Social media dangers

Social Media Dangers
Dr.Suresh Kumar Murugesan PhD

About the Presenter
● Dr.Suresh Kumar Murugesan is a passionate Professor, Researcher
and Positive Cyber Psychologist from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
● At present he is Heading the department of Psychology, The
American College, Madurai and Adjunct Professor of School of
Behavioural Sciences and Education at TAU
● He is very keen in learning new research studies in behavioural
Sciences and open to learn.
● His ultimate aim is to make impression in the field of Knowledge
● His area of specializations are Psychometry, Positive
Psychotherapy
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Disclaimer
● This presentation is prepared for learning
purpose only and all the images and pictures
used in this presentation are taken from google
image search.
● Due recognition was given to all the material
collected from the various sources.
● Any name or reference is missed kindly bring it to
the notice of the presenter for inclusion.
● Any modification in this presentation also contact
● Email - sureshkumar800@yahoo.com Thank you
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Social Media
Social media is a computer-based
technology that facilitates the sharing of
ideas, thoughts, and information through the
building of virtual networks and communities
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Fact
Around 40% of the world’s population, use online social media
People are spending an average of two hours every day sharing, liking,
tweeting and updating on these platforms,

Why Social Media?
Using social media means uploading and sharing content.
This includes:
● creating online profiles
● posting comments or chatting
● uploading photos and videos
● reacting to or ‘liking’ other people’s posts
● sharing links
● tagging photos and content
● creating and sharing game modifications
● remixing or changing existing content and sharing it.

Types of Social
Media
Social Media can be classified as
● Texting, Messaging, & Chatting
● Social Networking
● Microblogging
● Media sites for sharing photos & videos
● Live Streaming & Video Chatting
● Anonymous social networks
● Dating tools
● Forums & Discussion Networks
● Social Features of non-social media platforms

Types of Social Media
● Texting, Messaging, & Chatting – In addition to sending regular text messages, your teen may also use Kik
Messenger, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Viber, GroupMe, Discord, MeetMe, Yubo
● Social Networking – Facebook
● Microblogging – Tumblr, Medium, Twitter
● Media sites for sharing photos & videos– Instagram, SnapChat, YouTube, TikTok, Pinterest, Vsco, Voxer,
and Look
● Live Streaming & Video Chatting – Bigo Live, Houseparty, Periscope, Live.me, YouNow, Marco Polo,
Monkey, Omegle, Twitch, HOLLA, ChatLive
● Anonymous social networks – “Anonymity doesn’t always breed cruelty, but it often does. On anonymous
sites, people feel that their comments are consequence-free — and end up hurting others.” Some examples
of anonymous social sites are: Qooh.me, Ask.fm, Tellonym, Whisper, Yolo, Lipsi
● Dating tools – Tinder, Blendr, etc. Some of these site’s privacy policies allow teens as young as 13 to
register.
● Forums & Discussion Networks– Reddit, 4Chan, Amino, Quora. Referred to as the front page of the internet,
these sites can be a great way to keep up on the latest trends, but they can also be home to unfiltered
content and often brutal commentary.
● Social Features of non-social media platforms – gaming sites like the SIMS, IMVU, and Fortnite all have
built-in messaging tools

The Benefits of Social Media
● It strengthens friendships & relationships. Networking sites can offer a sense of belonging and genuine support as
teens connect with others around shared interests, challenges, passions, causes, and/or communities.
● Social media can help teens express themselves creatively. We are living in one of the most innovative and creative
times in human history. Social media provides amazing platforms for collaborating on and sharing creativity.
● Using social media improves digital literacy, a required skill for almost any job today.
● Collaborative learning – classroom discussion groups, YouTube tutorials, and online learning libraries provide teens
with greater access to knowledge than ever before. From music to photography, from math to engineering, teens can
learn almost anything they want.
● Autonomy & Mastery – social media provides an outlet that allows them autonomy to demonstrate mastery and
competency to their circle of influence.

How Social Media Uses Dopamine?
● Facebook’s founding president, Sean Parker, said it this way, “When Facebook was being
developed the objective was: “How do we consume as much of our time and conscious
attention as possible?” It was this mindset that led to the creation of features such as the
“like” button that would give users “a little dopamine hit” to encourage them to upload more
content. It’s a social-validation feedback loop…exploiting a vulnerability in human
psychology.”
● “The capacity for so-called “persuasive technology” to influence behavior in this way is only
just becoming understood, but the power of the dopamine system to alter habits is already
familiar to drug addicts and smokers. Every habit-forming drug, from amphetamines to
cocaine, from nicotine to alcohol, affects the dopamine system by dispersing many times
more dopamine than usual.”
● The main thing parents need to understand is that without boundaries & outside help, almost
every users has a chance of developing an unhealthy social media habit.

The dangers of Social Media
● cyberbullying (bullying using digital technology)
● invasion of privacy
● identity theft
● child seeing offensive images and messages
● the presence of strangers who may be there to ‘groom’ other
members

Immediate Dangers of
Social Media

Exposure to inappropriate,
upsetting, or adult-themed
content
● The users don’t want exposed to adult-themed or
pornographic material.
● The danger with social media is that user can be sent
this material by strangers or by trusted sources.
● They may still be at risk even when user social
networking sites are restricted to only known friends, or
when their profiles are set private.
● At least one in four users are receiving sexually explicit
texts and emails, and at least one in seven are sending
sexts.
● More than one in 10 teens are forwarding these sexts
without consent, the study found.
● And roughly one in 12 users have had sexts they sent
shared without their permission. (Reuters Health, Feb.
2018)

Users practicing
questionable judgment
The prefrontal cortex (the part of the brain responsible for good judgment)
is still not fully developed in teenage users. Poor judgment combined with
easy access to a global audience can result in some scary situations:
● Oversharing in inappropriate & risky ways.
Even being emotionally vulnerable with the wrong person can have
devastating outcomes to someone who struggles with low self-
worth or depression. We lose control over the information we share
online.
● Impulsivity & Personal health risks.
1 in 5 teen users report says they check notifications while driving at least
sometimes. Then the latest “social media challenges” may have your teen eating
a tide pod, covering themselves in flammable liquid and setting themselves on
fire in front of a video camera, or engaging in other risky activities.

