Discourse Markers: conjunctions and prepositions

Concurso Público para Professor Efetivo do Ensino
Básico, Técnico e Tecnológico do Instituto Ferderal de
Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará.
Discourse Markers:
Conjunctions and prepositions
Teacher – Ailton Pinheiro Moreira

Class Topics
1. Coherence and cohesion;
2. Conjunctions;
3. Coordinating Conjunctions;
4. Subordinating Conjunctions;
5. Correlative Conjunctions;
6. Prepositions;
7. Conjunctions and prepositions
functioning as linking words.

Cohesion and Coherence
 "My favorite color is blue. I like it because it is
calming and it relaxes me. I often go outside in
the summer and lie on the grass and look into
the clear sky when I am stressed. For this
reason, I'd have to say my favorite color is
blue."

Cohesion with NO Coherence
 "My favorite color is blue and I love
China. Blue sports cars go very
fast. Driving in this way is dangerous and
can cause many car crashes. I had a car
accident in Canada and broke my leg. As
a result, I was very sad because I had to
miss a holiday in Europe because of the
injury or my favorite color which is blue."

Coherence with NO Cohesion
 "My favorite color is blue. I'm
calm and relaxed. In the summer
I lie on the grass and look up."

Cohesion
“My favorite color is blue because it
makes me feel calm and relaxed. When
it’s summer, I lie on the grass and look
up into the clear sky.”
A short answer, an explanation, an
example…

Conjunctions
 A conjunction (also called connective or
linking word) is a word such as and, but,
so, for, when, since, however, etc.
 They are used to make a logical
connection between phrases, sentences,
or clauses.
 They are organized in two main groups:
coordinating and subordinating
conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions
Maria studied hard for the test.
Maria didn’t pass the test.
Maria is going to study harder for
the next test.

What are coordinating conjunctions?
 Coordinating conjunctions are words
which connect phrases, sentences, or
clauses of equal rank.
 They connect phrases, sentences, or
clauses which do not depend on each
other to make sense.
 They connect complete thoughts in a
text.

John went to school.
Mariana went to school.
Michael went to school.
John, Mariana, AND Michael went to school.
Sebastian worked very hard today.
Sebastian is very tired now.
Sebastian worked very hard today, SO he is very
tired now.
Francis studied hard for the exam.
Francis failed.
Francis studied hard for the exam, BUT he failed.

FANBOYS
 The coordinating conjunctions are:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
 The acronym FANBOYS makes it
easier to remember them.
 Notice that all the sentences above
can stand alone. So, they don’t need
the others to make sense. They are
complete thoughts.

FANBOYS
For: reason;
And: addition;
Nor: negative alternatives;
But: opposition, contrast;
Or: affirmative alternatives;
Yet: opposition, contrast;
So: result.

What are subordinating
conjunctions?
 Subordinating conjunctions are
linking words which connect one
dependent clause to an independent
clause.
 It always comes in the beginning of a
dependent (subordinate) clause.
A subordinate clause cannot make
sense on its own.

 Although it was raining.
 While I was sleeping.
 When the class started.
 After the test was finished.
 Marcos went jogging.
 She was enjoying the local night life.
 Phelix was still in the hallway.
 Everybody was confident.

 Marcos went jogging although it was
raining.
 While I was sleeping, she was enjoying
the local night life.
 When the class started, Phelix was still in
the hallway.
 Everybody was confident after the test
was finised.

Common Subordinating
Conjunctions
 Cause/consequence: because, since,
so that.
 Because the hinges were creaking, Pedro
oiled them.
 Comparison: as, than.
 He worked harder than I expected.

 Condition: if, in case, unless,
whether.
 Carlos will only go out tonight if he tidies
his room.
 Concession/contrast: although, even
if, even though, however, rather than,
though, whereas.
 Even though he is very poor, he is always
neatly dressed.

 Purpose: in order that, so that.
 Francisca is learning to speak English so
that she can study abroad.
 Time: after, as soon as, before, once,
still, till, until, when, whenever,
while.
 When Greta entered the hall, she tripped
and fell down.
 After I finish High School, I will go to
college.

