSls character1 = 60; pwafd Character izdkj ds Variable dh Size dsoy 1 byte ;k 8 Bit dh gksrh gS] blfy, ;fn la[;k fcuk fpUg dh ;kuh unsigned gks rks blesa vf/kdre –128 ls +127 rd dh la[;k gh Store gks ldrh gSA tc gesa cgqr gh NksVs eku ds lkFk dke djuk gksrk gS] rc ge bl izdkj ds Data Type dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
  • 58. 57 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Integers tc gesa fdlh Variable esa ,slh la[;k Store djuh gks tks iw.kkZad gks] rks ge Integer izdkj ds Data Type dk Variable Declare djrs gSaA bl izdkj dk Variable Memory esa 2 Byte ;k 16 Bit dh Space ysrk gS blfy, ;s vf/kdre -32768 ls 32767 rd dk eku Store dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj ds Data Type dk iz;ksx NksVs iw.kkZadksa dks Memory esa Store djus ds fy, gksrk gSA Type Name Size Range char 1 byte (8 bits) -128 to 127 short 2 bytes(16 bits) -32,768 to 32,767 int Same as short on16-bit systems, Same as longon 32-bit systems long 4 bytes(32 bits) -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 short izdkj dk Variables gesa”kk Memory esa 2 Byte dh Space Reserve djrk gS vkSj ;s – 32768 ls 32767 rd ds eku dks Store dj ldrk gSA Long izdkj dk Variable gesa”kk Memory esa 4 byte dh Space ysrk gS vkSj ;s –2147483648 ls 2147483647 rd ds eku dks Store dj ldrk gSA 16-Bit Computers esa int o short izdkj dk Variable 2 Byte Reserve djrk gS tcfd 32- Bit Computers esa ;s 4 Byte Reserve djrs gSa vkSj 16-Bit Systems dh rqyuk esa vf/kd eku dks Memory esa Store dj ldrs gSaA DOS o Windows 3.1 16-Bit Systems gSaA Windows 95/98 Unix, Linux vkfn 32-Bit Systems gSaA Integer izdkj ds eku dks Store djus ds fy, int izdkj ds Variable dk iz;ksx lcls T;knk gksrk gS] pkgs ge 16-Bit OS Use djsa ;k 32-Bit OS ysfdu ;fn ge 32-Bit OS ij de Space Use djus ds fy, int izdkj ds Variable dks 2 byte dk j[kuk pkgrs gSa] rks ge short dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA blh rjg ;fn gesa 16-Bit OS ij 4 Byte dk Integer Store djuk gks rks gesa long izdkj dk Variable ysuk gksxkA intKeloMeters; // Variable Declare fd;k x;k gSA longCentiMeters; KeloMeters=1024; // Variablesdks eku Assignfd;k x;k gSA CentiMeters=1405836L;
  • 59. 58 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;gka geus Centimeters dks eku Assign djus ds ckn L dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] D;ksafd 16-Bit System esa Integer 2 Byte dk gksus dh otg ls ;s eku Fit ugha gks ldrkA 16-Bit System esa bl eku dks ekU;rk nsus ds fy, ;gka L dk iz;ksx djuk t:jh gSA Unsigned Integers tc gesa fdlh Variable esa dsoy iw.kkZad eku gh Store djus gksrs gSa lkFk gh gesa Variable esa dsoy Positive eku gh Store djus gksrs gSa] rc ge Variable dks Unsigned izdkj dk Declare djrs gSaA blls Variable dh Data Store djus dh Range nqxquh gks tkrh gSA ;kuh Negative o Positive Limit dh tksM ds cjkcj gks tkrh gSA Type Name Size Range uunsignedchar 1 byte (8 bits) 0 to 255 unsignedshort 2 bytes(16 bits) 0 to 65,535 unsignedintorunsigned Same as unsignedshorton16-bit systems Same as unsignedlongon32-bitsystems unsignedlong 4 bytes(32 bits) 0 to 4,294,967,295 unsigned Keyword ds fcuk ge tks Hkh Variable Declare djrs gSa] By default os lHkh signed Variables gksrs gSaA ge pkgsa rks Variable ds lkFk signed Keyword dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ,slk djuk t:jh ugha gSA Floating Point tc gesa gekjs Program esa ,sls Variables Declare djus gksrs gSa tks nleyo okyh la[;kvksa dks Store djus ds fy, mi;ksx esa vkus okyh gksa] rks ge ,sls Variables dks Float izdkj ds Data Type dk Declare djrs gSaA ge bu nleyo okys ekuksa dks ?kkrkad ds :i esa Hkh Express dj ldrs gSaA tSls 101.456 dks 1.01456e2 Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa tgka e ds ckn dk vad 2 ;s crkrk gS fd ;fn bl eku dks fcuk ?kkrkad okyh la[;k esa cnyuk gks rks tgka orZeku esa nleyo gS] ogka ls nleyo gVk dj nks LFkku Right esa nleyo yxk fn;k tk,A vkxs dh lkj.kh esa Floating Point Data Type dh Range n”kk;hZ xbZ gS% Type Name Size Range Precision float 4 bytes(32 bits) 10e-38 to 10e38 5 digits
  • 60. 59 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi double 8 bytes(64 bits) 10e-308 to 10e308 15 digits longdouble 10 bytes(80 bits) 10e-4932 to 10e4932 19 digits fuEu mnkgj.k ls buds iz;ksx dks crk;k x;k gS tgka ge ns[krs gSa fd ge fdlh izdkj ds Data Type ds Variable dks nleyo ds ckn fdrus vadksa rd eku Assign dj ldrs gSaA floatpi_float; double pi_double; longdouble pi_long_double; pi_float= 3.1415; pi_double =3.14159265358979; pi_long_double=3.141592653589793238; ge tc igyh ckj fdlh Data Type dk Variable Create djrs gSa] mlh le; ge Variable dks eku iznku dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh geus mij tks 6 Statements fy[ksa gSa mlds LFkku ij ge dsoy rhu Statements ls Hkh viuk dke dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh fuEukuqlkj Declaration Hkh dj ldrs gSa% floatpi_float= 3.1415; double pi_double =3.14159265358979; longdouble pi_long_double=3.141592653589793238; C++ ds IDE esa ge fturs pkgsa mrus Spaces dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA C++ dk Compiler blls izHkkfor ugha gksrk gSA tSls% floatpi_float = 3.1415; double pi_double = 3.14159265358979; longdouble pi_long_double = 3.141592653589793238; blh rjg ge ftrus pkgsa mrus Tabs, New Lines vkfn dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA C++ dk Compiler bUgsa Ignore dj nsrk gSA
  • 61. 60 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Comments Program ds Flow dks /;ku esa j[kus ds fy, vkSj Program dh Debugging dks ljy cukus ds fy, ge gekjs Program esa txg&txg Comments nsrs jgrs gSaA C++ dk Compiler bu Comments dks Ignore dj nsrk gSA ;s dsoy gekjs ;k Program ds Developer dh lqfo/kk ds fy, gksrk gSA C++ esa Comment dks nks rjhdksa ls fy[kk tk ldrk gSA tc gesa dsoy ,d Line dk Comment nsuk gksrk gS] rc ge // dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj tc gesa dbZ Lines dk Comment nsuk gksrk gS rc ge Comment dks /* */ ds chp esa fy[krs gSaA tSls% // these variablesare declaredandinitializedatthe same time floatpi_float= 3.1415; // 5-digitprecision double pi_double =3.14159265358979; // 15-digitprecision longdouble pi_long_double=3.141592653589793238; // 19-digitprecision /* The programis Related to a Constantnumberof PI for differentDataTypesof FloatingPointVariables*/ String Constants tks Text “” ds chp fy[kk tkrk gS mls String Constant dgrs gSaA tSls % “HelloWorld” C++ esa ge ftl rjg ls fdlh Variable esa Store eku dks Screen ij Print djrs gSa mlh rjg ls fdlh String dks Hkh Print dj ldrs gSaA tSls % Cout << “Enter firstNumber“; floatTotal = 12.2; cout << Total; ge ,d cout dk iz;ksx djrs gq, dbZ Variables ds eku dks Screen ij Print dj ldrs gSaA tSls %
  • 62. 61 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi floatfeet= 123.33; cout << “The Size of Feetis<< feet<< “Feets”; bldk Output fuEukuqlkj gksxk% The Size of Feet is 123.33 Feet blh dke dks ge rhu vyx&vyx Statements fy[k dj fuEukuqlkj dj ldrs gSa% cout << “The Size of is“ << feet << Feet” Formatting Output ge gekjs fdlh Program ds Output dks fofHkUu izdkj ds Format }kj vPNh rjhds ls Screen ij Print dj ldrs gSaA C++ esa bl dke ls lEcaf/kr cgqr lkjs rjhds gSaA C++ esa Output esa New line dks iznf”kZr djus ds fy, gesa ,d Statement nsuk iMrk gSA Escape Sequences Output Formatting dk lcls ljy rjhdk gS Strings ds chp esa Escape Sequence Characters dk iz;ksx djukA tSls% cout << “n KuldeepMishra”; cout << “nFalna”; ;gka ubZ ykbZu izkIr djus ds fy, ge ‘n’ Character dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;s Statement Output esa fuEukuqlkj Print gksxk% KuldeepMishra Falna ge String esa ftl LFkku ij ‘n’ dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] mlh LFkku ij Output esa New Line vk tkrh gS vkSj ‘n’ ds ckn fy[kk String New Line esa Print gksrk gSA vc ;fn gesa fuEukuqlkj Format Output esa Print djuk gks rks ge ,d vU; Character ‘t’ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa %
  • 63. 62 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Kuldeep Rahul Rohit Mohit Raja Rani Statements: cout << “t KuldeeptRahul tRohitn”’ cout << “tMohitt Raja t Rani”; The endl Manipulator C++ esa ge New Line izkIr djus ds fy, ,d vU; Object ftls Manipulator dgrs gSa] dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA endl Manipulator ogh dke djrk gS tks ‘n’ Character djrk gSA ge bldk iz;ksx fuEukuqlkj dj ldrs gSa% cout << “t KuldeeptRahul tRohit”<< endl ; cout << “tMohitt Raja t Rani”; blls igys fd ge OOPS dks le>rs gq, C++ esa Classes o Objects Create djds Programming djsa] ge lcls igys dqN NksVs&NksVs Programs }kjk C++ Programming ds Basics dks le> ysrs gSaA Anatomy of a C++ Program geus C Language ds ckjs esa ftruk dqN lh[kk gS] mlesa ls T;knkrj ckrsa C++ Language ij Hkh leku :i ls ykxw gksrh gSaA C o C++ nksuksa Languages esa fy[ks x, T;knkrj Programs yxHkx leku gksrs gSaA buds Syntax Hkh leku gSa vkSj fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Types, Loops, Pointers, Structures, Data Types o Conditional Statements Hkh leku gh gksrs gSaA C++ esa ge tks Hkh Program cukrs gSa] mu lHkh Programs dh Source File dks gesa .CPP Extension ls Save djuk t:jh gksrk gSA ;fn ge C++ esa ,d Hello World Program cukuk pkgsa] rks ge ;s Program fuEukuqlkj cuk ldrs gSa% Program #include <conio.h> #include <iostream.h> void main() { cout << "Welcome to C with Class programming language!n"; getch();
  • 64. 63 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi } Output Welcome to C with Class programming language! C Language esa fofHkUu izdkj ds I/O Operations ds fy, ftl izdkj ls ge stdio.h uke dh Header File dks vius Source Program esa Include djrs gSa] mlh rjg ls C++ ds Program esa I/O dh lqfo/kk izkIr djus ds fy, gesa iostream.h uke dh Header File dks Include djuk iMrk gSA tc bl Program dks Compile djds Run fd;k tkrk gS] rc Output esa gesa ,d Text Line Display gksrh gSA pfy,] bl Program ds gj Statement dks FkksMk foLrkj ls le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA 1 // “C++” esa Comment nsus ds fy;s ge // dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl Comment dh fo”ks’krk ;s gS fd // ds ckn fy[ks x, lkjs Characters Comment cu tkrs gSa vkSj Compiler Program dks Compile djrs le; // ds ckn fy[ks Statement dks Ignore dj nsrk gSA // dk vlj dsoy ,d Line esa gh gksrk gSA vxyh Ykkbu esa fy[ks Statements ij // dk dksbZ vlj ugha iMrk gS vkSj vxyh iafDr esa fy[ks Statements Compile gks tkrs gSaA “C++” esa tc gesa dsoy ,d gh iafDr esa dksbZ Comment fy[kuk gksrk gS rc ge // dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tc gesa ,d ls vf/kd Lines dk Comment nsuk gksrk gS] rc ge “C” ds /* …… */ dk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa ;k fQj gj Line ds vkxs // dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA 2 #include <iostream.h> ftl izdkj ls “C” esa Input/Output dh lqfo/kk izkIr djus ds fy;s ge stdio.h uke dh Header File dks vius Program esa include Keyword }kjk Include djrs gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj ls “C++” esa Input/Output dh lqfo/kk izkIr djus ds fy;s gesa iostream.h uke dh Header File dks gekjs Program esa Include djuk iMrk gSA 3 void main() ;g main() Function gSA geus “C” esa fdlh Hkh Program esa main() Function ls igys void Keyword dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k gSA ysfdu “C++” esa ge ,slk dj jgs gSa] D;ksafd vyx&vyx izdkj ds Compilers dks bl izdkj ls cuk;k x;k gS fd fdlh Compiler dks ;s crkuk iMrk gS fd main() Function dksbZ eku Return dj jgk gS ;k ughaA tcfd dbZ Compilers dks ;s ugha crkuk iMrk fd main() Function dksbZ eku Return dj jgk gS ;k ughaA
  • 65. 64 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi tSls fd Turbo C++ esa o ANSI C++ esa Compiler dks ;s crkuk iMrk gS fd main() Function dksbZ eku Return dj jgk gS ;k ugha tcfd Borland C++ ds Compiler dks ;s ugha crkuk iMrkA pwafd ;fn ge Turbo C++ ds IDE esa dke dj jgs gSa] rks main() Function ds igys void Keyword dk iz;ksx djds Compiler dks ;s crk;k x;k gS fd ;s main() Function dksbZ eku Return ugha dj jgk gSA ;fn ge void main() ds LFkku ij dsoy main() fy[krs gSa] rks Program Compilation ds le; gesa ,d Warning (Function should return a value) izkIr gksrh gSA ;fn ge void Keyword dk iz;ksx uk djsa rks gesa main() Function dh Body dks cUn djus ls igys return 0 fy[kuk iMrk gSA return 0 Statement Hkh Compiler dks ;gh crkrk gS fd ;s main() Function fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ eku Return ugha dj jgk gSA “C” dh rjg gh “C++” esa Hkh gj Function dh Body fy[kus ls igys Opening bracket o Function dk vUr djrs le; Closing bracket dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 4 cout cout ( Character Out ) iostream.h header File dk ,d Object gSA ;g Object ogh dke djrk gS tks dke “C” esa printf() Function djrk gS ;kuh Characters ds lewg ;k String dks Screen ij Print djrk gSA 5 << ( Put to Operator ) fdlh Massage dks Screen ij Hkstus ds fy;s “C++” esa << Operator dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA bls Put To Operator dgk tkrk gSA ;g Operator dqN Data tSls fd String ;k Message dks fdlh I/O Stream ds Object esa Hkstus dk dke djrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu Program nsf[k,% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { cout << "Gopal " << "Nandlal " << "Madhav " << "Krishna n"; getch(); }
  • 66. 65 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Output Gopal Nandlal Madhav Krishna blh rjg ls ;fn ge pkgsa nks Character Pointers dks Hkh blh cout Object vkSj Put To Operator ds iz;ksx }kjk Output esa Print dj ldrs gSaA Pointers ds ckjs esa ge vkxs foLrkj ls i<saxsA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { char *fName = "Rahul", *lname = "Sharma"; cout << fName << " " << lname << endl; getch(); } Output: Rahul Sharma bl Program esa geus cout Object ds lkFk ,d u, “kCn endl dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA bls C++ Programming esa endl Manipulator dgrs gSaA ;s Operator ogh dke djrk gS] tks dke C Language esa “n” Character djrk gSA ;kuh ;s Manipulator ,d ubZ Line iznku djrk gSA ge cout Object ds lkFk << Operator dks fuEukuqlkj Hkh Use dj ldrs gSa% cout << fName << “ ” << lname << endl; ;fn ge bl izdkj ls Hkh bl Statement dks iz;ksx djsa] rks Hkh Compiler gesa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ Error iznku ugha djrk gSA ftl rjg ls geus Character To Pointer o String Constants dks ,d gh cout Object o Put To Operator }kjk Screen ij Display djok;k gS] mlh rjg ls ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Basic Data Type ds ekuksa dks Hkh Screen ij Print djok ldrs gSaA gesa ,slk djus ds fy, C Language dh rjg fdlh Control String dk iz;ksx djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA
  • 67. 66 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { cout << "String = " << ""All Primary Data Types"" << endl; cout << "Integer = " << 123 << endl; cout << "Float = " << 123.456 << endl; cout << "Character = " << "'A'" << endl; cout << "Double = " << 12345678.0987654 << endl; cout << "Long = " << 1234567987878786668 << endl; getch(); } Output String = "All Primary Data Types" Integer = 123 Float = 123.456 Character = 'A' Double = 1.23457e+07 Long = 1234567987878786668 bl Program ds Output }kjk ge le> ldrs gSa] fd dsoy ,d gh cout Object o Put To Operator dh enn ls ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Basic Data Type ds ekuksa dks Screen ij fcuk fdlh Control String dk iz;ksx fd, gh Print dj ldrs gSaA tcfd ;gh Program ;fn gesa C Language esa cukuk gks] rks gesa vyx&vyx Data Type ds ekuksa dks Screen ij Print djokus ds fy, printf() Function esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Control Strings dks iz;ksx djuk iMsxkA C Programming o C++ Programming ds I/O dk ;s lcls cMk vUrj gSA ;kuh C++ esa I/O Operations dks dkQh ljy dj fn;k x;k gSA dbZ ckj tc ge Program dks Compile djrs gSa] rks Compiler gesa dbZ izdkj dh Warnings iznku djrk gSA gkykafd ;fn ge bu Warnings ij dksbZ /;ku uk nsa] rks Hkh Program Execute gksrk gSA ysfdu tgka rd gks lds] gesa Compiler }kjk nh tkus okyh Warnings dks Clear dj nsuk pkfg,A ;fn ge ,slk ugha djrs gSa] rks dbZ ckj gesa gekjk Required ifj.kke izkIr ugha gksrk gS] ftldk dkj.k dksbZ ,slh Warning gksrk gS] ftls ge Ignore dj nsrs gSaA
  • 68. 67 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;fn ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Primary Data Type ds Variables }kjk Occupy fd, tkus okys Variables dh vf/kdre o U;wure eku dk irk yxkuk pkgsa vkSj ;s tkuuk pkgsa] fd fofHkUu izdkj ds Variables Memory esa fdruh la[;k rd dk eku Store dj ldrs gSa] rks ge ;s tkuus ds fy, climit.h Header File dks Use dj ldrs gSaA bl Header File esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Types }kjk Store fd, tk ldus okys eku dh Range dks fofHkUu izdkj ds Constants }kjk Define dj fn;k x;k gSA dbZ ckj bl File dk uke climits.h ds LFkku ij limits.h Hkh gksrk gSA bls ge fuEu Program esa fuEukuqlkj Use dj ldrs gSa% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> #include <limits.h> void main() { cout << "Minimum short : " << SHRT_MIN << endl; cout << "Maximum short : " << SHRT_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum unsigned short : " << 0 << endl; cout << "Maximum unsigned short : " << USHRT_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum int : " << INT_MIN << endl; cout << "Maximum int : " << INT_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum unsigned int : " << 0 << endl; cout << "Maximum unsigned int : " << UINT_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum long : " << LONG_MIN << endl; cout << "Maximum long : " << LONG_MAX << endl; cout << "Minimum unsigned long : " << 0 << endl; cout << "Maximum unsigned long : " << ULONG_MAX << endl; getch(); } Output Minimum short : -32768 Maximum short : 32767 Minimum unsigned short : 0 Maximum unsigned short : 65535 Minimum int : -2147483648
  • 69. 68 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Maximum int : 2147483647 Minimum unsigned int : 0 Maximum unsigned int : 4294967295 Minimum long : -2147483648 Maximum long : 2147483647 Minimum unsigned long : 0 Maximum unsigned long : 4294967295 blh rjg ls dbZ vkSj Definitions limits.h uke dh Header File esa fn, x, gSa] ftUgsa bl Header File dks Open djds ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blh rjg ls ;fn ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Floats Data Types dh Range dk irk yxkuk pkgsa] rks ges cfloats.h uke dh Header File dks vius Program esa Use djuk gksrk gSA bl File dks Hkh dbZ Compiler esa dsoy floats.h uke ls lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ge pkgsa rks fofHkUu izdkj ds Floats dh Range dks ns[kus ds fy, bl Header File dks Open dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge ;s tkuuk pkgsa fd fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Type ds Variable Memory esa fdrus Bytes dh Space Reserve djrs gSa] rks bl ckr dk irk yxkus ds fy, ge sizeof() Operator dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA lkekU;r;k Integer Data Type ds vykok lHkh Data Types lHkh izdkj ds Computers esa leku Memory Occupy djrs gSa] tcfd Integer Memory esa Compiler ds Register dh Size ds cjkcj Space Reserve djrk gSA ;fn ge 16-Bit Compiler esa 16-Bit Processor ij Program Develop djrs ;k Run djrs gSa] rks Integer 16-Bit System esa 2-Bytes dk gksrk gS tcfd 32-Bit System esa Integer dh Size 4-Bytes gksrh gSA ge ftl Compiler dks Use dj jgs gSa] ml Compiler }kjk gj izdkj ds Basic Data Type }kjk Occupy dh tk jgh Memory dk irk ge fuEu Program }kjk yxk ldrs gSa% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { cout << "char : " << sizeof(char) << " Bytesn"; cout << "short : " << sizeof(short) << " Bytesn"; cout << "int : " << sizeof(int) << " Bytesn";
  • 70. 69 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi cout << "long : " << sizeof(long) << " Bytesnn"; cout << "signed char : " << sizeof(signedchar) << " Bytesn"; cout << "signed short : " << sizeof(signedshort) << " Bytesn"; cout << "signed int : " << sizeof(signedint) << " Bytesn"; cout << "signed long : " << sizeof(signedlong) << " Bytesnn"; cout << "unsigned char : " << sizeof(unsignedchar) << " Bytes n"; cout << "unsigned short: " << sizeof(unsignedshort) << " Bytesn"; cout << "unsigned int : " << sizeof(unsignedint) << " Bytesn"; cout << "unsigned long : " << sizeof(unsignedlong) << " Bytesnn"; cout << "float : " << sizeof(float) << " Bytes n"; cout << "double : " << sizeof(double) << " Bytesn"; cout << "long double : " << sizeof(longdouble) << " Bytesn"; getch(); } Output // 16 - Bit Compiler’s Output char : 1 Bytes short : 2 Bytes int : 2 Bytes long : 4 Bytes signed char : 1 Bytes signed short : 2 Bytes signed int : 2 Bytes signed long : 4 Bytes unsigned char : 1 Bytes unsigned short: 2 Bytes unsigned int : 2 Bytes unsigned long : 4 Bytes float : 4 Bytes double : 8 Bytes long double : 10 Bytes
  • 71. 70 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi // 32 - Bit Compiler’s Output char : 1 Bytes short : 2 Bytes int : 4 Bytes long : 4 Bytes signed char : 1 Bytes signed short : 2 Bytes signed int : 4 Bytes signed long : 4 Bytes unsigned char : 1 Bytes unsigned short: 2 Bytes unsigned int : 4 Bytes unsigned long : 4 Bytes float : 4 Bytes double : 8 Bytes long double : 10 Bytes Real Numbers dks C++ float, double o long double rhu rjg ls Support djrk gSA T;knkrj Computers ij double Data Type float Data Type dh rqyuk esa nqxuk Bytes ysrk gSA ;kuh T;knkrj Computers ij float 4 – Bytes dh Space ysrk gS tcfd double Data Type 8 – Bytes dh Space dk iz;ksx djrk gSA tc fd long double 8, 10, 12 ;k 16 Bytes dk iz;ksx Data dks Store djus ds fy, djrk gSA ftl izdkj ds Data dks Represent djus ;kuh Memory esa Store djus o Memory ls Access djus ds fy, ge float izdkj ds Variable dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ml izdkj ds Data dks Real Numbers dgrs gSaA T;knkrj Computers ij Real Numbers tSls fd 123.45 lcls igys fuEukuqlkj Binary Form esa Convert gksrs gSa% 123.45 = 1111011.011100112 * 27 tc Real Number Binary Form esa Convert gks tkrk gS] rc Point ds ckn dh la[;k nleyo ds ckn dh Binary dks Represent djrh gS vkSj Point ls igys dh Binary la[;k ds Left Hand Side ds vadksa dks Represent djrh gSA vc Binary Digits ds Point dks Float fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd lHkh Bits Point ds Right Side esa vk tk,aA ,slk djus ij Point dks lkr
  • 72. 71 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Bit Left esa Sift djuk iMrk gS] ftlls ?kkrkad 27 izkIr gksrk gSA vc gesa tks Binary Number izkIr gksrk gS] og fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% 123.45 = 0.1111011011100112 * 27 vc bl Number ds lkekU; Number ds Binary Bits o mlds ?kkrkad ds eku 7 nksuksa dks Memory esa Internally vyx&vyx Store fd;k tkrk gSA 32 – Bit Float Real Number dh Binary Digits dks 23 – Bits Segment esa Store gksrh gS vkSj ?kkrkad dk eku 8 – Bit esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA ,d Bit }kjk la[;k dk Sign r; fd;k tkrk gSA blh rjg ls tc ge double izdkj ds Variable esa eku Store djrs gSa] rc 64 – Bit double esa la[;k 52 – Bit Segment esa Store gksrh gS vkSj ?kkrkad dks 11 – Bit esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA fuEu Program }kjk ge ;s irk yxk ldrs gSa] fd gekjk Computer Float o Double izdkj ds Variables esa fdrus Bits esa fdlh Real Number ds eku o mlds ?kkrkad dks Store dj jgk gSA bl ckr dk irk yxkus ds fy, gesa float.h uke dh Header File dks viuh Source File esa Include djuk t:jh gksrk gSA D;ksafd Float ds lEca/k esa ftrus Hkh Definitions gSa] mUgsa float.h uke dh Header File esa Define fd;k x;k gSA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> #include <float.h> void main() { // Prints the storage size of fundamental types: int fbits = 8 * sizeof(float); // Each byte contains 8-bits cout << "Float Uses " << fbits << "bits: nt" << (FLT_MANT_DIG – 1) << " bits for its mantissa. nt" << (fbits- FLT_MANT_DIG) << "bits for its exponent.nt" << 1 << " bit for its signn" << "to obtain: " << FLT_DIG << " sig. digitsn" << "with minimum value: " << FLT_MIN << endl << "and maximum value: " << FLT_MAX << endl; getch(); } Output
  • 73. 72 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Float Uses 32bits: 23 bits for its mantissa. 8 bits for its exponent. 1 bit for its sign to obtain: 6 sig. digits with minimum value: 1.17549e-38 and maximum value: 3.40282e+38 blh rjg ls ;fn ge double izdkj ds Data Type dh Range tkuuk pkgsa] rks blh Program dks fuEukuqlkj Modify dj ldrs gSa% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> #include <float.h> void main() { // Prints the storage size of fundamental types: int fbits = 8 * sizeof(double); // Each byte contains 8-bits cout << "Float Uses " << fbits << "bits: nt" << (DBL_MANT_DIG – 1) << " bits for its mantissa. nt" << (fbits- FLT_MANT_DIG) << "bits for its exponent.nt" << 1 << " bit for its signn" << "to obtain: " << FLT_DIG << " sig. digitsn" << "with minimum value: " << FLT_MIN << endl << "and maximum value: " << FLT_MAX << endl; } Output FloatUses 64bits: 52 bitsforits mantissa. 40bitsfor itsexponent. 1 bit forits sign to obtain:6 sig.digits withminimumvalue:1.17549e-38 and maximumvalue:3.40282e+38
  • 74. 73 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Type Conversion ( Type Casting ) Computer esa dbZ ckj dbZ LFkkuksa ij t:jr ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu izdkj ds Type Conversions gksrs jgrs gSaA dqN Conversions Compiler Loa; gh dj ysrk gS vkSj dbZ ckj gesa gekjh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij dqN Conversions djus gksrs gSaA tSls ekuyks fd gesa fdlh Float izdkj dh la[;k dks Integer esa Convert djuk iM ldrk gS ;k fdlh Integer izdkj dh la[;k dks Character esa Convert djuk iM ldrk gSA Code Segment01 intn = 20; floatPI= 3.1415; n = PI+ n; // The Value isautomaticallyconvertedto20.0 cout << PI– 2; // The value 2 is automaticallyconvertedto2.0 bl Code Segment esa tc Integer izdkj ds Variable esa PI ds Float izdkj ds eku dks tksMuk gksrk gS] rks Compiler Lo;a gh n ds eku 20 dks Float izdkj ds eku 20.0 esa Convert dj ysus ds ckn PI ds eku ls tksMrk gS vkSj Float izdkj dk eku gh Return djrk gSA ysfdu Assignment Operator ds Left esa n ,d Integer izdkj dk Variable gS] blfy, n esa Return gksus okys Float izdkj ds eku dk dsoy Integer Part gh Store gksrk gS] nleyo ds ckn okys eku Compiler Ignore dj nsrk gSA blh rjg ls tc ge PI ds eku esa ls Integer ds eku 2 dks ?kVkuk pkgrs gSa] rc Compiler Lo;a gh Integer eku 2 dks Float izdkj ds eku 2.0 esa Convert djus ds ckn PI ds eku esa ls ?kVkrk gS vkSj Return gksus okys eku dks Output esa Screen ij Print djrk gSA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Integer izdkj dk eku Float izdkj ds eku esa Automatically Convert gksrk gS] ysfdu Float izdkj dk eku Integer izdkj ds eku esa Automatically Convert ugha gksrk gS] cfYd gesa Lo;a dks Float izdkj ds eku dks Integer izdkj ds eku esa Convert djuk gksrk gSA ,slk djus ds fy, ge ftl Process dks Use djrs gSa] mls Type Casting djuk ;k Type Conversion djuk dgrs gSa] D;ksafd bl izfØ;k esa ,d Data Type dks nwljs Data Type esa Convert fd;k tkrk gSA ekuyks fd ConversionType CV og Type gS] ftlesa Value V dks Convert djds ConvertedType CT esa Store djuk gS] rks gesa bl Conversion dks Perform djus ds fy, fuEukuqlkj Statement fy[kuk gksxk% CT = (CV)V
  • 75. 74 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ekuyks fd V ,d Float izdkj dk eku gS] ftls Integer izdkj ds eku esa Convert djds ,d Integer izdkj ds Variable esa Store djuk gSA bl Type Casting dks Perform djus ds fy, gesa fuEukuqlkj Statement fy[kuk gksxk% Code Segment02 intCT; floatV = 123.699; CT = (int)V; cout << CT; // Value of CT wouldbe 123 AfterType Casting mijksDr Code Segment Float izdkj ds eku dks Truncate djds dsoy Integer Part dks gh Return djrk gS] tks fd CT esa Store gks tkrk gSA ,d ckr /;ku j[ksa fd CT esa Store gksus okyk eku V ds nleyo okys Hkkx dks Round-Off ugha djrk gS] cfYd bl rjg Type Casting djus ds dkj.k Compiler nleyo okys Hkkx dks NksM nsrk gSA blh Manual Type Conversion ds Syntax dks ,d nwljs rjhds ls Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaA ;s rjhdk C++ esa rks Valid gS ysfdu C esa Valid ugha gSA ;kuh ge blh Code Segment dks fuEukuqlkj Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa% Code Segment02 intCT; floatV = 123.699; CT = int(V); cout << CT; // Value of CT wouldbe 123 AfterType Casting geus blh mnkgj.k esa nks ckrsa ns[kh gSaA igyh ;s fd Integer izdkj dk eku Float izdkj ds eku esa Convert gks jgk gSA lkekU;r;k tc fdlh NksVh Size ds Data Type ls cMh Size ds Data Type esa eku Convert gksrk gS] rks og Conversion Compiler }kjk Automatically gksrk gS] tSlk fd igys Code Segment esa gqvk gSA blfy, bl izdkj dh Type Casting dks Automatic Type Casting dgrs gSaA tcfd nwljs Code Segment }kjk geus Float izdkj ds cMs Size ds eku dks NksVs Size ds Integer izdkj ds eku esa Convert djus ds fy, C++ ds Casting Concept dks Use fd;k gSA blfy, bl izdkj dh Casting dks Manual Type Casting dgrs gSaA Compiler Automatic Type Casting dks fuEu Øe esa djrk gS%