Cyberbullying
● 59% of users have been bullied or harassed online
with more youth experiencing bullying on Instagram
than any other platform.
● And 1 in 5 young people having skipped school
because they were victims of cyberbullying.
● Cyberbullying has been linked to depression, and
can even result in increased vulnerability and
depression into adulthood.
● It’s important to emphasize that users must speak if
they feel they’re being bullied.
● On the other side of the coin, they should ask
themselves, “could this hurt someone’s feelings?”
before posting something. If it’s questionable, they
shouldn’t post.

Strangers
● In this day and age, we hope that everyone knows
that not everyone is who they say they are online.
● There are sexual predators, scammers, identity
thieves, and hackers who exploit social media to
trick unsuspecting users.
● Our 13-year-old daughter may be speaking with
someone who claims to be a 13-year-old girl, but
who is, in reality, an adult male.
● This is a lot easier to fake online than it is face-to-
face, so our daughter may develop trust for a person
online who they would be wary of in person.
● It’s important that teen users don’t mention things
online that will allow online predators to find them.
● Things like the name of the city where they live or
the school they attend.

Erosion of personal
privacy
“Privacy equals control, and when a child posts a picture
or a comment, they need to remember that they’re
transferring control of that thought, feeling, special
moment or image to all of the people that they are sharing
it with, and there’s nothing to stop followers and friends
from sharing it with others or even turning it into an
embarrassing meme.” – Lori Getz, “The Tech Savvy
User’s Guide to the Digital World.”

Distorted Perception of “What is Healthy” in Relationships
People tend to share their relationship’s “highlight reel” on social media and rarely let people see the sad, hard, or heartbreaking
moments. This constant exposure to only one side of relationships can distort your teen’s perception of what is healthy. Here are
some patterns to watch for:
● Constantly Comparing
– by constantly comparing their relationships to all the “ideal” relationships your teen sees online, it can be easy to have a
distorted understanding of what relationships are supposed to be like. Relationships are messy and hard, and often uneventful.
Not many people in real relationships can spend 30 weeks a year traveling the world taking beautiful photos along the way.
● Validation & enmeshment
– Social media trains teenagers to put their worth in a continuous stream of external validation. Without having a strong
system of internal validation, your teen may expect relationships to fill that void and can easily become dependent and
enmeshed. Teens often don’t have the skills to become independent or interdependent in relationships.
● Instant gratification
– relationships are hard work. Unfortunately, today’s online social interactions set up expectations of instant gratification. Why
work through a hard patch in a relationship with your next relationship is just a right swipe away?
● Becoming Oversexualized
– young teenagers, especially girls, quickly discover that their sexuality can be used for attention, and social media gives them
a wider audience for that attention. Unfortunately, they often do not have the maturity to self- regulate. This often leads teens
to base their self-worth on how they look. This objectification can cause eating disorders and other serious mental health
issues.

Lack of Sleep
1 in 10 users report always using social media overnight between
midnight and 6 AM. Sleep deprivation and sleep disturbances are
directly linked to loneliness and depression during adolescence.

Wasting Time
● When used in moderation, social media
can be beneficial. Unfortunately, 44%
of users spend more than 3 hours a
day on social media.
● If user cut their social media use in half,
what could they accomplish?
● Do they have any dreams that they
aren’t working towards?
● Could they be developing a hobby,
interest, or passion that would
contribute to their overall life
satisfaction?

Toxic Culture
The concepts of radical candor, speaking my truth, challenging preconceived
notions, taken too far turn into just being mean. It is quite common to encounter
people with a mob mentality on Reddit, 4Chan, and pro-ana sites.
Without proper guidance on how to navigate these cultures, your child may
become desensitized to bullying, sexism, and hate speech.

Long-term Risks of Social Media Overuse
Extensive use of social media can affect your teen’s personality in the long term. Some potential dangers include:
● Depression, Anxiety, Suicidal Ideations
It has been proven that too much time spent on social media sites leads to decreased well-being, depression,
loneliness, anxiety, low self-worth, and poor self-image. There are a couple of factors that may contribute to these
trends:
○ External Validation
– When your teen uses social media to validate themselves, they are basing their self-worth on likes and
comments. Over time this
○ Constantly Comparing
– Social media makes it easy to compare ourselves to one another. When your teen compares their life to
friends’ seemingly exciting lives (the highlights of which are featured in their friends’ profiles), it is easy for
your child to think of their life as humdrum and depressing. Comparing ourselves to others isn’t good for our
mental health.

● Decreased Emotional Sensitivity
“[Social media] floods the brain with dopamine and conditions us to expect artificially high levels of the neurotransmitter. Over time, the user’s brain
requires more dopamine…and it becomes dependent on [technological stimulation], which never actually satisfies the need it has created.” (Dopamine &
Addiction).
“[Social media websites] provide us with a virtually unlimited supply of social stimuli, both positive and negative. Every notification, whether it’s a text
message, a “like” on Instagram, or a Facebook notification, has the potential to be a positive social stimulus and dopamine influx.”
Sometimes the artificially high levels of stimulation can alter the brain’s sensitivity to the less intense stimuli of everyday life. Over time this decreased
sensitivity can have some surprising results:
○ Loss of Joy / Apathy in Life –
it’s easy for a teen to get so wrapped up in networking on social media that it replaces the enjoyment of activities they used to love. Instead of
enjoying a hike, the real motivation is to get some pictures for Facebook. Instead of enjoying time with friends, the concern becomes taking photos
that will receive the most Likes. It dilutes the experience and replaces enjoyment with meaningless technological validation.
○ Decreased Empathy –
Empathy is a fundamental skill for our personal and social lives. It helps us form and maintain relationships, collaborate with others, and manage
conflict. Researchers aren’t sure if social media makes teens less empathic or if teens who are low in empathy are more likely to overuse social
media. Whatever the connection, kids today are about 40% lower in empathy than their counterparts 20 or 30 years ago.

● Underdeveloped Social Skills
“interactions via social media make visitors feel connected without the difficulties and complexities involved in face-
to-face interactions. Compared to interactions with computers, interactions with human counterparts require more
emotional involvement, cognitive effort and brain activation. When we are not in the mood to exercise these
resources, we too often choose the easier, virtual option.” (The Emotional Involvement Behind Social Media
Interactions)
Social and emotional skills are like any skill, the more you practice, the better you become. As teens choose easier,
virtual social interactions more and more, they lose opportunities to strengthen their capacity for emotional
involvement and practice social skills. Thankfully, research has shown that guided wilderness programs can help
overcome these deficits.

