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Social psychology
- 2. DEFINITION: THE SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE THAT ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND AND EXPLAIN HOW THE THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, AND BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUALS ARE INFLUENCE BY THE ACTUAL, IMAGINED, OR IMPLIED PRESENCE OF OTHERS.
- 3. 1. INTRODUCTIO N TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2. CULTURE AND NATURE 3. THE SELF 4. CHOICES AND ACTIONS: THE SELF IN CONTROL 5. SOCIAL COGNITION 6. ATTITUDES AAND BEHAVIOR 7. SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND PROACTIVE BEHAVIORS 8. PREJUDICE COURSE CONTENT
- 4. 9. AGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 10.ROLE OF MEDIA IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 11. ATTRACTION AND LOVE 12. GROUPS 13, THE FILIPINO FAMILY COURSE CONTENT:
- 5. 1. CULTURE AND NATURE: - Essential Question: What ultimately shapes our behavior? Topics of Study: Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology Parents, Peers and Culture Gender Nature v. Nurture 1. “Like father like son.” 2. “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.” 6. “Boys will be boys.” 7. “You are what you eat.” 8. “Blood will tell.” 9. “All men are created equal.”
- 6. FRATERNAL VS. IDENTICAL ■ Fraternal / Identical twin study findings- provide specifics for the following: Alzheimer’s Identical =60% / Fraternal=30% Extraversion / neuroticism Identical more similar than fraternal Divorce rates Identical x5.5 vs. fraternal x1.6 Schizophrenia 50, 10, 3, 1 (identical, fraternal, sibling, stranger) ■ What are the limitations of these studies? Genetics or environment? How do we differentiate?
- 7. BELYAEV’S EXPERIMENT ■ 30 males, 100 females ■ Tamest 5% M, 20% F ■ 30 generations ■ Complete domestication ■ Now sold as house pets ■ Implications? ■ When certain traits are selected that give a reproductive advantage, those traits will prevail
- 9. SELFIE
- 10. CONTENT DISCOURSE Who Makes the self: The Individual or Society? Looking Glass Self Self perception Self and Information Processing Self Esteem and Self Deception Spotlights and Illusions Self Presentation/Impression Management.
- 11. THE SELF What are selves for? The Structure and function questions are often related, because selves like cars, trees, leaves, forks, abredors and etc. Are structured to have a function. Plus, to connect with many other people
- 12. THREE PARTS OF THE SELF Self Knowledge/ Self Concept Agent Self Interpersonal Self/ Public Self
- 13. Who makes the SelfIndividual or Society? The importance of Society is hard to deny; in fact, if you grew up on a deserted island and never met other human beings, you might hardly have a self. But then again, even without meeting other human beings, a person might still have a conception of self as a body separate from its environment Dropping of stone from foot to tree
- 14. LOOKING OUTSIDE: THE LOOKING GLASS Charles Horton Cooley “ People Learn themselves from others” Such knowledge on oneself comes from Praises which gives us an idea how other people perceive us.
- 15. 3. CHOICES AND ACTIONS/BEHAVIOR CONTROL: THE SELF IN CONTROL
- 16. WHAT YOU DO AND WHAT IT MEANS - Behavior doesn’t automatically or inevitably follow internal processes such as thoughts and feelings. - Human behavior depends on meaning. - Inner processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motivations serve interpersonal functions. - Imagining something makes it more likely to happen. - Behavior can be described at many different levels of meaning- for ex. , from a moving pen to writing a pulitzer Prize- winning book.
- 17. GOALS - Goals and ideas of some desired future state and are the meaningful link between values and actions. - Goals tell you what to do in order to pursue and uphold your values, and setting and pursuing goals is a vital job of the self. - Setting goals includes choosing among possible goals and evaluating their feasibility and desirability. - Pursuing goals includes planning and carrying out the behaviors to reach goals. - People have goal hierarchies; some goals are long term and some are short term. - People’s plan tend to be overly optimistic, especially over a long time span.
- 18. Long term goals 1. Professional deevelopment 2. Own a house 3. Travel to other countries 4. Reach the target body figure Short Term Goals 1. Finish lesson plan by Monday 2. Have a haircut 3. Clean the house TYPES OF GOALS
- 19. FREEDOM AND CHOICE - Making a choice is typically a two-step process involving whittling many choices down to a few and then doing a careful comparison of those few. - Risk aversion refers to the finding that people are more affected by possible losses than by possible gains. - Temporal discounting refers to the finding that the present is more important than the future something liles, the less innfluence it has on the decision. - The certainty effect refers to the tendency to place more emphasis on definite outcomes than on odds and probabilities. - People may prefer to postpone hard decisions and keep their options open as long as possible. - The status quo bias is a preference to keep things the way they are rather than change.