  • 76. 75 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi // AutomaticType ConversionFlow bythe Compiler char => short => int => long=> float => double bl Flow ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd Compiler Lower Size ls Higher Size okys Data Type esa Convert gksrk gSA ;kuh char izdkj ds eku dks short esa] short dks int esa int dks long esa long dks float esa o float dks double esa Convert djrk gSA ;kuh fdlh Expression dks Perform djus ls igys Compiler Expression ds lHkh Elements dks lcls Highest Data Type ds eku esa Convert dj nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEu Expression dks nsf[k,% intx = 23320; floaty = 2.4 short s = 1221 longl; l = x + y – s; // Expression bl Expression esa Assignment Operator ds Right Side esa lcls cMk Data Type float gS] blfy, Integer izdkj ds Variable x dk eku o short izdkj ds Variable s dk eku nksuksa eku float izdkj ds eku esa Convert gksus ds ckn Calculate gksaxs vkSj Return gksus okyk Result Float izdkj dk Return gksxk] ysfdu Assignment Operator ds Left Side esa long izdkj dk Variable gS] blfy, Long izdkj ds Variable l esa Return gksus okyk Float izdkj dk eku Long izdkj esa Convert gksus ds ckn Store gksxkA Input From The Keyboard pfy,] vc ge ns[krs gSa fd User tks eku Keyboard ls Input djrk gS] mls C++ esa fdl izdkj ls Memory Variables esa Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA fuEu Statement nsf[k, intnumber; cin >> number; cin Object Keyboard dks Represent djrk gS vkSj ( >> ) Operator “get from” Keyboard ls Input fd, tkus okys eku dks blds Right Side esa fLFkr Variable number esa Store dj nsrk gSA lkekU;r;k Input ysus ls igys ge User dks Prompt djrs gSa fd Program dks fdl izdkj dk eku pkfg,] blds fy, ge cout dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls% int age;
  • 77. 76 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi cout << “Enter your age: “ ‘ cin >> age; ;s Instructions Output Screen fuEukuqlkj Run gksrs gSa% Enter your age : 60 tgka User 60 Enter djrk gSA ge get from Operator dk iz;ksx ,d gh Statements esa dbZ ckj djds dbZ Input izkIr dj ldrs gSa] Bhd mlh rjg ls ftl rjg ls geus fiNys Program esa cout Object ds “put to” Operator dks Use djds ,d gh Statement ls dbZ ekuksa dks Output esa Print fd;k gSA int age; float height; cout << “Enter your age and height:”; cin >> age >> height; ;gka User dks gj Variable dks eku iznku djus ds ckn Enter Key, Space Key ;k Tab Key Press djuk gksrk gSA Numerical Overflow T;knkrj Computers esa Long Integer izdkj dk Variable gesa vf/kdre 4294967296 rd ds eku dks Store djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS] tks fd gkykafd dkQh cMs eku dks Store djus esa l{ke gS ysfdu fQj Hkh ;s ,d lhfer la[;k gSA Mathematical Calculations esa gesa dbZ ckj vuUr rd dks Store djuk gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa tc gekjk eku Long Integer dh Limit ls Hkh Over gks tkrk gS] rks bl izfØ;k dks Numeric Overflow dgrs gSaA ekuyks fd ;fn ge fdlh Program esa 1989000 dks 500 ls xq.kk djokrs gSa rks gesa fuEukuqlkj Output izkIr gksrk gS% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() {
  • 78. 77 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi long n = 198900; cout << “N = “ << n << endl; n = n * 500; cout << “N = “ << n << endl; n = n * 500; cout << “N = “ << n << endl; getch(); } Output N = 198900 N = 99450000 N = -1814607552 bl Program ds Output esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd rhljh ckj tc la[;k dks xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS] rks eku Long Data Type ds Variable dh Range ls Over gks tkrk gS] blfy, gesa izkIr gksus okyk eku Minus esa izkIr gksrk gSA tcfd blh Program esa ;fn ge Float dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] rks dbZ Advance Compilers esa Floating Point ds Overflow gksus ij ,d xyr eku ds LFkku ij gesa Output esa “Infinity” Display gksrk gSA Round-Off Errors dbZ ckj ge Floating Point Number ij Calculation Perform djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa Condition Testing esa Use dj ysrs gSaA okLro esa gesa ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,A D;ksafd Floating Point Values gesa”kk leku eku Return ugha djrs gSaA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu Program nsf[k,% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { float nf = 1.0/3;
  • 79. 78 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi float nd = 0.333333; bool flag; flag = (nf==nd); cout << "Flag = " << flag << endl; cout << "NF = " << nf << endl; cout << "ND = " << nd << endl; nf = 0.333333; flag = (nf==nd); cout << "nFlag = " << flag << endl; cout << "NF = " << nf << endl; cout << "NS = " << nd << endl; } Output Flag = 0 NF = 0.333333 ND = 0.333333 Flag = 1 NF = 0.333333 ND = 0.333333 bl Program ds Output esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd 1.0/3 djus ij Hkh 0.333333 gh vkrk gSA ysfdu tc ge 1.0/3 dks 0.333333 ls Compare djrs gSa] rc izkIr gksus okys Result o NF esa 1.0/3 ds LFkku ij 0.333333 dj nsus ij izkIr gksus okys Result esa D;k vUrj gSA tgka igyk Statement gesa False Return djrk gS] ogha nwljk Statement gesa True Return dj jgk gSA blhfy, dHkh Hkh nks Floating Point Values dks rc rd vkil esa Compare ugha djokuk pkfg, tc rd fd ge Result ds izfr iwjh rjg ls vk”oLr uk gksaA Statement Block { } (Curly Braces) ds chp fy[ks tkus okys lkjs Statements dks Statements dk ,d Block dgk tkrk gSA ;s ckr gesa”kk /;ku j[ksa fd ,d Block ds Statements nwljs Block ds Statements ls fcYdqy gh Separated gksrs gSaA ge ftl Block esa ftu Statements dks
  • 80. 79 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Use djrs gSa ;k ftu Variables dks Define djrs gSa] os Variables dsoy mlh Block ds fy, gh mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA mUgha Variables dks fdlh nwljs Block esa Directly Access ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA Block ds lkFk gh gj Object ;k Variable dk ,d Scope gksrk gSA Scope og fLFkfr gksrh gS] tgka ls dksbZ Variable Create gksus ds ckn Use gksus dh voLFkk esa gksrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, ge ,d Program ns[krs gSaA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { // Start Block of main Function m = 10; // Error: m is not in this block until now. int x = 30; { // Inner Block Started int y = 30; int x = 50; cout << "Value of x of current block " << x << endl; } // Inner Block Ended { // Inner Block Started // OK: x have beencreated before.So this is in the scope in this block cout << " X in Inner Block of outer Block" << x << endl; cout << " Y of Other Block " << y << endl; } // Inner Block Ended cout << "Value of Y " << y << endl; cout << "Value of Y of Inner Block " << y << endl; // Error: int m; } // End of the main Function Block
  • 81. 80 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl Program dks tc ge Compile djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa] rks gesa fuEu Errors izkIr gksrh gSa% Errors: Info :Compiling C:BC5BINblocknscope.cpp Error: blocknscope.cpp(9,7):Undefined symbol 'm' Warn : blocknscope.cpp(17,5):'y' is assigned a value that is never used Error: blocknscope.cpp(22,36):Undefined symbol 'y' Error: blocknscope.cpp(28,10):Multiple declaration for 'm' Warn : blocknscope.cpp(29,2):'m' is declared but never used ;gka lcls igyh Error ;s vk jgh gS fd geus m uke ds Variable dks Define ugha fd;k gS] tcfd Program ds vfUre Statement esa geus m dks Define fd;k gSA ;s Error blfy, vk jgh gS] D;ksafd Compiler Program dks mij ls uhps dh rjQ Execute djrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa mls lcls igys feyus okyk Statement m = 10; gksrk gSA pwafd vHkh m uke dk Variable Memory esa Create ugha gqvk gS] blfy, vHkh rd ;s Variable Main Function ds Block ds Scope esa ugha gSA vr% ge bl Variable dks vHkh Access ugha dj ldrs] tc rd fd ;s Define uk gks tk, vkSj ;s Variable Program ds vfUre Statement ls Define gksrk gSA ;kuh Program ds vfUre Statement ls bl Variable dk Scope pkyw gksrk gSA ;fn bl Statement dks Program dh “kq:vkr esa fy[k nsa] rks Program ds “kq: gksrs gh ;s Statement Execute gksxk vkSj m uke dk Variable Main Function ds Block esa Memory esa Create gks tk,xk vkSj bl Variable dk Scope “kq: gks tk,xkA bl Error dks lgh djds Program dks fQj ls Compile fd;k tk,] rks vc gesa fuEu Errors izkIr gksrh gSa% Warn : blocknscope.cpp(18,5):'y' is assigned a value that is never used Error: blocknscope.cpp(23,36):Undefined symbol 'y' Warn : blocknscope.cpp(29,2):'m' is assigned a value that is never used ;gka y uke ds Variable dks Compiler Undefined ekurk gS] tcfd geus y uke ds Variable dks Main Block ds vUnj ,d vkSj Block Create djds mlesa Declare fd;k gSA Compiler ,slk blfy, djrk gS D;ksafd tc ge fdlh Block esa dksbZ Variable Create djrs gSa] rks og
  • 82. 81 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Variable dsoy ml Block rd ds fy, gh mi;ksxh gksrk gSA ;kuh Variable dsoy ml Block rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA tSls gh Program Control Block ds Statements dks Execute djds Block ls ckgj fudyrk gS] Block esa Created Variable y dk Scope Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gS ;kuh Variable y dsoy Block esa gh Accessible gSA vr% bl Error dks gVkus ds fy, gesa Main Functions ds Block esa y uke ds Variable dks Create djuk gksxkA ;s nksuksa ifjorZu djus ij gekjk Program fuEukuqlkj gks tkrk gS% Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { // Start Block of main Function int m; int y = 20; m = 10; // Error: m is not in this block until now. int x = 30; { // Inner Block Started int y = 30; int x = 50; cout << "Value of x of current block " << x << endl; } // Inner Block Ended { // Inner Block Started // OK: x have beencreated before.So this is in the scope in this block cout << " X in Inner Block of outer Block" << x << endl; cout << " Y of Other Block " << y << endl; } // Inner Block Ended cout << "Value of Y " << y << endl; cout << "Value of Y of Inner Block " << y << endl; // Error: getch(); } // End of the main Function Block
  • 83. 82 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Output Value of x of current block 50 X in Inner Block of outer Block 30 Y of Other Block 20 Value of Y 20 Value of Y of Inner Block 20 bl Program ds Output esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd gekjs ikl x o y uke ds nks Variables gSaA igyk Variable Main Functions ds Block esa gS tcfd nwljk Main Function ds vUnj Define fd, x, nwljs Block esa gSaA tc Program dks Run fd;k tkrk gS] rc Program ds Inner Block esa fy[ks x, cout Statement dk Execution gksus ij gesa Output esa x dk eku 30 ugha cfYd 50 izkIr gksrk gSA tcfd geus Main Function ds Block esa x dk eku 30 fn;k gSA lkFk gh tc ge Inner Block ds y dk eku Print djuk pkgrs gSa] rc Hkh gesa Main Function ds gh Block ds y dk eku Output esa izkIr gksrk gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd Compiler tc Inner Most Block esa fdlh Variable ds eku dks Print djuk pkgrk gS] rc og ml Block esa gh lcls igys okafNr Variable dks [kkstrk gSA pwafd x uke dk Variable Compiler dks Inner Block esa gh fey tkrk gS] blfy, Compiler Main Function ds Block ds x ds eku dks Output esa Print ugha djrk] cfYd Inner Block ds x ds eku dks gh Output esa Print dj nsrk gSA tcfd tc ge y dk eku Main Functions ds Block esa Print djuk pkgrs gSa] rc Compiler Inner Block ds Variable y ds eku dks Print ugha djrk cfYd nksuksa gh ckj Main Function ds Block ds y ds eku dks gh Print dj nsrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;s gS fd Compiler dHkh Hkh ftl Block esa gksrk gS] mlesa vkSj mlls ckgj dh rjQ gh fdlh Hkh Variable dks [kkstrk gSA fdlh Block ds vUnj ;fn nwljk Block gks] rks ml Inner Block esa Compiler fdlh Variable dks ugha [kkstrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;s gksrk gS] fd tSls gh Compiler Inner Most Block dks Execute djds Block ls ckgj vkrk gS] Inner Block vkSj mlds lHkh Variables Memory ls Destroy gks tkrs gSaA blh dkj.k ls Compiler Inner Most Block esa Variable dks ugha [kkstrk gS] lkFk gh tks Hkh Statement ge fdlh Program esa Use djrs gSa] mlesa ls Compiler dsoy mUgha Statements ds ckjs esa tkurk gS] tgka rd ds Statements dks Compiler us Execute dj fy;k gSA Compiler us ftu Statements dks Execute ugha fd;k gksrk gS] Compiler mu Statements ds ckjs esa rc rd dqN ugha tkurk gS] tc rd fd Compiler mUgsa Execute ugha dj nsrk gSA
  • 84. 83 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl rjg ls Compiler tc fdlh Current Statement ij gksrk gS] rc nks fLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d fLFkfr esa gksrk gSA ;fn Compiler fdlh Inner Block dks Execute dj pqdk gS] rks mlesa Define fd, x, fdlh Variable ds ckjs esa ugha tkurk gS] D;ksafd Block ls ckgj vkrs gh Block ds lHkh Variables Destroy gks pqds gksrs gSa] tcfd ;fn Compiler ftl Statement ij gS ml Statement ls ckn esa fdlh Statement ;k Block esa dksbZ Variable Define fd;k x;k gS] rks mlds ckjs esa Hkh dqN ugha tkurk gS] D;ksafd vHkh rd Compiler us mu Statements dks Execute gh ugha fd;k gSA I/O Streams geus cout o cin Objects dks Use djus dh tks rduhd bl v/;k; esa iznf”kZr dh gS] bUgsa I/O Streams dgk tkrk gSA Stream Data ds Flow dk ,d lk/kkj.k rjhdk gksrk gSA ge tc Hkh dksbZ Program cukrs gSa] gesa gekjs Program esa Input o Output dh C++ }kjk iznku dh tkus okyh lqfo/kk dks izkIr djus ds fy,] IOSTREAM.H uke dh ,d Header File dks Include djuk iMrk gSA C Language esa ge Input Output ds fy, printf() o scanf() Functions dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ftlesa gesa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Type ds Variables dks Access djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds Control Strings dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA ;fn ge xyrh ls dgha ij xyr Control String dk iz;ksx dj nsrs gSa] rks gekjk Program gesa dHkh lgh ifj.kke iznku ugha djrkA C++ esa bl izdkj ls gksus okyh Mistakes dks Avoid djus ds fy, blesa u, rjhds ds Input o Output Approach dks Add fd;k x;k gSA blds iz;ksx ls ge fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Data Type ds lkFk fcuk fdlh izdkj ds Control Strings dk iz;ksx fd, izfØ;k dj ldrs gSaA ;s ,d cgqr gh mi;ksxh rduhd gS ftlesa Data Type Control String ds iz;ksx ls gksus okyh Mismatching ls gksus okyh Mistakes dh lEHkkouk ugha jgrh gSA AbstractData Types ,d Programmer tc fdlh Program dks fy[kuk pkgrk gS rks lcls igyh pht tks mls Handle djuh gksrh gS og gksrh gS leL;kA lkekU;r;k ge ,d Real Life Problem dks Face dj jgs gksrs gSa vkSj ge pkgrs gSa fd ml Real Life Problem dks Solve djus ds fy, ,d Computer Program cuk fy;k tk,A ysfdu Real Life Problems dh dbZ ckrsa gksrh gSaA dqN ckrsa leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, t:jh gksrh gSa rks dqN ckrsa ml leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, Qkyrw gksrh gSaA
  • 85. 84 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi gesa tks Hkh Program cukuk gksrk gS] ml “Real Life” ls tqMh gqbZ leL;k dks Computer esa Data ds :i esa Feed djuk gksrk gS] rkfd Computer ml Data ij Processing dj ldsA leL;k dks Data ds :i esa foHkkftr djus ds fy, gesa leL;k dks le>uk gksrk gS] rkfd leL;k dh mu vko”;d ckrksa dks vuko”;d ckrksa ls vyx fd;k tk lds] tks ml leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSaA leL;k dks vPNh rjg ls le>us ds ckn lkjka”k ds :i esa tks vko”;d Details gesa izkIr gksrh gSa] mUgsa Computer esa Data ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh “Real Life” Problem dks le> dj mldh mu vko”;d ckrksa dks tks fd leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSa] ys ysuk vkSj “ks’k vuko”;d ckrksa dks NksM nsuk] bl izfØ;k dks Abstraction dgk tkrk gSA bls fuEu fp= esa n”kkZ;k x;k gS% Create a model from a problem with abstraction. fdlh fc[kjh gqbZ leL;k dks lqy>kus ds fy, mls fp= esa crk, Model Box ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr dj ysuk leL;k dk Abstraction dgykrk gSA ;gka Åij crk, x, fp= esa Model Box leL;k dk Abstract View n”kkZ jgk gS tgka Model Box esa dsoy leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Details gh gksrh gSa tks leL;k ds lek/kku dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA “ks’k vuko”;d Details dks gVk fn;k x;k gksrk gSA leL;k dk Abstraction djus ds ckn gekjs ikl leL;k ls lEcaf/kr dsoy mi;ksxh tkudkjh gh gksrh gS vkSj leL;k ls lEcaf/kr bu mi;ksxh tkudkfj;ksa ls gesa leL;k dh fo”ks’krkvksa dks ifjHkkf’kr djuk gksrk gSA bu fo”ks’krkvksa esa gesa fuEu nks ckrsa r; djuh gksrh gSa% 1 os Data dkSu ls gSa] tks fd leL;k esa izHkkfor gks jgs gSaA ;kuh fdl Data ij izfØ;k gks jgh gSA vkSj 2 os izfØ;k,a dkSulh gSa tks Data ij Operations djrh gSa vkSj Data dh fLFkfr dks ifjofrZr djrh gSaA bl izfØ;k dks le>us ds fy, ge ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA ekuk fdlh Company dk Head vkrk gS vkSj vkils ,d ,slk Program cukus ds fy, dgrk gS] ftlls og vius Employees ds ckjs