● Inability to Regulate Focus & Attention
Frequent use of digital media can lead to a higher risk of developing ADHD-related symptoms. Please note that we
are not saying that technology causes ADHD, rather an overuse of technology can mimic ADHD symptoms. Again,
think of attention and focus as skills that can be practiced. If your teenager can only focus for 5 minutes before
logging into Twitter, checking their phone for text messages, or to checking if they have any new social media
followers, their ability to regulate attention will be severely underdeveloped.

● Low Frustration Tolerance
When numbing is your teen’s default response to feeling emotions, it becomes harder to build up a tolerance for
stress or adversity. “Social media websites are like a virtual living room, filled with a curated group of people whom
we feel comfortable with and want to be associated with. Experiences are chosen and executed according to
convenience and levels of ease. Essentially, kids are learning to handpick experiences that they know they will be
comfortable with and people (typically other teenagers) they are content to be associated with. But this is not real
life, and when confronted with genuine, real-life experiences, they clam up and back away. And why not? Why force
yourself to be uncomfortable when you don’t have to be?” (Understanding Teenage Anxiety: A Parent’s Guide to
Improving Your Teen’s Mental Health)

Navigating the Risks of Social Media
There are a number of ways parents can navigate the dangers that come from using social media:
● Get to the root cause
Most of the hidden dangers of social media come from using it TOO MUCH. The first step in navigating the risks of social media is to figure out the primary reason why your
teen spends time on technology.
Problematic social media use is almost always triggered by an uncomfortable emotional state. The core of social media overuse is not wanting to be present in life because
your teen feels that moment is too uncomfortable or painful to endure.
○ Understanding Internal Emotional Triggers – If you want to change the problematic behavior, start by figuring out what root cause is acting as an internal trigger.
What are they running away from? What discomfort are they trying to avoid? Why can’t they be fully present in reality? Why are they self-soothing with technology?
Your child may be feeling of bored, lonely, tired, uncertain, sad, angry, hurt, or frustrated. Or, they may be experiencing something more problematic like depression,
anxiety, low self-worth, a lack of identity, or a lack of control in their life.
Once you understand what is driving of the problematic behavior, address it, and help your teenager cope with the discomfort in a healthier manner. If you don’t
address the underlying cause, your son or daughter can just find another way to ease their uncomfortable emotions, even if you block their favorite app or force
them to quit social media.
Most of the time your teen won’t even be aware of these internal emotional triggers. They just feel a rising tension they want to satiate, the same way they respond
to hunger. Many adults struggle to be aware of their feelings so don’t be surprised if your teen isn’t aware of their own internal triggers.
Help your teen by asking if everything is alright whenever they are on social media instead of participating in real-life situations. If there really is an emergency or
something important, they’ll tell you about it. It there isn’t, the question can be a reminder to be aware of what uncomfortable emotions they are avoiding.

● Help your teen develop a strong personal identity
Teens with low social-emotional well-being, low life satisfaction, and who lack a personal identity experience more of
the negative effects of social media than kids with strong personal identity, high levels of social-emotional well-
being, and life satisfaction.
Help your teen recognize their signature strengths and the everyday validation they get in their lives that doesn’t
come from social media validation. A healthy personal identity, full of life satisfaction is like an inoculation, it
provides social antibodies against the negative effects of social media.

● Focus on the Relationship
Teenagers are smart. No matter how many technological safeguards you put in place, there is always a chance they
will figure out a way around them.
The best safeguard against social media risks is building and maintaining a great relationship with your teenager.
Start by having the conversation about social media is designed to keep you hooked, spending more and more time
on their platforms. Discuss what they are opportunities they are sacrificing in order to spend so much time on social
media. Talk with them about what they think their limits should be. Schedule time together to have weekly, & monthly
check-ins and ask pointed questions. Here are a couple to get you started:
○ What’s your favorite thing about social media?
○ What’s the worst thing about social media?
○ What apps do you use? Why do you use them?
○ Will you show me how it works?
○ Tell me about who you talk with the most on social media?
○ What’s something that you found interesting on social media?
○ “I just need to double-check, but has anyone ever asked you to send them inappropriate pictures of yourself?”

● Balance Digital Relationships with IRL Relationships
As we said before, in-real-life relationships with your teenager is one of the best ways to counterbalance the negative
effects of social media. Protect time for your family can practice those relationship skills. For example, you can
make sure you regularly eat dinner together as a family and have everyone leave their phones in the other room.

● Increase Your Tech Literacy
Learn how to use the technology you already have. Set up parental controls on phones, tablets, computers, gaming
systems, & routers. While you may want to limit your teen’s time on YouTube, you may want to increase how much
time you spend looking for guides to your various devices’ parental controls.

● In Extreme Cases
If needed, go beyond just following your son or daughter on social media. If you feel like your teen may have a more
serious problem misusing social media, regularly:
○ access their social media accounts together with your teenager.
○ double-check their direct messages, chats, & history. Some teens will set up finsta or fake Instagram
accounts, so they can show their parents one thing and their friends something else.
○ It is important that as your teenager grows older that they are able to practice autonomy. 13 or 14-year-olds
should have less autonomy than a 17 or 18-year-old. Find the balance that shows that they can gain your trust,
but that you sometimes need to be protected from themselves.

Set Social Media Guidelines & Boundaries with a Family Media Plan
The logic behind a Family Media Plan is simple, as a family, establish guidelines and boundaries to make sure social media
is a tool you use – not a tool that uses you. Here are some things you may want to include in your Family Media Plan:
WHEN is it OK to use social media:
● Agree on appropriate times of day, turn off electronics 1 hour before bed
● Set time limits for recreational screen time, no more than 2 hours a day
● Be intentional with your social networking and have a purpose EVERY time you check your social media accounts (I
want to see how Brian is doing, or I want to see the photo’s Jodi posted from her vacation, I’m going to check the
updates from my study group, etc.)
● Periodically take longer breaks from technology to reduce stimulation tolerance. While Dopamine fasting is a recent
craze in the tech world, “fasts” from technology have been praised for decades.