- 20. SELF-REGULATION - Self-regulation or self-control refers to the self ‘s capacity to alter its own responses. It is essential for cultural animals to adapt to many different demands. - Routinary works - Example: The teacher reminds the students of their daily tasks in the classroom and supervises them while they are doing it. Self regulation comes in when the teacher assigns group leaders and have their own way of leading their group to finish their goals.
- 21. IRRATIONALITY AND SELF DESTRUCTION Self-defeating behavior is defined as any action by which people bring failure, suffering or misfortune on themselves. People engage in self-defeating behavior because they are making tradeoffs or becaue they are using ineffective strategies, but not usually because they were directly seeking future. The capacity to delay gratification is the ability to make short-term sacrifices in order to get long term rewards. Example: studying masteral degrees instead of enjoying the weekends...after graduation...a long term reward of advancement in knowledge, and higher position or aid for promotion. Suicidal people focus on the immediate present at a time when present circumstances may be changing for the worse.
- 22. Is the study of any sort of thinking by people about people and about social relationships.
- 23. DEFINITION - The human mind is designed to participate in society, and this means its primary job is dealing with other people . - There are atleast three (3) main goals that guide how people think: - * Find the right answer to some problem or question. - * Reach a particular, preferred conclusion. - * Reach a pretty good answer or decision quickly.
- 24. ATTRIBUTIONS: WHY DID THAT HAPPEN? ATTRIBUTIONS - are the inferences people make about events in their lives. Internal, stable attributions involve ability; internal, unstable attributions involve effort; external, stable attributions point to the difficulty of the task; and external, unstable attributions involve luck.
- 25. HEURISTICS: MENTAL SHORTCUTS - Heuristics are mental shortcuts –or rules of thumb. - The representativeness heuristic is the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case. - The availability heuristic is the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. - The simulation heuristic is the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine (or mentally simulate) an event. - The anchoring and adjustment heuristic suggest that when people estimate how frequent or likely an event is, they use a starting point ( called an anchoe) and then make adjustments up and down from this starting point.
- 26. ERRORS AND BIASES - Information overload is the state of having too much information to make a decision or remained informed about a topic. - Estimation and shifting criteria can result in biased counts of sexual partners. - People generally have access to two types of information: - * Statistical information from a large number of people - * Case history information from a small number of people. - People generally pay the most attention to case history information.
- 27. EXAMPLE: Men are prefered to be hired in construction firms than women.
- 29. WHAT ARE ATTITUDES AND WHY DO PEOPLE HAVE THEM? Beliefs are pieces of information, facts or opinions; attitudes are broad evaluations (liking or disliking) toward some object or issue. Implicit attitudes are automatic, nonconscious, evaluative responses; explicit attitudes are controlled, conscious, evaluative resonses. Dual attitudes refer to having different, competing attitudes, one conscious and the other in the nonconscious or automatic part of the mind. People may not be aware of all their own attitudes. Attitudes help deal with the complex social world. People need far more attitudes than most animals. Attitudes are tremendously helpful in making choices. Possessing an attitude increases the ease, speed ,and quality of decision making.
- 30. DO ATTITUDES REALLY PREDICT BEHAVIORS? - Men’s general attitudes predict their sexual behavior much better than women’s. - Attitudes predict behavior best if any or all of the following conditions are met: - * Attitude measures are very specific. - * Behaviors are aggregated across time and different situations. - * Attitudes are consciously prominent and influence how the person thinks about the choices he or she faces. - Attitudes are highly accessible
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- 32. TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE
- 33. PERSUASION
- 34. WHAT IS PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR? - It involves doing good for others or society; it builds relationships and allows society to function - Obeying rules, conforming to norms, cooperating and helping are all forms of prosocial behavior. - Public circumstances generally promote prosocial behavior. That is, people behave better when others are watching and know who they are. - Reciprocity is the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us. - Equity means that each person receives benefits in proportion to what he or she did. Equality means that everyone gets the same amount, regardless of performance.
- 36. DEFINITION - An unfair feeling or dislike for a prson or group because of race, sex, religion, etc. - An irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, group, a race, or their supposed characteristics. - Is a negative feeling or attitude toward an individual based solely in his or her membership in a particular group.
- 37. COMMON PREJUDICE AND TARGETS
- 40. INNER CAUSES OF AGRESSION - the closer you are to a goal, the more frustrating it is when someone interferes with your progress. OTHER ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR - cheating, stealing, and littering 8. AGRESSION AND ANTI SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
- 41. DEFINING AGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR
- 43. STERNBERG (1986): LOVE THREE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS INTIMACY