  • 86. 85 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi esa lkjh tkudkjh j[k lds vkSj tc ftl Employee ds ckjs esa pkgs mldh Detail izkIr dj ldsA bl leL;k esa lcls igys gekjk dke bl leL;k ds ewy mn~ns”; dks tkuuk gSA bl leL;k esa Administrator vkils vius Employees dk Bio-Data tkuuk pkgrk gSA ;kuh bl leL;k esa Employee izHkkfor gks jgk gS blfy, ,d Employee ds ckjs esa tks Hkh tkudkfj;ka t:jh gks ldrh gSa] os lHkh Details Computer ds fy, Data gksaxhA pwafd Employee ,d “Real Person” gS blfy, gj Employee dh dbZ fo”ks’krk,a (Characteristics) gks ldrh gSa tSls • name • size • date of birth, • shape • social number • room number • hair color • hobbies fuf”pr :i ls Employee dh bu lHkh Qualities dh Administrator dks dksbZ t:jr ugha gksxhA buesa ls dsoy dqN gh ckrsa Administrator dh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr gksaxh] ftUgsa og tkuuk pkgsxkA ifj.kkeLo:i leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, ge Employee dk ,d Model cukrs gSaA bl Model esa Employee dh dsoy mu fo”ks’krkvksa (Properties) dks gh fy;k tkrk gS] ftldh Administrator dks t:jr gks ldrh gSA tSls Employee dk uke] mldh tUe rkjh[k vkSj mldh Qualification, bu Properties dks Model (Employee) dk Data dgrs gSaA ;kuh ge ,d Employee dh fofHkUu Properties esa ls dsoy mu Properties dks gh leL;k esa mi;ksxh eku jgs gSa ftudh tkudkjh Properties ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSA ;kuh ,d Employee dh dsoy mu ckrksa dks ys jgs gSa ftudh Administrator dks t:jr gS “ks’k dks NksM jgs gSaA blh izfØ;k dks Abstraction dgrs gSa ftlesa leL;k ls lEcaf/kr t:jh phtksa dks vU; fcuk t:jr dh phtksa ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd bl leL;k ds fy, Employee dh ftu Properties dks NksMk tk jgk gS] gks ldrk gS fd fdlh vU; leL;k ds lek/kku esa mUgha Properties dh t:jr gksA rks ml fdlh nwljh leL;k ds Abstraction esa izkIr gksus okyh t:jh ckrsa bl leL;k dh t:jh ckrksa ls vyx gksaxhA bl mnkgj.k ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd fdl izdkj ls ,d Abstract Model dk iz;ksx djds ,d
  • 87. 86 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi “Real World Object” ;kuh ,d O;fDr dks Describe dj ldrs gSa vkSj fQj ml Real World Object dks Computer esa Logically Represent dj ldrs gSaA gkykafd vHkh Hkh ;s fooj.k iw.kZ ugha gSA ;gka dqN Operations Hkh ifjHkkf’kr fd, tkus pkfg,a] ftlls Administrator ml Abstract Employee dks Handle dj ldsA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;gka ,d ,slk Operation gksuk pkfg,] ftlls tc dksbZ u;k O;fDr Company esa vk, rks Program esa Hkh u, Employee dks Create fd;k tk ldsA ;kuh gesa ,sls Operations dks Hkh r; djuk gksxk ftudks Abstract Employee ij Perform fd;k tk ldsA gesa ;s Hkh r; djuk gksxk fd Company ds Employees ds Data dks dsoy os gh Operations Access dj ldsa ftUgsa ,slk djus ds fy, Define fd;k x;k gSA ,slk djus ij gesa”kk ;s fuf”pr jgsxk fd Data Elements mudh lgh fLFkfr esa gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge ;s Check dj ldrs gSa fd D;k Input dh xbZ Date Valid gS ;k ughaA lkjka”k esa dgsa rks Abstraction ,d ,slk rjhdk gS ftlls tfVy “Real Life” Problem dks muds Data vkSj ¼Data ds eku dks Change djus okys½ Operations }kjk ,d Well Definedz Unit ;k Entity ds :i esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlesa leL;k ds Data o Data ij dke djus okys Operations lfEefyr :i ls ,d lkFk Combined jgrs gSaA tc fdlh leL;k ls izHkkfor gksus okys fofHkUu Data o mu Data ij dke djus okys fofHkUu Operations dks ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tkrk gS] rks bl izfØ;k dks Encapsulation dgrs gSa vkSj bl Unit dks Entity ;k Object dgk tkrk gSA C++ esa ge tks Class Develop djrs gSa og ,d Abstract Data Type ;k u, izdkj dk Data Type gksrk gSA ftl rjg ls ;fn gesa Integer izdkj ds eku dks Computer esa Manage djuk gks rks ge int Class ds Data Type dk ,d Instance ;k Object Create djrs gSa vkSj ;fn gesa fdlh uke dks Computer esa Store djds Manage djuk gks rks ge String Class dk ,d Object Create djrs gSa] mlh rjg ls C++ esa tks Class cukbZ tkrh gS] og Class Hkh ,d u, izdkj dk Data Type gksrk gS vkSj ge bl Class ds Hkh Objects Create djds mls Computer esa Store o Manage dj ldrs gSaA ;gka vkids fnekx esa ,d loky vk ldrk gS] fd tc gekjs ikl Basic izdkj ds Data Type gSa rks gesa u, Data Type cukus dh D;k t:jr gS bldk tokc ;s gS fd Basic izdkj ds Data Type ds Objects dh ,d ijs”kkuh ;s gS fd ge Computer esa dksbZ Hkh eku Lora= :i ls Store ugha djrs gSaA gj eku dk fdlh nwljs eku ls lEca/k gksrk gSA ;fn gesa dsoy ,d la[;k dks Computer esa Store djuk gks] rks ge int ;k float ;k double izdkj dk Object Create djds eku dks Computer esa Store dj ldrs gSaA
  • 88. 87 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;fn gesa ,d gh Data Type ds dbZ eku Computer esa Store djds Manage djus gksa rks ge Array dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu tc gesa dbZ izdkj ds ekuksa dks ,d lewg ds :i esa Computer esa Store o Manage djuk gks] rc gesa ,d ,sls rjhds dh t:jr iMrh gS] ftlls ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Types dk iz;ksx dj ldsa vkSj mUgsa ,d lkFk ,d gh Object ds lUnHkZ esa Use dj ldsaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn gesa dsoy ,d Student ds Roll Number dks Computer esa Store djuk gks] rks ge ,d int izdkj dk Variable Declare dj ldrs gSaA ;fn gesa nl Students ds Roll Number Store djus gksa rks ge int izdkj dk ,d Array Create dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn gesa ,d Student ds uke] Address] Contact Number, Class, City, State vkfn dbZ izdkj ds Data dks Compute esa Store djuk gks] rks gekjs ikl ,d ,slk rjhdk gksuk pkfg,] ftlls ge ,d gh le; ij vko”;drkuqlkj int, float, double, char lHkh izdkj ds Data ds lewg ds lkFk izfØ;k dj ldsaA ;fn ,slk rjhdk uk gks rks ge ;s fdl rjg ls ;s r; djsaxs fd ge ftl Student ds uke dks Access dj jgs gSa] mlds firk dk ogh uke Computer Return djsxk tks geus Feed fd;k FkkA ,slk rHkh gks ldrk gS] tc gj Student ds Record ds lHkh Fields ,d nwljs ls Related gksa vkSj lHkh Fields ,d lkFk Access gksrs gksaA Class gesa ;gh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ,d Class ds }kjk ge Real World Object dks ,d u, Data Type ds :i esa Computer esa Logically Describe dj ysrs gSa vkSj ml Description ds vk/kkj ij u, Data Type ds Objects Create djds mlh izdkj ls izfØ;k djrs gSa] ftl rjg ls mu Objects ds lkFk Real World esa izfØ;k dh tkrh gSA “C++” dh lcls cMh fo”ks’krk bldh Class o Objects dh ubZ vo/kkj.kk gh gSA Class ds ckjs esa geus fiNys v/;k; esa FkksMk lk crkus dh dksf”k”k dh FkhA vc ge Class dks vPNh rjg ls le>saxsA Class okLro esa Structure dk gh foLr`r :i gSA Class dks Define djus ds fy, class Keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Class dks Define djus dk Format fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% Class class_name { private: Data_Members; Member_Functions; Public: Data_Members; Member_Functions; };
  • 89. 88 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ftl rjg ls ge Structure dks New Data Type Define djus esa Use djrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls class dks Hkh New Data Type cukus ds fy, Use fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu tgka Structure izdkj ds Data Type ds Variables dks Declare djus ds fy, gesa Structure ds uke ds lkFk struct Key word dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gS] ogha class izdkj ds Data Type ds Variables dks Declare djus ds fy, gesa Class ds uke ds lkFk class Keyword dk iz;ksx ugha djuk iMrk gSA lkFk gh Class izdkj ds Variables dks Variables ds ctk; Object ds uke ls igpkuk tkrk gSA Structure ds Members Default :i ls Global ;k Public gksrs gSa tcfd class ds Members Default :i ls Local ;k Private gksrs gSaA class o Structure esa nwljk vUrj ;s gS fd Structures esa Structure ds Data dks dksbZ Hkh Function Program esa dgha Hkh Use dj ldrk gSA tcfd Class ds Data Members dks Use djus ds Functions Class ds vUnj gh Declare fd, tkrs gS vkSj ge dsoy bUgh Member Function ds }kjk Class ds Data Members dks Use dj ldrs gSaA fdlh Class esa ftu Data Members o Member Function dks private Area esa fy[kk tkrk gS] mu Data Members o Member Functions dks dsoy mlh Class }kjk Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA tcfd ftu Data Members o Member Functions dks public Area esa fy[kk tkrk gS] mu Data Members o Member Functions dks iwjs Program esa dgha Hkh mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA Bhd mlh rjg ls tSls Structure ds Members dks izksxzke esa dgha Hkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA Class dks vPNh rjg ls le>us ds fy, ge lcls igys bls ,d Structure dks Modify djds Class esa cnysaxs vkSj fQj Øe ls Class dh fo”ks’krkvksa dks le>rs gq, bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA geus “C” esa book_bank dk ,d mnkgj.k ysdj Structure dks le>k;k FkkA ;gh mnkgj.k ge Class dks le>kus ds fy, ys jgs gSaA struct book_bank { char title[20]; char author[30]; int page; float price; } book1; ;gka ,d Structure cuk;k x;k gS ftldk ,d Variable book1 gSA ;fn ge fdlh book dk title, author dk uke, book ds i`’Bksa dh la[;k vkSj book dh dher Input djds mls Display djuk pkgsa rks gesa fuEu izdkj dk ,d main() Function fy[kuk iMsxk%
  • 90. 89 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> struct book_bank { char title[20]; char author[30]; int page; float price; void Input(void) { cout<<"Enter Book's Title t"; cin>>title; cout<<"nEnter Book's Author t"; cin>>author; cout<<"nEnter Book's Page t"; cin>>page; cout<<"nEnter Book's Price t"; cin>>price; } void Display(void) { cout<<"Book Name t :"<<title; cout<<"nBook Author t :"<<author; cout<<"nBook Page t :"<<page; cout<<"nBook Price t :"<<price; } }; void main(void) { book_bank book1; clrscr(); book1.Input();
  • 91. 90 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi book1.Display(); getch(); } ;s izksxzke ns[k dj “kk;n vki Confuse gks tk,a fd fdl izdkj ls Structure dks Use fd;k x;k gSA blfy, igys ge blh Program dks le>rs gSaA ge tkurs gSa fd ,d Structure fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Type ds] vkil esa Logically Related Data dk lewg gksrk gSA ;kuh ge ,d Structure esa fofHkUu izdkj (Data Type) ds Data j[k ldrs gSaA tc ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Type ds Members fdlh Structure esa j[k ldrs gSa] rks mlh Structure esa ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Functions Hkh j[k ldrs gSa vkSj ftl rjg ls fdlh Structure izdkj ds Variable Declare djds] ge mu Variables }kjk] Structure ds fofHkUu Members dks Access djrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls bu Functions dks Dot Operator ;k Arrow Operator dk iz;ksx djds Access dj ldrs gSaA eku yks fd gesa fdlh Book dk uke bl Structure esa j[kuk gS] rks ge book_bank izdkj dk ,d Structure izdkj dk Variable Declare djrs gSaA ekuk geus book_bank book; Statement ds iz;ksx ls ,d book_bank izdkj dk Variable Declare fd;k vkSj blh Variable ds lkFk Dot Operator dk iz;ksx djds geus Structure esa fLFkr Member title esa book.title = “Ramayan” Statement }kjk uke Hkst fn;k gSA ;kuh book_bank book; book.title = “Ramayan”; bl Statement ls Structure ds title uke ds Member esa “Ramayan” Store gks tkrk gSA ;fn ge Bhd blh izfØ;k dks viukrs gq, fdlh Structure esa Declare o Define fd, x, Function dks Use djuk pkgsa] rks mls Hkh Access dj ldrs gSA bl Program ds Structure esa geus nks Function dks Structure ds Members ds :i esa fy[kk gS] lkFk gh mUgsa Define Hkh dj fn;k gSA fQj geus book1 uke dk ,d Structure izdkj dk Variable Declare fd;k gS vkSj book1.Input() Statement }kjk Structure book_bank ds ,d Member, tks fd ,d Function gS] dks Call fd;k gSA ;s Statement Compiler dks ;s crkrk gS fd Input uke dk ,d Function gS] ftls book_bank Structure esa Define fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;s Function ml Structure dk Member Function gS] blhfy, bls Dot Operator ds lkFk Use fd;k tk jgk gSA tSls gh Program dks Run fd;k tkrk gS] Variable Declare gksus ds ckn Program Control tc book1.Input() Statement dks Execute djrk gS] rks Program Control lh/ks gh
  • 92. 91 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Structure esa igqap tkrk gS vkSj Input() Function ds Statements dk Execution djuk “kq: dj nsrk gSA ;s Function ,d Statement Block {} esa gS] vkSj ;gha ij lHkh Members Declare fd, x, gSa] blfy, Function dks ;s ugah crkuk iMrk gS fd ge fdlh Structure ds Members dks eku ns jgs gSa] D;ksafd Function Lo;a mlh Structure esa gSA Input() Function eku izkIr djds Structure esa j[k nsrk gS vkSj Display() Function Structure esa Store ekuksa dks Print dj nsrk gSA vc blh Program dks ;fn class ds :i esa cuk;k tk,] rks ;s Program fuEukuqlkj cusxk tks fd fcYdqy mlh izdkj ls dke djsxk ftl izdkj ls ;s Program dj jgk gSA pwafd tSlkfd geus igys gh crk;k fd class ds Members Default :i ls Private gksrs gSa] blfy;s ;fn blh Program esa dsoy struct Keyword ds LFkku ij class Keyword dks Replace dj nsa vkSj Class esa public Keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,] rks ;s Structure ,d Class esa cny tk,xkA blh Program dks uhps fn[kk;k x;k gSA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> class book_bank { public: char title[20]; char author[30]; int page; float price; void Input(void) { cout<<"Enter Book's Title t"; cin>>title; cout<<"nEnter Book's Author t"; cin>>author; cout<<"nEnter Book's Page t"; cin>>page; cout<<"nEnter Book's Price t"; cin>>price;