WHAT is OK to POST to social media:
● be respectful, be kind, if it’s not okay to say face to face, it’s not okay to say online. “Would I be OK with this
photo/quote of mine being posting in the school hallways?”
● Be authentic, be your true self
● Engage, participate, create, and publish more than you consume. Stop mindlessly scrolling and actually be social.
● be cautious about sharing too much personal information online. (Link to how to digital security maintenance), don’t
share passwords with friends, regularly check privacy & location settings, etc
● Do not upload or share inappropriate messages, images, and/or videos
● Think about the future – jobs, college applications, romantic interests, etc. If you would be embarrassed to talk
about the social media posts with your boyfriend’s/girlfriend’s parents, you might not want to post.
● What Does it Say About Your Self-worth? Before posting anything, ask yourself why you are sharing it, what do you
hope to get? It’s okay if the answer is occasionally validation and connection. But if that is the answer 40% or more,
you may want to build your self-worth in other ways.

WHAT is OK to BELIEVE on social media:
This may come as a shock to your teenager, but social media does not represent reality. Take time together to browse
various social media channels and see if you can identify the following:
● Selective Reality – If someone takes 500 photos in order to get one that has the perfect lighting, angle, background,
etc. that isn’t reality. It is 1/500th of reality. (Link to reality manipulation articles). Even if your just comparing other’s
life highlights to your day to day grind, it is still image crafting.
● Distorted Reality – Today’s teenagers are exposed to almost 3000 ads a day, many of them on social media. Social
media ad campaigns are often sensational, provocative, outrageous and scandalous, themes and messages that
distort reality. Even when the overt message is positive, advertising can have unintended, subliminal, veiled, or
implied messages you may not want your teen exposed to. In the worst cases, ad campaigns leverages peer
pressure/influence to profit from your teen’s insecurities.
● Fake Reality– Add to that, photoshop, filters and now with the rise of Deepfake technology, it is almost impossible to
know what is real.

HOW to stay safe and protect yourself on social media:
● Teach your teen to block & report people they don’t know or who post upsetting comments or content.
● Have them accept requests only from people they actually know,
● take screenshots if you see anything upsetting and report them to moderators.

How Do I Know If My Child Needs A Professional Help?
When a teen’s social media usage is a bigger problem than families can handle at home, you may want to seek professional
help. Here are some signs to look for:
● Lack of self-care/poor personal hygiene
● Unhealthy diet/not eating regular meals
● Sleep disturbance; staying up all night playing video games
● Decreased academic performance
● Lack of close, face-to-face relationships
● Isolation from family and friends
● Impulsivity/irritability when not on social media
If you notice your child begin to pull away or show signs of depression, you should talk with them about it. If the situation
appears to be getting out of control, seek help. There are programs out there that are designed to bring your child back onto
the right path, like our Unplugged program.

the following measures often help:
● Set up the privacy settings so that only friends have access to your posts
● Avoid posting personal information, holiday plans, etc.
● Do not accept requests or messages from people you don’t know
● Avoid clicking on shortened URLs
● Report suspect or insulting/threatening accounts
● Keep private and work accounts separate
● Organize social media training for employees, especially on data security

Social media: risks
Social media can also pose risks. For your child, these risks include:
● being exposed to inappropriate or upsetting content, like mean, aggressive, violent or sexual comments or images
● uploading inappropriate content, like embarrassing or provocative photos or videos of themselves or others
● sharing personal information with strangers – for example, phone numbers, date of birth or location
● cyberbullying
● exposure to too much targeted advertising and marketing
● data breaches, like having their data sold on to other organisations.

What are the dangers of social media
The use of social media is associated with various issues, when it comes to people’s emotional wellbeing, mental and physical health, and many other
areas of life. Specifically, research shows that the use of social media is associated with:
● Anxiety.
● Stress.
● Emotional exhaustion.
● Depression.
● Loneliness.
● Envy.
● Low self-esteem.
● Low-quality sleep.
● Health problems.
● Addiction to the social media, which can be referred to as social media addiction, or as addiction to a specific platform (for example, Facebook
addiction).
● Interference with important obligations, such as schoolwork, which can lead to issues such as worse grades.
● General issues, such as exposure to misinformation, violation of one’s privacy, and political polarization.
● Issues that play a role in specific situations, such as cyberbullying and stalking.

STRESS
People use social media to vent about everything from customer service to politics, but the downside to this is that our feeds
often resemble an endless stream of stress. In 2015, researchers at the Pew Research Center based in Washington DC
sought to find out if social media induces more stress than it relieves.
In the survey of 1,800 people, women reported being more stressed than men. Twitter was found to be a “significant
contributor” because it increased their awareness of other people’s stress.
But Twitter also acted as a coping mechanism – and the more women used it, the less stressed they were. The same effect
wasn’t found for men, whom the researchers said had a more distant relationship with social media. Overall, the
researchers concluded that social media use was linked to “modestly lower levels” of stress.

MOOD
In 2014, researchers in Austria found that participants reported lower moods after using Facebook for 20 minutes
compared to those who just browsed the internet. The study suggested that people felt that way because they saw it as a
waste of time.
A good or bad mood may also spread between people on social media, according to researchers from the University of
California, who assessed the emotional content of over a billion status updates from more than 100 million Facebook users
between 2009 and 2012.
Bad weather increased the number of negative posts by 1%, and the researchers found that one negative post by someone
in a rainy city influenced another 1.3 negative posts by friends living in dry cities. The better news is that happy posts had a
stronger influence; each one inspired 1.75 more happy posts. Whether a happy post translates to a genuine boost in mood,
however, remains unclear.

ANXIETY
Researchers have looked at general anxiety provoked by social media, characterised by feelings of restlessness and worry,
and trouble sleeping and concentrating. A study published in the journal Computers and Human Behaviour found that
people who report using seven or more social media platforms were more than three times as likely as people using 0-2
platforms to have high levels of general anxiety symptoms.
That said, it’s unclear if and how social media causes anxiety. Researchers from Babes-Bolyai University in Romania
reviewed existing research on the relationship between social anxiety and social networking in 2016, and said the results
were mixed. They concluded that more research needs to be done.

