Agile, eXtreme Programming (XP), and software prototyping are approaches to software development. Agile focuses on individuals, interactions, working software, and responding to change over processes, tools, documentation, and plans. XP uses pair programming, continuous integration, refactoring, and frequent releases. It also emphasizes shared understanding. Software prototyping identifies requirements early, gets users involved, and enhances or discards prototypes to reduce time and costs and ensure user satisfaction. Different methodologies work best depending on project size and needs.