  • 93. 92 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi } void Display(void) { cout<<"Book Name t :"<<title; cout<<"nBook Author t :"<<author; cout<<"nBook Page t :"<<page; cout<<"nBook Price t :"<<price; } }; void main(void) { book_bank book1; clrscr(); book1.Input(); book1.Display(); getch(); } ftl rjg ls ge fdlh Structure ds Members dks Directly Access dj ldrs gSa] mlh izdkj ls fdlh Class esa public Area esa Declare fd, x, Members dks Hkh Use dj ldrs gSaA tSls ekuk ge fdlh Book dk uke o mldh dher dks bl Class esa Store djuk pkgsa] rks ge fuEu Statement ds vuqlkj ;s dj ldrs gSa% book1.title = “Ramayana”; book1.price = 1230; lk/kkj.k :i ls Class ds vUnj fd, tkus okys Declarations dks Header Files esa fy[k dj j[k fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ml Header File dks Program esa Include dj fy;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ge pkgsa rks ge Class esa fd, tkus okys Declarations dks Main Program File esa Hkh j[k ldrs gSa] tSlkfd vHkh cuk, x, Program esa fd;k x;k gSA Program ds Member Functions dks nks txg Define fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;k rks tgka Member Function dks Declare fd;k tkrk gS] ogha ij mls Define dj fn;k tk,A tSlkfd Åij ds Program esa fd;k x;k gSA bls Inside The Class Definition dgk tkrk gSA nwljs rjhds esa Class ds vUnj dsoy Member Function dks Declare fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Member Function dks Class ds ckgj Define fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg ds Definition dks
  • 94. 93 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Outside The Class Definition dgk tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks uhps ds Program esa Use fd;k x;k gSA Program #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> class book_bank { public: char title[20]; char author[30]; int page; float price; void Display(void); void Input(void); }; void main(void) { book_bank book1; clrscr(); book1.Input(); book1.Display(); getch(); } void book_bank::Display(void) { cout<<"Book Name t :"<<title; cout<<"nBook Author t :"<<author; cout<<"nBook Page t :"<<page; cout<<"nBook Price t :"<<price; } void book_bank::Input(void) { cout<<"Enter Book's Title t";
  • 95. 94 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi cin>>title; cout<<"nEnter Book's Author t"; cin>>author; cout<<"nEnter Book's Page t"; cin>>page; cout<<"nEnter Book's Price t"; cin>>price; } bl Program esa Member Functions dks Class ds ckgj Define fd;k x;k gSA tc fdlh Member Function dks Class ds ckgj Define fd;k tkrk gS] rc gesa Compiler dks ;s crkuk t:jh gksrk gS fd ftl Function dks Define fd;k tk jgk gS] og Function fdl Class esa Declare fd;k x;k gSA ;s crkus ds fy, gesa ml Class dks Member Function ds lkFk Scope Resolution Operator }kjk tksMuk iMrk gSA tSls fd void book_bank::Input(void) statement Compiler dks crkrk gS fd ftl Function dks Define fd;k tk jgk gS] og Function book_bank Class dk ,d Member Function gSA tc Hkh ge “C++” esa dksbZ Function Define djrs gSa] rc Compiler dks ;s Hkh crkuk iMrk gS fd og Function fdl izdkj ds Argument ysxk vkSj fdl izdkj dk eku Return djsxkA pwafd ;s Function fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ eku Return ugha dj jgk gS blfy, Function dh Return Value void Declare dh gS rFkk ;s Function fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Argument ys Hkh ugha jgk gS] blfy, Function ds dks’Bd esa Hkh void dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA vHkh geus tks izksxzke crk;k gS ml Program esa class book_bank ds lHkh Members dks public j[kk gSA pwafd] OOP esa Data dks T;knkrj Hide j[kk tkrk gS] blfy, Data Members ds Variables dks private Area esa fy[kk tkrk gSA tc ge Data Members dks Private Area esa fy[krs gSa] rc gesa ,sls Member Function fy[kus gksrs gSa tks fd public gksa] D;ksafd dsoy class ds os Member Function gh ml Data ds lkFk izfØ;k dj ldrs gSaA tSls ekuk gesa fdlh Book dh dher o i`’Bksa dh la[;k Object esa Initialize djuh gS vkSj ge fiNys Program esa ;fn book1.price = 123; vkSj book1.page = 123; Statement Use djsa] rks Program dke djsxk vkSj Object esa Price o Page Initialise gks tk,axsA ysfdu ;fn Class book_bank ds Data Members dks private Area esa Declare fd;k tk,] rks ;s Statement Illegal gksaxsA D;ksafd Class dh ;s fo”ks’krk gS fd Private Area esa Declare
  • 96. 95 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi fd, x, Data Members dks dsoy mlh class ds Member Function gh Access dj ldrs gSaA Object “C” es geus i<k gS fd fdlh Structure izdkj ds Variables User Defined Data Type gksrs gSaA “C” esa bls Structure izdkj ds Variables dgrs gSaA Bhd blh izdkj ls ge “C++” esa Hkh Structures dks User Defined Data Type ds Variables Declare djus ds fy, Use dj ldrs gSaA “C++” esa User Defined Data Type ds Variable dks Object dgk tkrk gSA ;kuh Structure, Class ;k Union izdkj ds Variables dks Object dgk tkrk gSA ;fn ;s dgk tk, fd veqd Structure izzdkj dk Variable ;k veqd Class izzdkj dk Variable] rks ;s cksyus esa dkQh cMk “kCn cu tkrk gSA bl cMs uke dks gh NksVs :i esa veqd Structure, Class ;k Union dk Object dgk tkrk gSA Object Oriented Programming System (OOPS) ,d ,slk rjhdk gS ftlesa Develop fd;k tkus okyk Program mlh rjg fdlh leL;k dks gy djrk gS ftl rjg ls ge gekjs okLrfod thou esa ml leL;k dks gy djrs gSaA Object Oriented Programming System dks Bhd ls le>us ds fy, ge ,d lkekU; lh leL;k dks ysrs gSa vkSj mls Object Oriented Programming System (OOPS) ds fl)karksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, gy djrs gSaA bl rjhds ls ge Object Oriented Programming System (OOPS) dks T;knk vPNh rjg ls vkSj izk;ksfxd rkSj ij le> ldrs gSaA Book Stall as Object fdlh Hkh leL;k dk lek/kku Computer }kjk izkIr djus ds fy, ge Softwares ;k Programs cukrs gSaA ;s Program cukus ls igys gesa leL;k dks vPNh rjg ls le>uk gksrk gSA ekuyks fd gekjs ikl leL;k ;s gS fd ,d Book Stall dk ekfyd ftldk uke RadhaKrishna gS] gekjs ikl vkrk gS vkSj dgrk gS fd og vius Book Stalls dks Computer }kjk Manage djuk pkgrk gSA blfy, mls ,d ,sls Software dh t:jr gS ftlls mldh t:jr iwjh gks tk,A pwafd mldh t:jr D;k gS ;s tkus fcuk ge mlds yk;d Software ugha cuk ldrs gSa vkSj Software Develop djus ds fy, ;s t:jh gS fd og vius Book Stall dks orZeku esa fdl izdkj ls Handle djrk gS] ;s tkuk tk,A ftl rjg ls og orZeku esa okLrfod rkSj ij vius Book Stalls dks Handle djrk gS] Computer esa Hkh ge mls mlh rjg ls Represent dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd gekjs ikl Object
  • 97. 96 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Oriented Programming Language “C++” gSA tc mlls ;s irk fd;k fd mlds Book Stall ij D;k gksrk gS] rks mlus crk;k fd mlds 6 Book Stalls gSa vkSj gj Book Stall ij dsoy nks gh Items Books o Magazines csps tkrs gSaA okLro esa bl Program dk Object iwjs Book Stall dks Modal ugha djsxk cfYd dsoy mu t:jh Data dks Modal djsxk ftudh ,d Book Stall dks fcuk :dkoV ds pykus ds fy, t:jr gksrh gSA RadhaKrishna ds Book Stalls ij gj jkst dqN iqLrdsa o Magazines csaph tkrh gSaA ;fn iqLrdsa ;k Magazines lekIr gksus okyh gksa] rks ubZ iqLrdsa [kjhnh tkrh gSaA cl bruk gh dke gksrk gSA RadhaKrishna vius Book Stall dh fLFkfr (State of Attributes) crkrk gS fd iwjs “kgj esa vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij mlds 6 Book Stalls gSa vkSj mlus mu Book Stalls dks Operate djus ds fy, 6 yksxksa dks Hire dj j[kk gSA og Lo;a ,d Central Office esa jgrk gS tks fd yxHkx mlds lHkh Book Stalls ls e/; esa gSA bl O;oLFkk dks ge fuEu fp= esa ns[k ldrs gSaA RadhaKrishna us vius lHkh Book Stalls ij ,d Phone yxk j[kk gS rkfd lHkh Book Stall ds Operators ls Touch ;k Connected jg ldsA mlus vius lHkh Book Stall dks ,d Number ns j[kk gS] ftlls og lHkh Book Stalls dks igpkurk gSA ;s rks RadhaKrishna ds Book Stall dh fLFkfr (State) gSA vius Book Stall dh fLFkfr crkus ds ckn vc og crkrk gS fd og vius Book Stalls dks Handle dSls djrk gS og dgrk gS fd gj jkst ftl le; dksbZ Operator Book Stall Open djrk gS] rks og rqjUr dqy Books o Magazines dh la[;k ;kuh Current Stock RadhaKrishna dks Phone djds crkrk gSA ;kuh mlds Book Stall ds Stock dh fLFkfr (State of Stock) D;k gSA lkFk gh tc Hkh fdlh Book Stall ls dksbZ Item fcdrk gS] rks ml Book Stall dk Operator vius Book Stall dk Number crkrk gS vkSj RadhaKrishna dks ;s Message nsrk gS fd mlds Stall ls ,d Book ;k ,d Magazine fcd pqdh gSA ¼gkykafd okLro esa ,slk ugha gks ldrk gS fd gj Book ds fcdus ij Appropriator dks Message fd;k tk, vkSj Book Stall ij dsoy ,d gh Book o Magazine csph tkrh gks½ bl rjhds ls RadhaKrishna dks mlds gj Book Stall ds Stock dk Input o Output irk pyrk jgrk gS] ftls og Note djrk jgrk gS vkSj bl Node ds vk/kkj ij mls irk jgrk gS fd fdl Book Stall ij fdlh le; fdruk Stock miyC/k gSA bl tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij RadhaKrishna le; jgrs ;s r; dj ikrk gS fd mls Supplier dks vkSj Books o Magazines dk Order dc nsuk gSA
  • 98. 97 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl iwjh tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd RadhaKrishna dks vius gj Book Stall ls rhu izdkj ls Interactions dh t:jr gksrh gS vkSj bUgha rhu rjhdksa dk Interaction mls mlds Program ls pkfg, rkfd og vius Program ls fuEu rhu dke dj lds& 1 og vius Program esa gj jkst dqy Books o Magazines dh la[;k Enter dj ldsA 2 gj Book ;k Magazine ds Sale gksus dk Record j[k ldsA ;kuh tc Hkh fdlh Book Stall ls dksbZ Book ;k Magazine fcds] rks og ml Book Stall ds Stock dks de dj ldsA 3 og Program ls ;s tku lds fd fdlh Book Stall ij fdlh le; dqy fdruk Stock “ks’k gSA Step 1 igys Step dks iwjk djrs gq, gj jkst lqcg RadhaKrishna vius Program }kjk fuEukuqlkj gj Book Stall ds Books dh la[;k ;k Stock dks Computer esa Enter dj ldrk gS% Stall number:1 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 34 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:103 <--userentersquantity Stall number:2 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 40 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:13 <--userentersquantity Stall number:3 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 49 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:30 <--userentersquantity Stall number:4 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 90 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:100 <--userentersquantity Stall number:5 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 140 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:65 <--userentersquantity Stall number:6 <--userentersstandnumber Numberof Booksinhand: 20 <--userentersquantity Numberof Magazinesinhand:60 <--userentersquantity
  • 99. 98 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;kuh Computer ,d Message nsrk gS] vkSj RadhaKrishna ml Message ds vuqlkj Data Input djrk gSA Step 2 nwljh fLFkfr izkIr djus ds fy, tc Program esa Book ;k Magazines ds Selling dh Entry djuh gks] rc fuEukuqlkj dsoy ,d Message vkuk pkfg,] tgka RadhaKrishna ml Book Stall dk Number Input djsxk tgka ls Book Sell gqbZ gSA Enter stall number:3 <--userentersstandnumber blds ckn fuEukuqlkj ,d vkSj Message vk,xk tks RadhaKrishna ls iwNsxk fd Book Sell gqbZ gS ;k Magazine, RadhaKrishna tks Hkh Option Select djsxk] Program Automatically ml Item ds Stock dh la[;k dks ,d de dj nsxkA Press0 forBook and1 for Magazine:1 <--userentersstandnumber Step3 rhljh fLFkfr izkIr djus ds fy, RadhaKrishna dks dsoy fdlh Hkh Stall dk Number Input djuk gksxkA ml Stall ds Stock dh tkudkjh fuEukuqlkj izkIr gks tk,xh& Enter stall number:4 <--userentersstandnumber Booksin hand= 30 <--programdisplaysdata Magazinesinhand = 130 <--programdisplaysdata geus iwjs Description ds vk/kkj ij ;s r; fd;k fd RadhaKrishna dh leL;k dk lek/kku fdl izdkj ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ml Description ds vk/kkj ij Interaction ;kuh User Interface Hkh r; djus dh dksf”k”k dh fd RadhaKrishna vius Program ls fdl izdkj Interface dj ldsxk ;k fdl izdkj ls vius Program ls Interact djsxkA vc gesa ;s lksapuk gS fd RadhaKrishna dks bl izdkj dk Interaction izkIr gks] bldk Design Object Oriented Programming Language “C++” esa fdl izdkj ls cuk;k tk, ,d Object Oriented Programmer fdlh Hkh leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, gesa”kk lcls igys ;s tkuuk pkgrk gS fd leL;k esa ,slk dkSulk Object gS] tks ml leL;k ds Program dk lcls izeq[k Object cu ldrk gSA dbZ ckj fdlh leL;k dk eq[; Object irk djuk dkQh eqf”dy
  • 100. 99 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi dke gksrk gSA fQj Hkh] gekjs ikl dbZ Similar Real World Objects gksa rks os lHkh gekjs Program ds eq[; Object ds Candidate gks ldrs gSaA RadhaKrishna dh leL;k esa dbZ Objects tSls fd Books, Book Stall vkSj Book Stalls dks Operate djus okys Operators gSa vkSj lHkh Objects vyx&vyx Category ds gSaA buesa ls fdls eq[; Object ekuk tk, pwafd gesa Book ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ugha j[kuh gS fd fdl uke dh fdruh Books gSa ;k fdlh Book dk Writer dkSu gSA blfy, Book rks og eq[; Object gks gh ugha ldrkA blh rjg ls gesa Book Stalls dks Operate djus okys Operators dh Hkh tkudkjh ugha j[kuh gS fd fdl Book Stall dk Operator dkSu gSA dgka jgrk gSA fdruk i<k&fy[kk gS] vkfnA okLro esa RadhaKrishna dks mlds lHkh Book Stalls ds Stock dh tkudkjh j[kuh gSA bl fLFkfr esa Book Stall gh gekjk eq[; Object gSA dbZ ckj ,d Programmer xyr Object dks eq[; Object eku ysrk gSA “kq:vkr esa T;knkrj Programmers ds lkFk ,slk gh gksrk gSA ysfdu le; ds lkFk tSls&tSls os vf/kd vuqHkoh gksrs tkrs gSa] mUgsa Right Object dh igpku gks tkrh gSA leL;k dk eq[; Object irk py tkus ds ckn vc ,d Programmer dks ;s r; djuk gksrk gS fd ml Object dh Characteristics D;k gSA pwafd gekjk Object rks Book Stall gS ysfdu bl Book Stall dh Characteristics esa ls gesa dsoy mu Characteristics dks gh Abstract djds izkIr djuk gS tks RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr gSaA pwafd bu Book Stalls dh vyx&vyx Size gks ldrh gS] ;s “kgj ds vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa fLFkr gks ldrs gSa] bu ij vyx&vyx Operators gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu bu lHkh Attributes dk RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ls dksbZ lEca/k ugha gSA RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr rks dsoy mu Book Stall ij fLFkr Books o Magazines dh la[;k gSa] tks Book Stall ds Stock dks Represent djrh gSaA blfy, Book Stall dk eq[; Attribute Books o Magazines gSaA tc dksbZ Item Sell gksrk gS] rc Item ds Stock dh la[;k (State) esa gh vUrj iMrk gSA blfy, ,d Real World Physical Object Book Stall dk eq[; Attribute tks fd leL;k ls lEcaf/kr gS] og gS fdlh Book Stall Object ds dqy Books o Magazines dh la[;kA ;s Book o Magazine gh gS tks gj Book Stall dk eq[; Data gSA gkykafd fofHkUu 6 Book Stall Objects ds Books o Magazines dh la[;k esa vUrj gks ldrk gSA fQj Hkh gj Book Stall ij blh dh la[;k :ih Data (eku) dh fLFkfr (State) esa ifjorZu