DEPRESSION
While some studies have found a link between depression and social media use, there is emerging research into how social media can actually be a force for good.
Two studies involving more than 700 students found that depressive symptoms, such as low mood and feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, were linked to
the quality of online interactions. Researchers found higher levels of depressive symptoms among those who reported having more negative interactions.
A similar study conducted in 2016 involving 1,700 people found a threefold risk of depression and anxiety among people who used the most social media platforms.
Reasons for this, they suggested, include cyber-bullying, having a distorted view of other people’s lives, and feeling like time spent on social media is a waste.
However, as BBC Future will explore this month in our #LikeMinded season, scientists are also looking at how social media can be used to diagnose depression,
which could help people receive treatment earlier. Researchers for Microsoft surveyed 476 people and analysed their Twitter profiles for depressive language,
linguistic style, engagement and emotion. From this, they developed a classifier that can accurately predict depression before it causes symptoms in seven out of 10
cases.
Researchers from Harvard and Vermont Universities analysed 166 people’s Instagram photos to create a similar tool last year with the same success rate.

SLEEP
Humans used to spend their evenings in darkness, but now we’re surrounded by artificial lighting all day and night.
Research has found that this can inhibit the body’s production of the hormone melatonin, which facilitates sleep – and blue
light, which is emitted by smartphone and laptop screens, is said to be the worst culprit. In other words, if you lie on the
pillow at night checking Facebook and Twitter, you’re headed for restless slumber.
Last year, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh asked 1,700 18- to 30-year-olds about their social media and
sleeping habits. They found a link with sleep disturbances – and concluded blue light had a part to play. How often they
logged on, rather than time spent on social media sites, was a higher predictor of disturbed sleep, suggesting “an obsessive
‘checking’”, the researchers said.
The researchers say this could be caused by physiological arousal before sleep, and the bright lights of our devices can
delay circadian rhythms. But they couldn’t clarify whether social media causes disturbed sleep, or if those who have
disturbed sleep spend more time on social media.

ADDICTION
Despite the argument from a few researchers that tweeting may be harder to resist than cigarettes and alcohol, social
media addiction isn’t included in the latest diagnostic manual for mental health disorders.
That said, social media is changing faster than scientists can keep up with, so various groups are trying to study compulsive
behaviours related to its use – for example, scientists from the Netherlands have invented their own scale to identify
possible addiction.
And if social media addiction does exist, it would be a type of internet addiction – and that is a classified disorder. In 2011,
Daria Kuss and Mark Griffiths from Nottingham Trent University in the UK have analysed 43 previous studies on the matter,
and conclude that social media addiction is a mental health problem that “may” require professional treatment. They found
that excessive usage was linked to relationship problems, worse academic achievement and less participation in offline
communities, and found that those who could be more vulnerable to a social media addiction include those dependent on
alcohol, the highly extroverted, and those who use social media to compensate for fewer ties in real life.

SELF-ESTEEM
Women’s magazines and their use of underweight and Photoshopped models have been long maligned for stirring self-esteem issues among young women. But now, social media, with
its filters and lighting and clever angles, is taking over as a primary concern among some campaigning groups and charities.
Social media sites make more than half of users feel inadequate, according to a survey of 1,500 people by disability charity Scope, and half of 18- to 34-year-olds say it makes them
feel unattractive.
A 2016 study by researchers at Penn State University suggested that viewing other people’s selfies lowered self-esteem, because users compare themselves to photos of people
looking their happiest. Research from the University of Strathclyde, Ohio University and University of Iowa also found that women compare themselves negatively to selfies of other
women.
But it’s not just selfies that have the potential to dent self-esteem. A study of 1,000 Swedish Facebook users found that women who spent more time on Facebook reported feeling less
happy and confident. The researchers concluded: “When Facebook users compare their own lives with others’ seemingly more successful careers and happy relationships, they may
feel that their own lives are less successful in comparison.”
But one small study hinted that viewing your own profile, not others, might offer ego boosts. Researchers at Cornell University in New York put 63 students into different groups. Some
sat with a mirror placed against a computer screen, for instance, while others sat in front of their own Facebook profile.
Facebook had a positive effect on self-esteem compared to other activities that boost self-awareness. Mirrors and photos, the researchers explained, make us compare ourselves to
social standards, whereas looking at our own Facebook profiles might boost self-esteem because it is easier to control how we’re presented to the world.

WELL-BEING
In a study from 2013, researchers texted 79 participants five times a day for 14 days, asking them how they felt and how
much they’d used Facebook since the last text. The more time people spent on the site, the worse they felt later on, and the
more their life satisfaction declined over time.
But other research has found, that for some people, social media can help boost their well-being. Marketing researchers
Jonah Berger and Eva Buechel found that people who are emotionally unstable are more likely to post about their emotions,
which can help them receive support and bounce back after negative experiences.
Overall, social media’s effects on well-being are ambiguous, according to a paper written last year by researchers from the
Netherlands. However, they suggested there is clearer evidence for the impact on one group of people: social media has a
more negative effect on the well-being of those who are more socially isolated.

RELATIONSHIPS
If you’ve ever been talking to a friend who’s pulled their phone out to scroll through Instagram, you might have wondered what social media is doing
to relationships.
Even the mere presence of a phone can interfere with our interactions, particularly when we’re talking about something meaningful, according to one
small study. Researchers writing in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships tasked 34 pairs of strangers with having a 10-minute
conversation about an interesting event that had happened to them recently. Each pair sat in private booths, and half had a mobile phone on the top
of their table.
Those with a phone in eyeshot were less positive when recalling their interaction afterwards, had less meaningful conversations and reported feeling
less close to their partner than the others, who had a notebook on top of the table instead.
Romantic relationships aren’t immune, either. Researchers at the University of Guelph in Canada surveyed 300 people aged 17-24 in 2009 about
any jealousy they felt when on Facebook, asking questions such as, ‘How likely are you to become jealous after your partner has added an unknown
member of the opposite sex?’.
Women spent much more time on Facebook then men, and experienced significantly more jealousy when doing so. The researchers concluded they
“felt the Facebook environment created these feelings and enhanced concerns about the quality of their relationship”.

