Software Cost Estimation
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This document provides an overview of software cost estimation techniques. It discusses factors that affect cost such as effort required, calendar time, and total cost of activities. It also covers parameters like hardware/software costs, travel/training costs, and effort costs. Productivity factors and techniques like algorithmic cost modeling, expert judgement, estimation by analogy, and pricing strategies are summarized. Algorithmic cost modeling uses historical data to relate software size to cost and involves factors for effort estimation.
Software Cost Estimation
- 2. Presentation by • Mirza Muhammad Obaid BS computer Science Islamia university bahawalpur RYK campus Contect no +923026077069 Email: [email protected]
- 3. OBJECTIVES • The objective of this Presentation is to introduce the basic concept of Software Cost Estimation and factors that effect cost. • Understanding the Software Productivity. • How we determine the Software Price? • The Basic of Different techniques used for Cost Estimation. • What is Algorithmic cost modeling ?
- 4. Estimation involves answering the following questions: • 1. How much effort is required to complete each activity? • 2. How much calendar time is needed to complete each activity? • 3. What is the total cost of each activity?
- 5. Parameters involving in COST . • There are three parameters involved in computing the total cost of a software development project: • Hardware and software costs including maintenance • Travel and training costs • Effort costs (the costs of paying software engineers).
- 6. Effort Cost • Effort costs are not just the salaries of the software engineers who are involved in the project • It also include 1.Costs of providing, heating and lighting office space 2. Costs of support staff such as accountants, administrators, system managers, cleaners and technicians 3. Costs of networking and communications 4.Costs of central facilities such as a library 5. Costs of Social Security and employee benefits such as pensions and health insurance.
- 7. Software productivity • You can measure productivity in a manufacturing system by counting the number of units that are produced and dividing this by the number of person-hours required to produce them. • Factors which can effect software productivity 1. Application Domain Experience 2. Process quality 3. Project size 4. Technology support
- 9. Software Pricing • There are different types of factors that can effect software price. 1. Market opportunity 2. Cost estimate uncertainty 3. Contractual terms 4. Requirements volatility 5. Financial health
- 10. Factors Effecting Software Pricing
- 11. Estimation techniques • There is no simple way to make an accurate estimate of the effort required to develop a software system. You may have to make initial estimates on the basis of a high level user requirements definition. • The software may have to run on unfamiliar computers or use new development technology. • The people involved in the project and their skills will probably not be known. • All of these mean that it is impossible to estimate system development costs accurately at an early stage in a project.
- 12. Cost Estimation Techniques 1. Algorithmic cost modeling 2. Expert judgment 3. Estimation by analogy 4. Parkinson’s Law 5. Pricing to win
- 13. Algorithmic cost modeling • A model is developed using historical cost information that relates some software metric (usually its size) to the project cost. An estimate is made of that metric and the model predicts the effort required.
- 14. Expert Judgment • Several experts on the proposed software development techniques and the application domain are consulted. • They each estimate the project cost. These estimates are compared and discussed. The estimation process iterates until an agreed estimate is reached.
- 15. Estimation by Analogy • This technique is applicable when other projects in the same application domain have been completed. • The cost of a new project is estimated by analogy with these completed projects.
- 16. Parkinson’s Law • Parkinson’s Law states that work expands to fill the time available. • The cost is determined by available resources rather than by objective assessment. • If the software has to be delivered in 12 months and 5 people are available, the effort required is estimated to be 60 person-months.
- 17. Pricing to win • The software cost is estimated to be whatever the customer has available to spend on the project. • The estimated effort depends on the customer’s budget and not on the software functionality.
- 18. Algorithmic cost modeling • Algorithmic cost modeling uses a mathematical formula to predict project costs based on estimates of the project size, the number of software engineers, and other process and product factors. • Algorithmic cost models are primarily used to make estimates of software development costs, but Boehm discusses a range of other uses for algorithmic cost estimates.
- 19. Algorithmic cost modeling • In its most general form, an algorithmic cost estimate for software cost can be expressed as: Effort = A x SizeB x M • “A” is a constant factor that depends on local organizational practices and the type of software that is developed. • “Size” may be either an assessment of the code size of the software or a functionality estimate expressed in function or object points. • The value of exponent “B” usually lies between 1 and 1.5 • “M” is a multiplier made by combining process, product and development attributes, such as the dependability requirements for the software and the experience of the development team.