  • 101. 100 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi vkrk gSA ;kuh gekjs Book Stall dk eq[; Attribute tks fd Abstraction ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS og gS% • Book • Magazine vc pwafd geus Book Stall Object ds leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Attribute dks rks izkIr dj fy;k ysfdu lkFk gh ;s Object vius Attribute dh State esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, dqN Operations Hkh djrk gSA ;kuh tc Stock dks Input fd;k tkrk gS] rc Object mlds Data ;kuh Book dh Counting dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djrk gS vkSj mls Increase djrk gS vkSj tc dksbZ Book Sell gksrh gS] rc ;s Object vius Data dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djds mlds eku dks Decrease Hkh djrk gSA lkFk gh tc User fdlh Book Stall ds dqy Book dh la[;k tkuuk pkgrk gS] rc ;s Object vius Data dh Current Position dks Hkh Display djrk gSA ;kuh ;s Object RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ds vuqlkj rhu Operations }kjk vius Data ;k Attribute ds eku ls Interact djrk gSA “C++” esa fdlh Object ds bu Operations dh Description dks Methods (Member Functions) }kjk Define fd;k tkrk gSA ;kuh “C++” esa ;fn bu Operations dks Define djsa] rks fuEukuqlkj bu Operations dks Describe dj ldrs gSa% inputData() soldOneBook() soldOneMagagine() displayStock() tc fdlh Program esa ,d gh izdkj ds dbZ Objects gksrs gSa] rc lHkh Objects dks vyx ls Describe djus ds rjhds dks vPNk ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA tc bl izdkj dh fLFkfr gksrh gS rc leku izdkj ds bu lHkh Objects dks Represent djus ds fy, ,d Common Specification ;k Modal cuk ysuk T;knk csgrj gksrk gSA bl Specification dks ge ,d Blueprint ;k ,d Modal dg ldrs gSaA ,d ckj fdlh Object dk ,d Modal ;k Specification Design dj ysus ds ckn ge bl Blue Print dk iz;ksx ftrus Objects dks Create djus ds fy, djuk pkgsa] dj ldrs gSaA
  • 102. 101 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Object Oriented Programming esa Objects Creation ds bl Modal ;k Specification dks Class dgrs gSaA RadhaKrishna dh leL;k ls geus fdlh ,d Book Stall Object ds nksuksa t:jh Components Attributes o Ability dks izkIr dj fy, gSaA bu nksuksa ds vk/kkj ij ge fuEukuqlkj ,d Real World Book Stall Object dk Computer esa ,d Logical Modal ;k Description cuk ldrs gSa% Class BookStall { //Attribute of Object (State) private: int booksInHand; //Instance Data int MagazinesInHand; //Instance Data //Operations of Object (Behavior) public: void inputData(void) //Method for InitializingStock of Books { } void soldOneBook(void) //Method for Adjusting Data (Book Counts) { } void soldOneMagazine(void) //Method for Adjusting Data (Book Counts) { } void displayStock(void) //Displays Current Stock of the Books { } }; ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;s Class Specification nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr jgrh gSA igys Hkkx esa Object dk Data gS vkSj nwljs Hkkx esa ml Data ij Perform gks ldus okys Operations
  • 103. 102 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ftUgsa “C++” esa Methods dgrs gSaA “C++” esa blh izdkj ls fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djus ds fy, Class Define dh tkrh gSA ,d ckr /;ku j[ksa fd Specification fy[k ysus ls Object Create ugha gks tkrk gSA Specification rks ek= ,d Blueprint gksrk gSA ftl izdkj ls fdlh pht dk ,d uD”kk cuk nsus ls og pht ugha cu tkrh gSA mlh rjg ls fdlh Object dk Specification rS;kj dj nsus ls Object Create ugha gks tkrk gSA Class ek= ,d Specification gS] blfy, ,d Class dk Description Memory esa rc rd dksbZ Space ugha ysrk gS] tc rd fd ge ml Class ds Instance ds :i esa dksbZ Object Create uk djsaA geus Book o Magazines dh la[;k Store djus ds fy, ,d Integer izdkj dk Variable Instance Variable ds :i esa Declare fd;k gSA pwafd Book o Magazines ,sls Objects gS] tks iw.kkZad la[;k esa gh Represent gks ldrs gSaA blfy, budh la[;k dks Store djus ds fy, geus int Keyword dk iz;kssx fd;k gSA bl Class esa Object vius Data ij pkj Operations dj ldrk gS] blfy, geus Class esa pkj Methods Define fd, gSaA ,d ckr gesa”kk /;ku j[ksa fd “C++” ds Hkh gj Statement dk vUr Semicolon ls gksrk gS ysfdu Function ds dks’Bd ds ckn Semicolon ugha yxk;k tkrk gSA pwafd Semicolon dk iz;ksx Compiler dks Statement ds vUr ds fy, dgrk gSA ;kuh Compiler dks tgka Hkh Semicolon feyrk gS] Compiler le>rk gS] fd ogha ij fdlh ,d Statement dk vUr gqvk gS] blfy, ;fn Method ds dks’Bd ds ckn Semicolon yxk fn;k tk,] rks Compiler bls Method dk vUr ekusxk tcfd ;s rks Method ;k Member Function ds Definition dh “kq:vkr gSA Variable Declarations geus Class Specification esa ;s r; fd;k gS fd fdlh Hkh Object esa nks Integer izdkj ds Variable gksaxsA pwafd ;gka ge Books o Magazines dh la[;k Store djsaxs] blfy, bUgsa Integer izdkj dk Declare fd;k x;k gSA ;kuh intBooksInHand; intMagazinesInHand; /;ku nsa fd ;s Declaration fdlh Variable dks dksbZ eku iznku ugha dj jgk gSA ;gka ;s Declaration dsoy ;s crkrk gS fd BooksInHand vkSj MagazinesInHand uke ds nks Integer izdkj ds Variable gksaxs tks Memory esa vius izdkj ds vuqlkj dqN txg Reserve
  • 104. 103 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi dj ysaxs vkSj mu Reserve Memory Cells dk uke BooksInHand o MagazinesInHand j[k nsaxsA Member Functions (Methods) Class Specification esa pkj Functions gSa % InputData(), SoldOneBook(), SoldOneMagazine(), DisplayData(), ;s Functions C++ ds Compiler dks crkrs gSa fd ;s uke Functions ds gSa uk fd fdlh Variable dsA ;s Functions Hkh viuh Size ds vuqlkj Memory esa mlh rjg Space Reserve djrs gSa] ftl rjg Variables djrs gSaA Functions ds vkxs Use fd, x, Keyword void dk eryc gksrk gS fd Function fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ eku Return ugha dj jgk gSA tc Function fdlh izdkj dk eku Return dj jgk gksrk gS rc void ds LFkku ij ml Data Type dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA tSls ;fn dksbZ Function ineger izdkj dk eku Return djrk gS] rks Function fuEukuqlkj fy[kk tkrk gS% int largest() { } ge Function ds dks’Bd esa Arguments ds :i esa vU; Parameters Hkh ns ldrs gSaA tSls int largest( int a = 10, int b = 15) { } bl Function esa nks Integer izdkj ds eku Argument ds :i esa Hksts tk jgs gSa vkSj mu nksuksa ekuksa esa ls tks eku cMk gS] mls Return Value ds :i esa Return djok;k tk jgk gSA Public and Private Public vkSj Private dk Central Idea ;s gS fd ,d Object ds dqN Hkkx dks Program Statements Access dj ldsa tcfd dqN Hkkx dks dsoy Object Lo;a gh Access djsA Class ds vUnj Define fd, x, public: o private: Section bl Design dks Specify djus ds fy, Use fd, tkrs gSaA gekjh Class esa lHkh Data public Section esa gSa vkSj lHkh Member Functions private Section esaA ge gesa”kk pkgrs gSa fd gekjs Program ds Data gesa”kk lqjf{kr jgsa] blfy, ge gekjs Data dks Private Section esa j[krs gSa vkSj Object dks ;s crkus ds fy, fd mls Data ds lkFk D;k djuk gS] Member Functions dks Public Section esa fy[krs gSaA Data dks Access djus ds fy, ge
  • 105. 104 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Directly Data dks dksbZ eku uk rks Hkst ldrs gSa uk gh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA Data dks Access djus ds fy, ge Member Functions dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA blhfy, Member Functions dks Public Area esa fy[kk tkrk gSA Member Functions blh v/;k; dh “kq:vkr esa geus ns[kk gS fd ,d Object ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA igyk Object ds Data vkSj nwljk Data ij dke djus okys Functions, Data ds ckjs esa geus vHkh ns[kk gSA vc ge Functions ds ckjs esa le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA lk/kkj.kr;k ,d Program fdlh Object ds member Functions dks Call djds Object dks dqN djus ds fy, dgrk gSA fdlh Object ds Member Function dks Call djus dks nwljs “kCnksa esa Object dks Message Send djuk Hkh dgrs gSaA gekjs Book Stall Program esa pkj Member Functions gSa % InputData(), SoldOneBook(), SoldOneMagazine() vkSj DisplayStock() “kq:vkr esa geus bu Member Functions ds dks’Bd dks [kkyh j[kk FkkA vc ge buesa Statements fy[ksaxs vkSj ns[ksaxs fd ;s D;k dj ldrs gSaA Data dks Initialize djuk gj fnu dh “kq:vkr esa RadhaKrishna vius Book Stall ds Program esa Books o Magazines dh la[;k dks Initialize djuk pkgrk gSA bl dke dks djus ds fy, ge InputData() Function dks Use djsaxsA blesa Program RadhaKrishna dks Books o Magazines dh la[;k dks Initialize djus ds fy, Prompt djsxk ;k lwpuk nsxkA bl dke ds fy, ge cout o cin statement dk iz;ksx djsaxsA ;s Function fuEukuqlkj fn[kkbZ nsxk% voidInputData() { cout << “EnterBooks onHand : “ ; cin >> BooksInHand; cout << “EnterMagazinesOn Hand : “ ; cin >> MagazinesInHand; } tc RadhaKrishna Books o Magazines dh la[;k Input djus ds fy, Program dk iz;ksx djsxk] rc fuEukuqlkj og Program ls Interact gksxk%
  • 106. 105 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Enter BooksonHand : 60 Enter MagazinesOnHand : 40 tgka Books o Magazines dh la[;k RadhaKrishna Input dj jgk gSA Selling dks Record djuk tc fdlh Book Stall ls ,d Book Sell gksrh gS] rks ml Book Stall dk Operator RadhaKrishna dks Call djds crk nsrk gS fd mldh Book Stall ls ,d Book Sell gks xbZ gSA tc RadhaKrishna dks ;s irk pyrk gS rc RadhaKrishna ml Book Stall ds Book Stack esa ls ,d Book dks Less djuk pkgrk gSA bl dke dks djus ds fy, gesa SoldOneBook() Member Function esa fuEu Statements fy[kus gksaxs% voidSoldOneBook() { BooksInHand = BooksInHand – 1 ; // Variable esa ls ,d de dj nsrk gSA } blh rjg tc ,d Magazine Sell gksrh gS rc Hkh RadhaKrishna Program dks crk nsrk gS fd ,d Magazine Sell gqbZ gS vkSj pkgrk gS fd Program Lo;a gh Current Stock esa ls ,d Magazine Less dj nsA ,slk djus ds fy, gesa fuEu Code SoldOneMagazine() Member Function esa fy[kus gksaxs% void SoldOneBook() { MagazinesInHand = MagazinesInHand – 1 ; // Variable esa ls ,d de dj nsrk gSA } Data dks Display djuk /;ku nsa fd BookStall Object Current Stock dks BooksInHand o MagazinesInHand Variables esa Store djds j[krk gSA ge cout Statement dk iz;ksx djds ;fn bu Variables ds ekuksa dks Screen ij Print dj nsa rks ;s RadhaKrishna dks Current Stock dh tkudkjh nsxkA ,slk djus ds fy, gesa DisplayStock() Functions esa fuEu Coding fy[kuh gksxh% voidDisplayStock() { cout << “BooksIn Hand = “ << BooksInHand<< endl ;
  • 107. 106 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi cout << “MagazinesInHand = “ << MagazinesInHand<< endl ; } bl Function dk Output fuEukuqlkj gksxk% BooksIn Hand = 60 MagazinesInHand = 40 Arithmetic Operators SoldOneBook() Function esa geus ,d eku esa ls nwljk eku ?kVkus ds fy,a Subtraction Operator (-) dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA C++ esa blh rjg ds ikap Operators gSa ftudk vyx&vyx txg ij xf.krh; izfØ;kvksa dks lEiUu djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Operator Purpose + Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division % Remainder igys ds pkj Operators ogh dke djrs gS ftuds fy, budk iz;ksx lkekU; xf.krh; izfØ;kvksa esa gksrk gSA ikapok Operator % Reminder Operator gSA tc ge fdlh Integer la[;k esa Integer la[;k dk Hkh Hkkx nsrs gSa] rks bl Operator dk iz;ksx djds ge “ks’kQy Kkr dj ldrs gSaA tSls % intnum = 10, reminder= 0 ; reminder=num % 3 ; bl Statement ds Execute gksus ij reminder uke ds variable esa “ks’kQy 1 Store gks tk,xkA ;kuh tc gesa fdlh xf.krh; izfØ;k esa fdlh la[;k esa Hkkx nsus ds ckn mldk HkkxQy fdlh Variable esa Store djuk gksrk gS rc ge / Operator dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ysfdu tc gesa mlh Expression dk “ks’kQy fdlh Variable esa Store djuk gksrk gS] rc ge % Operator dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ge fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xf.krh; izfØ;k esa buesa ls fdlh Hkh Operator dk ftl rjg pkgsa ml rjg ls iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA tSls % c = (f-32) * 5 / 9;
  • 108. 107 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl Expression esa Fahrenheit ds rkieku dks Celsius esa cnyk x;k gSA /;ku nsa fd geus ;gka ij dks’Bd dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] D;ksafd dks’Bd esa fLFkr Expression igys Calculate gksrh gS vkSj vU; Expression ckn esaA C++ esa Hkh lHkh xf.krh; izfØ;k,a izkFkfedrk Øe ds vuqlkj gh Execute gksrh gSaA tSls + vkSj / dk Øe + o – Operator ls igys vkrk gS] blfy, ;fn fdlh Expression esa xq.kk o tksM nksuksa gks jgs gSa] rks igys xq.kk gksxk fQj tksM gksxkA tSls % 10 * 5 + 20 bl Expression dk eku 70 gksxk uk fd 250 C++ esa ge fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Data Type ds Variable dh Calculation dj ldrs gSaA tSls Åij crk, x, Expression esa c dk eku Float esa gksxk vkSj f dk eku int esa gksxk] fQj Hkh ge budh Calculation djok ldrs gSaA C++ gesa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Error ugha nsxk cfYd Calculation ls igys C++ Lo;a gh bUgsa lgh Data Type esa Convert dj ysrk gS vkSj fQj Calculation djrk gSA Increment vkSj Decrement Operators Programming esa gesa vDlj fdlh Variable esa ls ;k rks ,d ?kVkuk iMrk gS ;k ,d tksMuk iMrk gS] tSlkfd geus SoldOneBook() o SoldOneMagazine() Functions esa ns[kk gSA C++ esa gesa bl dke ds fy, nks u, Operators feyrs gSa] ftUgsa Increment ;k Decrement Operators dgrs gSaA Increment Operator fdlh Variable ds eku esa ,d tksM nsrk gS vkSj Decrement Operator fdlh Variable ds eku esa ls ,d de dj nsrk gSA bu Operators dk iz;ksx djds ge SoldOneBook() o SoldOneMagazine() Functions dks fuEukuqlkj fy[k ldrs gSa% void SoldOneBook() { --BooksInHand ; } void SoldOneBook() { --MagazinesInHand ; }
  • 109. 108 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Decrement Operator esa nks Minus ds fpUg gksrs gSaA ;fn BooksInHand Variable dk eku 60 gks rks bl Statement ds Execute gksus ij BooksInHand Variable dk eku 59 jg tkrk gSA blh rjg ls Increment Operator esa nks + ds fpUgksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bu Increment o Decrement Operators dks Unary Operators dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;s dsoy ,d gh Variable ds lkFk iz;ksx gksrs gSaA izkFkfedrk Øe esa bUgsa vU; Arithmetic Operators ls igys dk Øe izkIr gSA ;kuh ;fn fdlh Expression esa Increment o Subtraction nksuksa Operators dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks igys Variable dk eku Increment gksxk fQj Subtraction dk Operator dke djsxkA pfy,] vc ge ns[krs gSa fd ge vius Program esa fdl izdkj ls bu Member Functions dk iz;ksx Object ls dqN dke djokus ds fy, djrs gSaA Specifying a Class vc ,d Complete Class Specification ds lkjs vo;o gekjs ikl gSaA gesa irk gS fd gekjs Data dks Store djus ds fy, Basic Data Type ds Variable dSls Declare djus gSa] mu Data ls Interact djus ds fy, Member Functions dSls Create djus gSa vkSj dqN mi;ksxh dke djus ds fy, Keyboard ls Input dSls ysuk gS vkSj Screen ij Output dSls Print djuk gSA vc ge fuEukuqlkj Book Stall Class dh iwjh Specification cuk ldrs gSa% //Creating First Class in C++ class BookStall // ,d Class ftldk uke BookStall gSA { // Class Specification dh “kq:vkr private: int BooksInHand; // Variables ftlesa Books o Magazines dh la[;k Store gksxhA int MagazinesInHand; public: void InputData() // Variables esa Data dks Input djus ds fy, Member Function { cout << “Enter Books on Hand : “ ; cin >> BooksInHand ; cout << “Enter Magazines On Hand : “ ; cin >> MagazinesInHand ; } voidSoldOneBook() // Book ds la[;k dks Adjust djus ds fy, {