ENVY
In a study involving 600 adults, roughly a third said social media made them feel negative emotions – mainly frustration –
and envy was the main cause. This was triggered by comparing their lives to others’, and the biggest culprit was other
people’s travel photos. Feeling envious caused an “envy spiral”, where people react to envy by adding to their profiles more
of the same sort of content that made them jealous in the first place.
However, envy isn’t necessarily a destructive emotion – it can often make us work harder, according to researchers from
Michigan University and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. They asked 380 students to look at “envy-eliciting” photos
and texts from Facebook and Twitter, including posts about buying expensive goods, travelling and getting engaged. But the
type of envy the researchers found is “benign envy”, which they say is more likely to make a person work harder.

LONELINESS
A study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine last year surveyed 7,000 19- to 32-year-olds and found
that those who spend the most time on social media were twice as likely to report experiencing social isolation, which can
include a lack of a sense of social belonging, engagement with others and fulfilling relationships.
Spending more time on social media, the researchers said, could displace face-to-face interaction, and can also make
people feel excluded.
“Exposure to such highly idealised representations of peers’ lives may elicit feelings of envy and the distorted belief that
others lead happier and more successful lives, which may increase perceived social isolation.”

Why people keep using social media
There are many reasons why people keep using social media even when it’s bad for them, and these reasons vary across individuals and across circumstances.
One notable reason why people continue to use social media even though it affects them negatively is that they’re simply unaware of its harmful influence. Furthermore,
in some cases, people are aware of the harmful influence that social media has on them, but they don’t care enough about these dangers to want to change their
behavior.
However, many people continue to use social media even though they know it’s bad for them and even though they want to stop, because they’re psychologically
predisposed to keep using it. For example, one study found that people keep using Facebook despite the fact that it makes them feel bad, because they keep expecting it
to make them feel better.
In addition, other studies found that the use of social media is associated with the fear of missing out, including in contexts where the use of social media is especially
problematic, such as while studying or driving. The fear of missing out is particularly prominent among people who feel a stronger need to ‘belong’, and these people also
tend to use social networks more frequently than others, and experience more stress when they feel that they’re unpopular on their favorite social networks.
Finally, there are also many situational factors that can cause people to use social media, even when they wish that they didn’t. For example, if all of a person’s friends use
a certain social media network, that person might use it too, simply so they can be aware of what’s going on in their social circles. Similarly, the high accessibility of social
media can also push people to use it, for example when they see the icon for a social media app every time they open their phone.
Overall, there are many reasons why people continue to use social media, even though it’s bad for them. These reasons include a lack of awareness of the risks involved,
psychological mechanisms such as the fear of missing out, and situational factors such as the high accessibility of social media.

Who is most vulnerable to the dangers of social media
Certain factors are associated with an increased tendency to use social media in a problematic
manner, or to suffer from issues as a result of using social media. These factors include:
● Suffering from depression.
● Having low self-esteem.
● Being unsatisfied with life.
● Having high levels of neuroticism.
● Having high levels of narcissism.
● Being prone to social comparisons.

In addition, when it comes to specific certain specific dangers of social media, other factors can increase people’s vulnerability.
For example, when it comes to cyberbullying of children, factors such as psychological difficulties, lack of parental support,
and peer norms can make children more vulnerable.
Finally, the way in which people use social media can also make them more vulnerable to its dangers. For example, people who
use social media in a way that does not reflect their true self, for example by trying to reinvent themself online, tend to
experience more issues as a result of social media use, such as loneliness.
Similarly, research shows that passive use of social media, which involves using it primarily to observe information produced
by others, is more strongly associated with mental health issues than active use of social media, which involves using it to
actively engage with others. This can be attributed to passive use of social media being generally more likely to provoke social
comparisons and envy, among other things.
Overall, various factors are associated with an increased tendency to suffer from issues as a result of using social media. This
includes underlying issues, such as depression and anxiety, as well as the way in which people use social media, such as when it
comes to only using it for passive consumption of content.

How to tell if social media is affecting you negatively
In some cases, it might be obvious to you that social media is affecting you negatively, for example if you feel that it always makes you feel depressed.
Furthermore, even if this is not obvious, it may only take a bit of thinking about how you use social media and how you feel when you use it to realize that your use of social media is problematic. To help yourself do this, you can try to actively identify issues that social media might be causing you, such as feeling anxious because it seems as though other people are much more
successful than you.
In addition, when considering how social media affect you, it can also be beneficial to ask yourself whether it benefits you in any way. This can help you get a clearer picture of the value that social media brings you, and in some cases, you might realize that even if it’s not actively harmful, it’s still a waste of time, and you can do other things instead, which will be more productive and
enjoyable.
When considering the way you use social media, you can use the following questions, that are adapted from a dedicated questionnaire, and ask yourself whether you’ve experienced any of these issues over the past year, and if so, then to what degree:
● Preoccupation. have you regularly found that you can’t think of anything else but the moment that you will be able to use social media again?
● Tolerance.Have you regularly felt dissatisfied because you wanted to spend more time on social media?
● Withdrawal.Have you often felt bad when you could not use social media?
● Persistence.Haveyou tried to spend less time on social media, but failed?
● Displacement.Have you regularly neglected other activities (e.g. hobbies, sport) because you wanted to use social media?
● Problem.Have you regularly had arguments with others because of your use of social media?
● Deception.Have you regularly lied to your family, friends, or partner about the amount of time you spend on social media?
● Escape. Haveyou often used social media to escape from negative feelings?
● Conflict.Haveyou had serious conflicts with your family, friends, or partner because of your use of social media?
The more issues you’ve experienced due to your social media use, and the more severe these issues are, the more problematic your use with social media likely is. However, note that this questionnaire revolves only around some aspects of problematic social media use, but doesn’t cover all the issues that social media can lead to, meaning that you might have a problematic
relationship with social media, even if you haven’t experienced these issues in particular.
Finally, it’s important to note that you might not be able to accurately judge yourself whether social media is problematic for you. Accordingly, you might benefit from using self-distancing techniques, which will help you assess your situation, or from asking for feedback from someone whose opinion you trust.
If you still struggle with assessing your situation in spite of using the above techniques, or if you suspect that your issues might be serious, then strongly consider seeking a professional opinion on your situation. This can involve, for example, a licensed psychologist who will be able to assess your situation in-depth.
Overall, if you’re unsure whether social media is affecting you negatively, you can think about how you use social media and how you feel when you use it, while trying to identify any potential issues. You can also ask yourself guiding questions on the topic, ask someone such as a friend for their opinion, or get help from a professional.