Practice
 1. ___ he worked hard all year long, he
wasn’t able to buy his father an expensive
gift.
Since
Because
Even though
 2. ___ he didn’t have much money, he
wasn’t able to buy his father an expensive
gift.
Even though
Because
Although

 3. ___ he didn’t have much money, he
was still able to buy an expensive gift
for his father.
As soon as
Unless
Although
 4. ___ he works hard all year long, he
won’t be able to buy his father an
expensive gift.
Once
Since
Unless

 5. ___ he worked hard all year long and
was able to earn a lot of money, he
bought his father a very expensive gift.
Though
Since
Although
 6. ___ spend a lot of money on a gift, he
made a present for his father.
If
Before
Rather than

Correlative Conjunctions
 They are always used in pairs, that is, they
never appear alone in a sentence.
 However, they never come one right after
the other.
 They are used to link elements with the
same grammatical function.
 E.g.: both... and, either... or, neither...
nor, not only... but also, as/so... as,
whether... or.

Correlative Conjunctions
 I’d like to work with both animals
and children.
 Both my grandfather and my father
worked in a hospital.
 We can either go by bus or by car.
 I neither smoke nor drink.
 That student is not only intelligent
but also very kind.

 The word “preposition” (pre-position)
means “place before”. They usually come
before another word, usually a noun or a
pronoun;
 A word that shows and describes the
relationship between a noun or a pronoun
and other words in a sentence.
 Prepositions are nearly always combined
with other words in structures called
prepositional phrases.
 Of, for, on, in, at, over, among, between,
after, before...

Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in
 We use at to designate specific times.
The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
 We use on to designate days and dates.
My brother is coming on Monday.
 We use in for nonspecific times during a
day, a month, a season, or a year.
She goes to school in the morning.

Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in
 We use at for complete addresses or
events.
I live at 55 First Avenue, Downtown, Saint
Fracis.
 We use on to designate names of streets,
avenues, neighborhoods.
The post office is on Carlton Avenue.
 We use in for the names of land-areas such
as cities, towns, counties, countries,
continents.
I used to live in Fortaleza.

Prepositions of Movement
 We use to to show movement with
the aim of a specific destination.
I moved to Germany in 1998.
He's gone to the mall.
 We use through to show movement
from one side of an enclosed space to
the other.
The train went through the tunnel.

 We use across to show movement from one
side of a surface or line to another.
She swam across the river.
Other prepositions of movement:
She ran...
into the classroom.
along the road. (The length of the road.)
around the playground.
away from the policeman.
back to the store.
up the hill.

Bibliographical References
Breaking News English. Disponível em <
http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/1406/140604-national-anthem.html >
Acesso em 20 de maio de 2014, às 20:00.
Foreign Language Teaching Methods. Disponível em <
http://coerll.utexas.edu/methods/modules/reading/01/ > Acesso em 20 de março de
2014, às 20:30.
Hollywood Life. Disponível em < http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/06/10/chris-martin-
rihanna-dating-together-dinner-truth/ > Acesso em 20 de maio, às 22:00.
Have fun teaching – reading worksheets. Disponível em <
http://www.havefunteaching.com/worksheets/reading-worksheets/predictions-worksheets/
> Acesso em 25 de fevereiro de 2014, às 19:17.
LUIZ, Cecília Parreira. Colégio Cenecista Doutor José Ferreira. Disponível em:
<http://www.joseferreira.com.br/blogs/lingua-inglesa/2013/marco/cognatos-e-falsos-
cognatos/> Acesso em 01 de março de 2014, às 18:17.

RICHARDS, J. C., HULL, J. and PROCTOR, S. New Interchange: English for
International Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
SWAN, M. A Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Understanding English. Disponível em <
http://gordonscruton.blogspot.com.br/2011/08/what-is-cohesion-coherence-cambridge.
html > Acesso em 22 de março de 2014, às 17:00.
University of Washington – BOTHEL. Disponível em <
http://www.bothell.washington.edu/wacc/for-students/eslhandbook/coherence >
Acesso em 20 de março de 2014, às 14:20.

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