  • 110. 109 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi --BooksInHand ; // ;gka Function dh Body } void SoldOneMagazine() // Magazines dh la[;k dks Adjust djus ds fy, { --MagazinesInHand ; // ;gka Function dh Body } void DisplayStock() // Stock dks Display djus ds fy, { cout << “Books In Hand = “ << BooksInHand << endl ; cout << “Magazines In Hand = “ << MagazinesInHand << endl ; } }; // Class Specification dk vUr djus ds fy, vc ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd lHkh Member Function Data ij Operations djus ds fy, fdl rjg ls vkil esa vyx&vyx rjhds ls Related gSaA InputData() Member Function Keyboard ls Data Input esa ys dj Variables esa Store djus dk dke dj gSA DisplayStock() Function Variables ds Data dks Screen ij Display djus dk dke djrk gSA Object Create djuk vkSj Object ds lkFk izfØ;k djuk vHkh rd geus lh[kk fd fdl izdkj ls Data vkSj Data ij dke djus okys Member Functions }kjk ,d Class Specification cukrs gSaA gkykafd Class Specification dk mn~ns”; ,d Blueprint ;k uD”kk cukuk gksrk gSA ftlds vk/kkj ij ge Object Create dj ldrs gSaA pfy,] le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa fd Object fdl izdkj ls Create djrs gSa vkSj Create fd, x, Objects ds lkFk ge fdl izdkj ls Interact dj ldrs gSaA Class Specification }kjk Objects cukuk ge Bhd mlh izdkj ls Objects Create dj ldrs gSa ftl izdkj ls ge fdlh Basic Data Type dk Variable Create djrs gSaA C++ esa Objects Bhd mlh izdkj ls Handle fd, tkrs gSa ftl izdkj ls Variables dks vkSj Class dks mlh izdkj ls Handle fd;k tkrk gS ftl izdkj ls Data Types dksA ;kuh ge ljy Hkk’kk esa dgsa rks Class ,d u, izdkj dk Data Type gksrk gS vkSj Objects ml Class izdkj ds Data Type ds Variables gksrs gSaA fuEu Statement BookStall dk ,d Object stall1 Create djrk gS%
  • 111. 110 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi BookStall stall1; tc Program dk ;s Statement Execute gksrk gS] rc lcls igys Program BookStall Class dh Specification dks Program esa [kkstrk gS tks fd gesa igys gh cukuh gksrh gSA ;s r; djrk gS fd bl Class dk Object memory esa fdruh Byte Reserve djsxk vkSj Object dks mruh Memory Assign dj nsrk gSA fQj Program Object dks Assign dh xbZ Memory dks ,d uke Stall1 ns nsrk gSA ;s lc dke fcYdqy mlh rjg ls gksrk gS ftl rjg ls ,d Basic Data Type dk Variable Create djrs le; gksrk gSA fQj Hkh] Stall1 Object lkekU; Variable ls vf/kd tfVy gS D;ksafd blesa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data o Member Functions gSaA ,d ckj Class dh Specification cukus ds ckn ge ml Class ds ftrus pkgsa mrus Objects Create dj ldrs gSaA tSls % BookStall Stall1; BookStall Stall2; BookStall Stall3; ge fuEukuqlkj Hkh Object Create dj ldrs gSa % BookStall Stall1,Stall2,Stall3; Class dh Specification cukuk ,d tfVy dke gksrk gS ysfdu Class ds Object cukuk fcYdqy ljy gSA Object dks Message Hkstuk ,d ckj Object Create gks tk,] rc gesa blds lkFk Interaction djuk gksrk gSA Object ds lkFk Interaction djus ds fy, ge mu Member Functions dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ftUgsa Class Specification esa Describe ;k ifjHkkf’kr fd;k gSA ge Object ds Member Function dks Call djrs gSaA bls ,slk Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ge Object dks ,d Message Send djrs gSaA bl dke ds fy, ,d fo”ks’k Syntax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tc ge fdlh Object dks Message Send dj jgs gksrs gSa rc gesa nks ckrs /;ku esa j[kuh gksrh gSaA igyh ;s fd ge fdl Object ds lkFk Communicate dj jgs gSa ;k fdl Object dks Message Send dj jgs gSa vkSj nwljh ;s fd ge Object dks D;k Message Send dj jgs gSaA
  • 112. 111 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi blh ckr dks ge nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa rks ,slk Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ge fdl Object ds Member Function dks Call dj jgs gSaA bl rjg gekjs Syntax ds nks Hkkx gks tkrs gSa % Object dk uke vkSj Member Function dk ukeA ge fuEukuqlkj Syntax }kjk stall1 Object dks Data Display djus dk Message Send dj jgs gSa % stall1.DisplayStock() ; Object dk uke o Function dk uke ,d Dot ls Connected jgrk gSA bls Dot Operator ;k Class Member Access Operator dgrs gSaA bl rjhds ls ge fdlh fo”ks’k Object ds Member Function ;k Data dks Access dj ldrs gSaA tc ;s Statement Execute gksrk gS rc fuEukuqlkj Output Display gksrk gS % BooksIn Hand = 60 MagazinesInHand = 40 ge blh rjg dk Message nwljs Object dks Hkh Hkst ldrs gSaA tSls stall2.DisplayStock() ; ;s Syntax nwljs Object ds Data dks Output esa Display djsxkA tSls BooksIn Hand = 6 MagazinesInHand = 140 blh rjg ge rhljs Object esa User ls Data Input djus ds fy, Message Send dj ldrs gSaA tSls stall3.InputData() ; tc ;s Statement Execute gksxk] rc Program User ls fuEukuqlkj Interact djsxk% Enter BooksInHand : 65 Enter Magazinesinhand: 100 ,d ckj stall3 Object dks eku Initialize djus ds ckn ge bl Stall ls Book o Magazines dks Sell dj ldrs gSaA Selling dh lwpuk Object dks nsus ds fy, ge SoldOneBook() ;k SoldOneMagazine() Member Function dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA tSls%
  • 113. 112 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi stall3.SoldOneBook() ; vc ;fn Stock ns[kuk gks rks ge stall3 dks Stock Display djus dk Message Send djrs gSaA ;kuh% stall3.DisplaySock() ; Program gesa fuEukuqlkj Stock Display dj nsrk gS% Enter BooksInHand : 64 Enter Magazinesinhand: 100 Lkkjka”k geus ns[kk fd ,d C++ Program dk vk/kkjHkwr vo;o Objects gSa tks fd fdlh Class Specification ds vuqlkj cuk, tkrs gSaA fdlh Program dks Design djus dk eryc gS fd ge ;s r; djsa fd Program esa Object D;k gksxk vkSj og fdl izdkj ls dke djsxkA fdlh Hkh Object dh nks ckrsa eq[; gksrh gSa %  Data of Object  Member Functions ,d Object ds Data dks Program ds vU; Hkkxksa ls lkekU;r;k Private j[krs gSa] rkfd Program dk dksbZ Hkh vU; Hkkx Data dks Directly Access uk dj ldsA ;fn Data dks Access djuk gS rks mlds lkFk fy[ks x, Member Functions dk mi;ksx djuk iMrk gSA bl rjhds dh otg ls Data Accidentally Modify ;k Corrupt ugha gksrkA ,d ckj Class Specify djus ds ckn vkSj ml Class ds Objects Create djus ds ckn] Program Object dks Message Send djrk gSA ;kuh Object dks dqN dke djus dk Order nsus ds fy, mlds Member Function dks Call djrk gSA pfy,] vc ge Book Stall dk iwjk Program Access djrs gSa% Program // Book Stall inventory database program #include <iostream.h> class BookStall { private:
  • 114. 113 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi int BooksInHand; int MagazinesInHand; public: void InputData() { cout << “Enter Books on Hand : “ ; cin >> BooksInHand ; cout << “Enter Magazines On Hand : “ ; cin >> MagazinesInHand ; } void SoldOneBook() { --BooksInHand ; } void SoldOneMagazine() { --MagazinesInHand ; } void DisplayStock() { cout << “Books In Hand = “ << BooksInHand << endl ; cout << “Magazines In Hand = “ << MagazinesInHand << endl ; } }; void main() { BookStall stall1; // BookStand Object Create fd;k BookStall stall2; // set initial data cout << "nInitialize data for stall 1";
  • 115. 114 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi stall1.InputData(); cout << "nInitialize data for stall 2"; stall2.InputData(); // record some sales cout << "nSelling2 Books from stall1"; stall1.SoldOneBook(); stall1.SoldOneBook(); cout << "nSelling3 Magazines from stall2"; stall2.SoldOneMagazine(); stall2.SoldOneMagazine(); stall2.SoldOneMagazine(); cout << endl; // display current data cout << "nStock in hand, Stall1"; stall1.DisplayStock(); cout << "nStack in hand, Stall2"; stall2.DisplayStock(); } ge Class Specification djuk tku pqds gSa vkSj Object Create djds mlds lkFk izfØ;k djus okys Statement fy[kuk Hkh lh[k pqds gSaA bl Program esa geus IOSTREAM.H Header File dks Include fd;k gSA bldk iz;ksx fd, fcuk ge cin o cout Objects, << o >> Operators o endl Manipulator dk iz;ksx djds Input o Output dh lqfo/kk izkIr ugha dj ldrsA budh vkSj vU; cgqr lh phtksa dh Specifications bl Header File esa gS tks fd gekjs Compiler ds lkFk vkrh gSA ;s ,d Text File gksrh gS Bhd mlh rjg ftl rjg gekjh C++ dh Source File gksrh gSA bl Header File dks gekjs Program esa Insert djus ds fy, gesa blds uke ds igys ,d Preprocessor Directive dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA bls ge #include Keyword ds lkFk fuEukuqlkj fy[k dj Include djrs gSa% #include <iostream.h>
  • 116. 115 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi ;s Directive Compilation ds le; bl Text File ds lkjs Source Codes dks gekjs Program esa Insert dj nsrk gSA Preprocessor Directives lh/ks gh Compiler ds fy, nh xbZ Instructions gksrh gSaA tSls Beta = 60; Microprocessor ds fy, ,d Instruction gS] ftls Compiler Machine Language esa Translate djds Microprocessor ij Hkstrk gS vkSj Micro Processor mls le>rk gSA Preprocessor Directive gesa”kk # fpUg ls “kq: gksrk gSA tSls gh Compiler dks #include Preprocessor Directive feyrk gS] ;s IOSTERAM.H uke dh File dks [kkstuk “kq: dj nsrk gSA gekjs Compiler ds lkFk dqN Sub Directories Hkh gksrh gSa ftuesa include uke dh ,d Directory gksrh gSA ;fn ;s File Include uke ds Folder esa uk gks] rks gesa Compiler dks bl QkbZy dk ikFk nsuk t:jh gksrk gS] vU;Fkk gekjk Program Compile ugha gksrkA Compiler dks tSls gh ;s File fey tkrh gS] Compiler bl File dks ogka ij Insert dj nsrk gS] tgka ij geus #include Preprocessor Directive dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA #include Directive dks Specify djus ds nks rjhds gSaA lgh rjhdk Use djus ij Program dh Speed vPNh gksrh gSA blesa ge header File dks <> ds chp esa fy[krs gSaA ,slk djus ij Compiler Header File dks Include uke ds Sub Folder esa gh [kkstrk gSA nwljs rjhds esa ge Header File ;k vU; fdlh Source File dks “” ds chp esa fy[krs gSaA bl rjg fy[kus ij Compiler header File dks ogka [kkstrk gS tgka gekjh Source File gksrh gSA C++ dh Library esa dbZ izdkj ds dkeksa ds fy, vyx&vyx Header Files gSaA tSls xf.krh; dkeksa ds fy, ge MATH.H uke dh Header File dks vius Program esa Insert dj ldrs gSa vkSj Data Conversion ls lEcaf/kr dkeksa ds fy, ge STDLIB.H uke dh Header File dksA Main Function gj pht dh ,d “kq:vkr gksrh gS vkSj gekjk Program tgka ls “kq: gksrk gS] mls main() Function dgrs gSaA ;s fdlh Class dk Member Function ugha gksrk gSA ;s ,d Standalone Function gS ftlls Program dk Control Operating System ls Transfer gksrk gSA main() Statement fdlh Hkh Program dk lcls igys Execute gksus okyk Statement gSA Program ds vU; lHkh Statements main() Function ds vUnj gh fy[ks tkrs gSaA Loops ge Loops dk iz;ksx fd, fcuk ,d mi;ksxh izksxzke ugha cuk ldrs gSaA fcuk Loop dk izksxzke dsoy ,d ckj gh gekjk okafNr dke djrk gS] tcfd Loop dk iz;ksx djus ls gekjk izksxzke dbZ ckj gekjk okafNr dke djrk gSA C++ esa rhu rjg ds Loops dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s r; djus ds fy, fd izksxzke fdruh ckj ifj.kke iznku djsxk] C++ dk Loops Condition ;k
  • 117. 116 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi Expression ds True ;k False gksus dks Check djrk gSA True ;k False dk eku ;s r; djrk gS fd Loop pysxk ;k ughaA True and False Values Loops vkSj Decision Making Statements True ;k False ds vk/kkj ij ;s r; djrs gSa fd izksxzke fdl izdkj ls Run gksxk vkSj ifj.kke nsxkA C++ esa 0 False dks vkSj dksbZ Hkh vU; eku ( Any nonzero value ) True dks Represent djrk gSA dbZ Hkk’kkvksa esa ,d fo”ks’k izdkj dk Boolean Data Type gksrk gS tks dsoy True ;k False dks gh Hold djrk gS] ysfdu C++ esa bu ekuksa dks fdlh Hkh Integer Data Type esa Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA dbZ ckj fdlh ,d Variable ds eku dks ;s r; djus ds fy, fd fdlh Statement Block ;k Statement dk Execution Condition ds vuqlkj fdruh ckj gksxk] iz;ksx dj fy;k tkrk gSA fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh Conditions dks Check djus ds fy, gesa gekjs Loop esa Conditional Operators dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA tc rd Condition True gksrh gS] Loop Execute gksrk gSA tSls gh Condition False gks tkrh gS] Loop terminate gks tkrk gSA Relational Operators Relational Operators nks ekuksa dh rqyuk djrs gSa vkSj True ;k False Return djrs gSaA C++ esa 6 Conditional Operators gksrs gSaA Symbol Meaning Example == equal to a == b != not equal to a != b < less than a < b > greater than a > b <= less than or equal to a <= b >= greater than or equal to a >= b Åij crkbZ xbZ fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa a vkSj b ds eku ij ;s fuHkZj djrk gS fd Condition True gksxh ;k False, tSls ;fn a = 1 o b = 4 gS rks a= = b False Return djsxk D;ksafd a o b dk eku cjkcj ugha gSA ysfdu a!=b True Return djsxk] D;ksafd a b ds cjkcj ugha gS ;s ckr lgh gSA ge Characters dh rqyuk Hkh mlh rjg ls dj ldrs gSa ftl rjg ls numbers dh rqyuk djrs gSaA tSls ;fn ‘A’ == 65 True Return djsxk D;ksafd ‘A’ dh ASCII Value Integer 65 ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
  • 118. 117 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi while Loops while loop gesa ;s lqfo/kk nsrk gS fd Program fdlh Statement Block dks rc rd Execute djrk jgrk gS tc rd fd Condition Change ugha gksrhA ;kuh Condition True ls False ;k False ls True ugha gksrhA fuEu Statements dks nsf[k,] char answer; while ( answer != 'y') { cout << "Enter a Character : "; cin >> answer ; } bl Loop esa tc rd User ‘y’ Press ugha djrk gS] rc rd Program User ls Data ysrk jgrk gSA bldk Output fuEukuqlkj izkIr gksrk gS% Enter a Character : q Enter a Character : d Enter a Character : g Enter a Character : f Enter a Character : h Enter a Character : j Enter a Character : y ,d while Loop esa ,d Keyword while dk vkSj ,d dks’Bd dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ftlesa ge Expression ;k Condition nsrs gSaA ysfdu bl dks’Bd ds ckn Semicolon dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd Semicolon dk iz;ksx Statement ds vUr dks n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gS vkSj ge while Loop dh “kq:vkr gh bl izdkj ds Syntax ls djrs gSaA ;fn gekjs Loop dh Body esa dsoy ,d gh Statement gks rks gesa Curly Braces dk iz;ksx djus dh t:jr ugha jgrh gSA tSls& while(A<100) A = A * 3; <--One-statementloopbody,sonobraces ;fn Condition lgh gksrh gS rks Program Control while Loop ds Statement Block dks Execute djrk gSA ;kuh igys Condition Check gksrh gSA ysfdu tc gekjs Program esa gesa ,slh t:jr gksrh gS fd Condition lgh gks ;k uk gks ysfdu de ls de ,d ckj rks Loop Execute gksuk gh pkfg,] rc ge do while Loop dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
  • 119. 118 www.BccFalna.com C++ in Hindi bl Loop esa Program Control do while Loop ds Statement Block dks Execute djrk gSA mlds ckn Condition dks Check djrk gSA ;fn Condition True gksrh gS] rks Program Control okil Loop ds Statement Block dks Execute djrk gS vU;Fkk vxys Statement ij pyk tkrk gSA tSls& char answer; do { cout << "Enter a Character : "; cin >> answer ; } while ( answer != 'y'); for Loops tc gesa gekjs fdlh Program esa irk gksrk gS fd fdlh Statement dks fdruh ckj Execute djuk gS] rc ge for Loop dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Logical Operators tc gesa dbZ Conditions ds vuqlkj True ;k False dks Kkr djuk gksrk gS vkSj Statements Execute djus gksrs gSa] rc ge Relational Operators ds lkFk Logical Operators dk Hkh vko”;drkuqlkj iz;ksx djrs gSaA Logical Operators eq[;r% rhu gksrs gSa% Logical Operator Meaning Example && AND x>0 && x<10 || OR x==3 || x<1 ! NOT !x Precedence Operators Operator Types Precedence * / % Multiplicative Higher + - Additive < > <= >= = = != Relational && || Logical = Assignment Lower