How to avoid the dangers of social media
There are two main things that you can do to avoid the dangers of social media:
● Reduceyouruse of social media, or eliminateit entirely. To achieve this, you can use various techniques, such as
implementing software-based solutions to limit your access, reducing the visibility of social media on your digital
devices, and finding alternative activities to engage in.
● Focus on usingsocial mediain a positiveway. For example, this can involve using media to actively communicate with
people that you care about, rather than using it as a passive way to consume information.
In the next two sub-sections, you will learn more about the techniques that you can use to achieve these things, and about
general tips and guidelines that you should keep in mind while trying to avoid the issues associated with social media.

Reduce or eliminate your social media use
There are various things that you can do in order to reduce your use of social media.
The simplest is to simply decide to use social media less frequently, or to stop using it entirely. This reduced usage can involve not only to the time which you spend browsing social media, but also other factors, such as the number of platforms that you use, the situations in which you use social media, and the type of information that you share there. Sometimes, this happens
naturally, and many people end up feeling social-media fatigue over time, which causes them to take a break from social media on their own.
However, this isn’t always easy to accomplish in practice, especially given the reasons that cause people to continue using social media even when they know that it’s bad for them. Accordingly, you may benefit from using various techniques to reduce your use of social media. Such techniques include the following:
● Setcleargoalsforyourself. People are generally better able to follow through on goals that are concrete compared to those that are abstract. This means, for example, that instead of having a vague goal, such as “use social media less”, it’s generally better to have a more concrete goal, such as “use social media for no more than 10 minutes a day”.
● Usesoftware-basedsolutionstolimityouraccess. Forexample, you can use browser extensions that limit your access to your preferred social media sites, or use an app to block access to social media on your phone during times when you should be doing things such as studying or sleeping.
● Reducethevisibilityofsocialmedia. Forexample, if you have a social media app on your phone, it can help to remove the icon for it from your homescreen, so you won’t see it each time you open your phone.
● Findwaystoreduceyourneedforsocialmedia. For example, if you’re constantly on social media because you’re afraid of missing out on upcoming events, you might be able to ask a friend to let you know about those events instead.
● Findalternativeactivities. For example, if you find that you keep using social media simply because you’re bored, try replacing it with hobbies or activities that are more meaningful and enjoyable for you.
● Holdyourselfaccountable.For example, you can tell someone whose opinion you value about your goals to use social media less, and ask them to follow up with you in a week to check whether you’ve successfully managed to achieve those goals.
● Rewardyourselfformakingprogress. For example, you can decide that if you manage to achieve your goal of not using social media for a month, then you’ll treat yourself by going out to an enjoyable event with your friends.
Note that you can start with relatively small goals, when it comes to reducing your use of social media. For example, you shouldn’t start by saying “I’m going to quit social media forever”, if that feels so overwhelming that you end up failing to make any progress. Instead, you can start by simply trying to limit your use of social media temporarily, which can make your goal feel more
achievable, and which can therefore make you more likely to pursue it.
Furthermore, research shows that when people take even a temporary break from social media, that can lead to a reduction in their social media use in the long-term, which means that even small goals can lead to long-term achievements in terms of reducing your use of social media. However, keep in mind that for some people, quitting completely might be easier than trying to
simply limit their use of social media. This is something that you should take into consideration when deciding how to deal with your social media issues.
In addition, when deciding which techniques to use, it can help to assess your situation and figure out when, how, and why you use social media, and what makes it problematic for you. For example, you might realize that your problematic use of social-media occurs due to simple habit, meaning that you constantly check up on your social media accounts simply because you’re so
used to doing it, rather than because you really want to, in which case blocking them entirely might be the best solution.
Finally, consider getting professional help if you need it or if you think it could be worthwhile for you. This can be especially beneficial if your problems with social media are relatively extreme, and you feel that you can’t handle them on your own.
Overall, to reduce or eliminate your use of social media, you can use various techniques, such as setting clear and achievable goals for yourself, implementing software-based solutions to limit your access, reducing the visibility of social media, rewarding yourself for making progress, and getting professional help if necessary. In addition, when deciding which techniques to use, it
can be beneficial to assess the situation, and figure out when, how, and why, you use social media, and what makes it problematic for you.

Use social media in a positive way
Despitethe fact that social media is associated with many issues, it’s importantto keep in mind that using social media doesn’t necessarily influence peoplein a negative way. Furthermore, there are also some potential benefits to using social media, such
as the opportunityto form, maintain,and strengthen connections with other people,and especiallythose who understand your situation,which can help reduce feelings of loneliness. Moreover, social media can be beneficial in unique ways in specific
types of contexts, such as in education, where it can sometimes help students engage in learning.
Accordingly, if you want to avoid the issues associated with social media, you can focus on using it in a positiveway, either in addition to or instead of reducing your use of social media. To figure out how you can achieve this in your particularsituation, you
should consider which aspects of social media are causing you issues, and which aspects you find beneficial,and then modify your use of social media accordingly.
In particular,there are two notable things that you should likely focus on, as they have been shown to lead to a more positive experience with social media:
● Usesocialmediainan active way.Active use of social media, which involves things such as meaningful communication with others, is generally preferableto passive use of social media, which revolves primarilyaround consuming
information.
● Usesocialmediainan authentic way.Authentic use of social media, which involves honest self-expression,is generally preferableto self-idealized use of social media, which involves presenting an idealized and therefore disingenuous
version of yourself.
In addition, when it comes to avoiding problematiccomparisonson social media, it’s also importantto keep in mind that many other peopleare likely displayingan idealized version of themself. As one study notes:
“Social media can seem like an artificial world in which people’s lives consist entirely of exotic vacations, thriving friendships, and photogenic, healthy meals. In fact, there is an entire industry built around people’s desire to present idealistic self-representations on social media. Popular applications like FaceTune, for example, allow users to modify everything
about themselves, from skin tone to the size of their physical features. In line with this ‘self-idealization perspective’, research has shown that self-expressions on social media platforms are often idealized, exaggerated, and unrealistic. That is, social media users often act as virtual curators of their online selves by staging or editing content they present to others.”
— From “Authentic self-expression on social media is associated with greater subjective well-being” (Bailey et al., 2020)
Essentially,this means that you should keep in mind that even if it seems like many other peopleare leading amazing lives on social media, that doesn’t mean that it’s actually the case, as many peopleare actually presenting an idealized and disingenuous
version of who they are. This ties in to the useful adage “don’t compare your behind-the-scenes with someone else’s highlight reel”.