  • 120. 1 How to Buy from BccFalna.com इस Website पर उपलब् सभी Saleable Hindi EBooks के साथ “ADD TO CART” नाम का एक Button Attached है। आप जो भी पुस् क खर�दना चाहते ह�, उसके साथ Associated ADD TO CART Button को Click करते ह� वह पुस् क आपके Shopping Cart म� Add हो जाती है: य�द आप अपने Shopping Cart म� कई पुस् क� Add करते ह�, तो Extra Discount प्राप होता है, जो �क Discount Amount व Discount Amount घटाने के बाद सभी पुस् क� के Total Payable Amount के रूप म इसी My Shopping Cart म� उपरोक् �चत्रानुसार �दखाई देता ह सभी वां�छत पुस् क� अपने Shopping Cart म� Add करने के बाद अपना Order Place करने हेतु Checkout Button को Click करना होता है। प�रणामस् रप �नम् ननुसार Checkout Page Display होता है, जहां आपको अपनी Billing Details को Specify करके अपना Payment Mode Select करना होता है:
  • 121. 2 य�द आप इन पुस् क� को खर�दने के �लए Total Payable Amount का भुगतान अपने Debit Card (ATM, Credit Card), Cash Card अथवा Net Banking) द्वारा घर बैठे करना चाहते ह, तो आपको Online Payment Option Select करना होता है। ले�कन य�द आपके पास �कसी प्रकार कCCAvenue Supported Debit Card (ATM, Credit Card) या Cash Card नह�ं है, न ह� आपके पास �कसी Bank क� Internet या Mobile Banking सु�वधा है, तो उस िस्थ�त म अपना Offline Order Place करने के �लए Offline Manual Payment Option को Select कर सकते ह�।
  • 122. 3 Online Payment using CCAvenue जब आप Online Payment Option को Select करते हुए “Place order” Button पर Click करते ह�, तो आपके सामने �नम् ननुसार Page Display होता है: अपनी सु�वधा अपने Debit Card (ATM, Credit Card), Net Banking, Cash Card या Mobile Payments Option को Select क�िजए और उपरोक् �चत्र म� दशार्ए अनुसार सभी जरPayment Information को Fill करके Make Payment Button पर Click क�िजए तथा आगे आने वाले Payment Security से सम् ब�धत Step (Login/Password/Pin) Follow क�िजए, ता�क आपका Total Payable Amount आपके Bank A/c से हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer हो सके ।
  • 123. 4 आपका Payment Transfer होते ह� आप �नम् �चत्रानुस My Account Page पर पहुंच जाते ह�, जहां पर आप द्वार Order क� गई सभी पुस् क� के Download Links होते ह�, साथ ह� आपको Automatically एक Email भी Send कर �दया जाता है, िजसम� आप द्वार खर�द� गई पुस् क� के Download Links होते ह�:
  • 124. 5 Offline Payment using Manual Ways जब आप Offline Manual Payment Option को Select करते हुए “Place order” Button पर Click करते ह�, तो Click करते ह� आपका Order Place हो जाता है और आपके सामने �नम् ननुसार Page Display होता है: ये Webpage आप द्वारा Place �कए गए Order क� Information के साथ ह� Order क� गई पुस् क� के Download Links प्राप करने के �लए Follow �कए जाने वाले अगले Step क� जानकार� भी देता है, साथ ह� इस Page पर �दखाई देने वाल� सार� Information आपको आपके Email पर भी Send कर द� जाती है, िजन् ह Follow करते हुए आप अपने Total Payable Amount का Offline Manual Payment करके अपनी Order क� गई पुस् क� के Download Links प्राप कर सकते ह�। जब आप इस Offline Manual Payment Option को Select करते हुए Order Place करते ह�, तो आपका Order तब तक On-Hold Status म� रहता है, जब तक �क आप Offline Manual Payment Page पर Specified �कसी भी तर�के का प्रयोग करते हुए अप Total Payable Amount, हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer/Deposit नह�ं कर देते। अपना Total Payable Amount हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer/Deposit करने के बाद आपको हमारे Mobile No.: 097994-55505 पर Call/Miss Call करके अपने Payment Transfer/Deposit करने से सम् ब�धत जानकार� देनी होती है। जैसे ह� आपका Call/Miss Call हम� प्राप होता है, हम अपना Bank A/c Check करते ह� और जैसे ह� आपका Payment हमारे Bank A/c म� Transfer/Deposit होता है, हम आप द्वाराOrder क� गई पुस् क� का Download Link Manually Activate कर देते ह�।
  • 125. 6 प�रणामस् रूप आपकोAutomatically एक EMail प्राप होता है, िजसम� आप द्वाराOrder क� गई सभी पुस् क� के Download Links होते ह�, िजन् ह आप अगले 48 घण् ट के दौरान Download कर सकते ह�। साथ ह� आपके Download Links के Activate होने क� Information हम आपको Call/SMS के माध् म से भी देते ह�। जब�क अपने Order क� Current Status देखने के �लए आप Website के Menubar म� �दखाई देने वाले My Account Menu Option पर Click कर सकते ह�, जहां आपके Order क� Current Status Information �नम् �चत्रानुस �दखाई देती है: चूं�क ये सारा Process हम� व आपको Manually Follow करना होता है, इस�लए इस Offline Manual Payment द्वार Order करने क� िस्थ�त म� पुस्क� का Download Link प्राप होने म� 5 से 10 �मनट का समय लगता है। एक बार Download Link Activate हो जाने के बाद आप अपनी खर�द� गई पुस् क� को अपने My Account Page से भी Download कर सकते ह�, जहां Download Link Activate होने के बाद आपको अपना My Account Page �नम् �चत्रानुसार �दखाई देने लगता ह
  • 126. 7 इसके अलावा �कसी Particular Order क� Details प्राप करने के �लए आप इस My Account Page पर �दखाई देने वाले View Button को भी Click कर सकते ह�।
  • 127. 8 Offline Manual Methods to Pay “Total Payable Amount” viuk Total Payable Amount Pay djus ds fy, vki viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh rjhds dks Use dj ldrs gSa% Fund Transfer Using ATM Machine orZeku le; esa yxHkx lHkh Banks viuh ATM Machine }kjk Fund Transfer djus dh lqfo/kk Provide djrs gSa] tgka vki vius ATM Card }kjk gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank Account esa viuh iqLrdksa dk Total Payable Amount Transfer dj ldrs gSaA vr% ;fn vkids ikl fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh State Bank dk Debit Card gS% • SBI (State Bank of India) • SBBJ (State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur) • SBH (State Bank of Bikaner and Hyderabad) • SBP (State Bank of Bikaner and Patiala) • SBM (State Bank of Mysore) • SBT (State Bank of Travancore) vFkok PNB (Punjab National Bank) ;k BOB (Bank of Baroda) dk Debit Card gS] rks vki SBI/PNB/BOB ds ATM Machine ls Hkh viuk Payment gekjs SBI/PNB/BOB Bank A/c esa Transfer dj ldrs gSaA ;fn vki SBI ATM Machine ls gekjs SBI Bank A/c esa Payment Transfer djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks fuEu Steps dks Follow djuk gksrk gS%  SBI ATM Machine esa viuk Debit Card, Swipe dhft,A  ATM Screen ds Bottom Right Corner esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys Transfer uke ds Option dks Select dhft,A  vius Debit Card dk PIN Number Enter dhft,A  vc Card to Card Transfer uke ds Option dks Select dhft,A  vc gekjs SBI Debit Card Number (6220180786800030243) dks Enter dhft,A  vc gekjs SBI Debit Card Number (6220180786800030243) dks nksckjk Enter dhft,A  vc Transferable Amount ds :i esa Total Payable Amount Specify dhft,A  vc vius Account Type (Savings or Checking) dks Select dhft,A  mijksDr lHkh Steps lgh rjhds ls Follow gksus dh fLFkfr esa vkidk Transaction Complete gks pqdk gS vkSj Total Payable Amount yxHkx rqjUr gekjs SBI Bank A/c esa tek gks tkrk gSA
  • 128. 9 Bhd blh rjg ds Steps vkidks ml le; Hkh Follow djus gksrs gSa] tc vki PNB या BOB ds ATM Machine ds ek/;e ls gekjs PNB Bank A/c esa Total Payable Amount, Card to Card Transfer djrs gSaA gkykafd vki HDFC, IDB, ICICI tSls dbZ vU; ATM Machines }kjk Hkh Card to Card Transfer dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn nksuksa Debit Cards leku Banks (PNB, SBI or BOB) ds u gksa] rks Transaction Perform gksus esa 24 ls 96 ?k.Vs dk le; yxrk gSA blfy, bl fLFkfr esa csgrj ;gh gksrk gS fd ;fn vkids ikl Net Banking, Mobile Baking, AirTel Money ;k SBI/PNB/BOB Debit Card fdlh Hkh rjg dh lqfo/kk u gks] rks vki Total Payable Amount dk Payment djus ds fy, Cash Deposit rjhds dks gh Use djsa vFkok Bank esa tkdj NEFT Transfer Hkh dj ldrs gSa] ftlesa vkidk Payment vf/kdre 4 ?k.Vs ds njE;ku gekjs Bank A/c esa Deposit gks tkrk gSA Payment Transfer Using Net-Banking ;fn vkids ikl Net-Banking dh lqfo/kk gS] rks vki Payment Transfer djus ds fy, vius Account esa Login djds fuEu esa ls fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Payment Deposit dj ldrs gSa%
  • 129. 10
  • 130. 11 tc vki Net-Banking ds ek/;e ls Payment djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks yxHkx 8 ls 24 ?k.Vs igys gekjs ml Account dks Beneficiary ds :i esa vius Bank A/c ls Link djuk iMrk gS] ftlesa vki Payment Transfer djuk pkgrs gSaA tc ,d ckj gekjk Bank Account Beneficiary ds :i esa Activate gks tkrk gS] mlds ckn vki ml Bank Account esa viuk Total Payable Amount Transfer dj ldrs gSaA Pay with Mobile-Banking or AirTel Money ;fn vkius vius Mobile Number ij AirTel Money uke dh Service dks Activate fd;k gqvk gS] rks vki vius Mobile }kjk AirTel Money Account ds ek/;e ls Hkh gesa Payment dj ldrs gSaA tcfd ;fn vkius vius Bank ls Mobile Banking dh lqfo/kk dks Activate djok;k gqvk gS] rks vki vius Mobile }kjk gesa Mobile-Banking ds ek/;e ls Hkh Payment Transfer dj ldrs gSaA ;fn vki viuk Total Payable Amount Pay djus ds fy, AirTel Money ;k Mobile Banking Transfer lqfo/kk dks Use djrs gSa] rks vkidk Payment rqjUr gekjs Account esa Transfer gks tkrk gSA blfy, rqjUr EBooks izkIr djus gsrq Payment Transfer djus dk ;s lcls rst rjhdk gSA tcfd blds vykok tks nwljk lcls rst rjhdk gS] og ATM Machine }kjk Fund Transfer lqfo/kk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Payment Transfer djuk gSA tcfd Internet-Banking ml fLFkfr esa dkQh /khek Process gS] tc vki igyh ckj Payment dj jgs gksrs gSa] D;ksafd First Time Payment djus ls igys vkidks Beneficiary ds :i esa gekjs fdlh ,d Bank Account dks vius Bank Account ls Link djuk iMrk gS vkSj bl Process esa Payment Transfer gsrq gekjk Bank Account Activate gksus esa de ls de 8 ls 24 ?k.Vs dk le; yxrk gSA gkykafd ,d ckj Account Activate gks tkus ds ckn vkidk Transfer rqjUr gks tkrk gSA
  • 131. 12 tcfd Cash Deposit dk rjhdk lcls /khek rjhdk gS] tgka vki Bank Holidays dks Payment Deposit ugha dj ldrs vkSj Business Days esa Hkh Payment Deposit djus dk ,d fuf”pr le; 10PM to 4AM gksrk gSA Cash Deposit in Bank Brach ;fn vkids ikl Net-Banking ;k Mobile-Banking dh lqfo/kk ugha gS] rks vki gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Total Payable Amount, Cash Deposit Hkh dj ldrs gSa vFkok vki Bank Branch esa tkdj NEFT Transfer ds ek/;e ls Hkh Payment dj ldrs gSa] tks fd Cash Deposit ds leku gh gksrk gSA tc vki Direct Deposit djuk pkgrs gSa] rc vkidks vkids fdlh Hkh utnhdh Bank Branch esa tkdj ,d Payment Deposit Slip Fill-Up djuk gksrk gS] ftlesa vkidks gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c dh Information dks Fill djuk gksrk gS] tcfd Payment Deposit djokus ds fy, mlh Bank esa vkidk Lo;a dk Account gksuk t:jh ugha gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn vki gekjs SBI Bank A/c esa viuh Selected iqLrdksa dk Total Payable Amount Pay djus ds fy, Bank esa tkdj Direct Deposit djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vki tks Payment Deposit Slip Fill-Up djsaxs] og vxys fp=kuqlkj djuk gksrk gSA
  • 132. 13 bl fp= }kjk vki le> ldrs gSa fd Payment, Direct Deposit djus ds fy, vkidks gekjs fdlh Bank A/c dh Information dks Payment Deposit Slip esa Specify djuk gksrk gS] blfy, ml Bank esa vkidk Lo;a dk Bank A/c gksuk t:jh ugha gksrkA blh rjg ls ;fn vki pkgsa] rks gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Check }kjk Hkh Total Payable Amount dk Check Deposit dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh vki fdlh Hkh rjhds ls gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Total Payable Amount Deposit dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu ge Money-Order, Demand-Draft ;k Check tSls Manual ek/;eksa ls Payment Accept ugha djrs] D;ksafd bl rjg dk Payment Clear gksus esa cgqr le; yxrk gSA tcfd ATM Fund Transfer, Cash Deposit, Mobile Banking vFkok Net-Banking ds ek/;e ls rqjUr Payment Transfer gks tkrk gS] ftlls ge vkidks vkidh Purchased EBooks 10 ls 30 Minute ds njE;ku vkids Order esa Specified Email Address ij Send dj nsrs gSaA viuk Payment djus ds fy, vki ftu Offline Manual rjhdksa dks mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSa] mudh Detailed Information vki http://www.bccfalna.com/how-to-deposit-payment/ ls Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSa] tgka vkidks Payment djus ls lEcaf/kr fdlh Hkh rjg dk Latest Update izkIr gksrk gSA Pay with PayPal if you live Out Of India ;fn vki India esa ugha jgrs ysfdu ;s Hindi EBooks [kjhnuk pkgrs gSa] rks vki viuh okafNr iqLrdksa ds Total Payable Amount dk Hkqxrku gesa PayPal ds ek/;e ls [email protected] ij Hkh Send dj ldrs gSaA pwafd International Payment Processing esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Extra Charges Pay djus gksrs gSa] blfy, PayPal ds ek/;e ls Payment djrs le; vkidks Total Payable Amount (In USD) + $2 dk Extra Payment Send djuk t:jh gksrk gSA viuk Payment Send djus ds ckn vki vius Payment dh Information gesa SMS ;k Email ds ek/;e ls ns ldrs gSaA tSls gh vkidk Email/SMS gesa izkIr gksxk] vki }kjk Order dh xbZ iqLrdksa dk Download Link vkids Email Address ij ftruk tYnh lEHko gksxk] mruk tYnh Send dj fn;k tk,xkA
  • 133. 14 Confirm the Payment tc vki viuh Order dh xbZ iqLrdksa dks [kjhnus ds fy, mijksDrkuqlkj fdlh Hkh Offline Manual rjhds ls “Total Payable Amount” gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Deposit/Transfer dj nsrs gSa] rks Payment Deposit/Transfer djrs gh vkidks gesa mlh Mobile Number ls ,d Call/Miss Call/SMS djuk gksrk gS] ftls vkius Order Place djrs le; “Order Form” esa Specify fd;k FkkA blh Mobile Number ds ek/;e ls gesa irk pyrk gS fd vkius fdu iqLrdksa ds fy, dkSulk Order fd;k gS vkSj mudk Total Payable Amount fdruk gSA lkFk gh gesa ;s Hkh irk py tkrk gS fd vki }kjk Purchase dh tk jgh iqLrdsa fdl Email Address ij Send djuh gSA vkids Total Payable Amount dks ge Net-Banking ds ek/;e ls vius Bank A/c esa Check djrs gSa vkSj ;fn vkidk Total Payable Amount gekjs fdlh Hkh Bank A/c esa Deposit/Transfer gqvk gksrk gS] rks ge vkidks 10 Minute ds njE;ku vkidh Order dh xbZ EBooks vkids Email Address ij Send dj nsrs gSa] ftls vki vxys 2 fnuksa esa dHkh Hkh Download dj ldrs gSaA
  • 134. 15 If you have any problem ;fn iqLrdsa [kjhnus ls lEcaf/kr fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dksbZ ckr vkidks Bhd ls le> esa u vkbZ gks ;k fdlh Hkh rjg dk Confusion gks] rks vki 097994-55505 ij Call/Miss Call/SMS dj ldrs gSaA ;Fkk lEHko rqjUr vkidh leL;k dk lek/kku fd;k tk,xkA pwafd ;s lkjh iqLrdsa PDF Format Softcopy Ebooks gSa blfy, bu iqLrdksa dk Download Link vkidks vkids Email ij gh Send fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa Click djrs gh ;s iqLrdsa vkids Computer ij Download gksuk “kq: gks tkrh gSaA ,d ckj bu iqLrdksa dks Download djus ds ckn vki bUgsa fdlh Hkh PDF Supported Computer, Mobile, Smart Phone, Tablet PC, Net-Book, Notebook ;k Laptop tSlh Device ds ek/;e ls i< ldrs gSa vFkok ;fn vki pkgsa] rks vius Printer }kjk bu iqLrdksa dk Hard Copy Printout fudky ldrs gSaA pwafd bu iqLrdksa ds Download Links vkidks vkids Email Address ij gh izkIr gksrs gSa] blfy, t:jh gS fd mijksDr “Order Form” ij vki viuk tks Email Address o Mobile Number Specify djrs gSa] og Working vkSj ,dne lgh gksA D;ksafd fdlh Hkh rjg dh ijs”kkuh gksus dh fLFkfr esa ge vkidks vkids Mobile Number vFkok Email Address }kjk gh Contact djrs gSaA