Managing social media risks for children and teenagers
Talking about social media use
Talking is the best way to protect your child from social media risks and ensure their internet safety. Talking gives you the opportunity to help your child:
● work out how they want to treat other people and be treated online – for example, you can encourage your child to make only positive comments
● understand the risks involved in using social media – for example, your child might be tagged in an embarrassing photo taken at a party
● learn how to navigate the risks – for example, if your child posts an identifiable selfie, they can reduce risk by not including any other personal information
● learn what to do if people ask for personal details, are mean or abusive online, post embarrassing photos of your child, or share information that links back to them.
Finding out more about social media
Social media platforms and functionality are always changing so it’s a good idea to keep up to date with the social media your child uses. You could ask your child what platforms are popular and which ones your child likes. You could also get your child to show you how they work.
Thinking about age recommendations
Many social media platforms have age restrictions, which often aren’t enforced. It can be tricky if your child’s friends are using social media platforms before they’re old enough and your child wants to do the same.
If you want your child to wait, here are some options you could think about:
● Could you compromise? What if your child uses a family social media account until they’re old enough for their own? This could give your child a way to connect with friends with your help to navigate social media.
● Could your child use a child-friendly social media platform, like YouTube Kids or Messenger Kids? These have stronger safety settings and age-appropriate content.
What about banning social media?
Social media is becoming increasingly embedded in apps, games, websites and even learning environments, so it’s hard to ban, even for younger children. And if you ban social media, your child might be more tempted to check it out when they’re away from home. This means you miss the
opportunity to teach your child how to navigate social media risks and behave respectfully on social media.

Staying safe while using social media
The following guidelines will help make sure your child is safe while they are members of social media:
● make sure that they don’t publish personal information like their location, email address, phone number or date of birth
● make sure your child is very careful about what images and messages they post, even among trusted friends – once they are online they can be
shared widely and are extremely difficult to get removed
● encourage them to talk to you if they come across anything they find offensive or upsetting
● keep a record of anything abusive or offensive they’ve received and report any trouble to the site management (most sites have a simple
reporting procedure, normally activated by clicking on a link on the page)
● make sure they're aware that publishing or sharing anything which would mean breaking a copyright agreement is illegal
● if your child makes an online friend and wants to meet up with them in real life, you should go along with them to check the person is who they
say they are
● tell them to be aware of online scams – offers which seem too good to be true usually are
● encourage them not to get into any online discussions about sex as these tend to attract potentially dangerous users
● if you suspect someone may be grooming your child on a social networking site, or your child is being stalked or harassed, you should contact the
police or Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP)

Setting up social media guidelines
Some written guidelines about social media can help your child get the benefits of social media while using it responsibly, respectfullyand safely. This agreement could be part of a family media plan. If these guidelines include your social media useas well as your child’s, you can be a positive role model.
Here are some things your guidelines could include.
Using social media
This might cover basics like:
● when it’s OK to use social media and how long your child can spend on social media
● whether it’s OK to use social media during homework time, family meals and so on
● where it’s OK to use social media – for example, only in family areas of the house, not bedrooms.
Posting content and comments
It’s important for your child to agree to:
● not uploading or sharing inappropriate messages, imagesand video
● showing respect in posts and when sharing content – for example, if it’s not OK to say or do somethingface to face, it’s not OK online
● seeking consent before posting imagesof others.
Protecting privacy
It’s a good idea to go through social media privacy guidelines and settings with your child.
Your child can protect their privacy by agreeing to:
● not share personal information likephone numbers, locationand date of birth with strangers online, or with people they don’t know personally
● not add personal details likephone numbers or date of birth to private profiles
● regularly check privacy and location settings, especiallyon mobile phones
● keep passwordsand log-in details private and not share these with friends
● log out after using public computers
● disablefeatures like posting to multiple social media sites at once.
Staying safe on social media
Safety essentials for your child include:
● blocking and reporting people they don’t know or people who post upsetting comments or content
● not clicking on pop-ups – some pop-ups that seem safe can lead to pornographysites or ask for personal or financialinformation
● acceptingfriend requests only from people whose identity they know
● taking screenshots of concerning things they see online, and talking to a trusted adult about them.

● Social media use is associated with a variety of issues, including emotional and mental issues, such as anxiety, depression, stress,
loneliness, and low self-esteem, physical issues, such as reduced sleep quality, and general issues, such as exposure to
misinformation and political polarization.
● It is not always clear if the association between social media and these issues is causal, meaning that one directly causes the
other, and if so then in what direction; nevertheless, it is reasonable and prudent to assume that social media can lead to some of
these issues in some cases.
● People keep using social media even though it’s bad for them for various reasons, including a lack of awareness of the risks
involved, psychological mechanisms such as the fear of missing out, and situational factors such as the high accessibility of social
media.
● If you’re unsure whether social media is affecting you negatively, you can think about how you use social media and how you
feel when you use it, while trying to identify any potential issues, or you can ask someone that you trust for their input.
● To avoid the issues that are associated with social media, you can reduce your use of social media by doing things such as
limiting your access and finding alternative activities, and you can also focus on using social media in a more positive way, for
example by using it only to communicate with people that you care about.

Reference
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keeping-children-safe-online
2. Jessica Brown (5th January (2018). What the science suggests so far about
the impact of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Instagram on your
mental well-being. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180104-is-social-
media-bad-for-you-the-evidence-and-the-unknowns
3. …… (22 Dec 2020). Social media benefits and risks: children and teenagers.
https://raisingchildren.net.au/teens/entertainment-technology/digital-life/social-
media
4. Nicole Fabian-Weber (March 2, 2021). 8 dangers of social media to discuss
with kids and teens. https://www.care.com/c/5-dangers-of-social-media-to-
discuss-with-you
5. ……. (28 Oct 2021). The Dangers of Social Media and How to Avoid Them.
https://effectiviology.com/dangers-of-social-media/
6. McKay Deveraux (February 29, 2020). The Dangers Of Social Media For
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