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Soil fundamentals iys 2015
- 1. SOIL Fundamental Concepts Professor &Head, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry College of Agriculture, Vellayani Dr. N. Saifudeen
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- 3. o Dirt iswhat you find under your fingernails. o Soil is what you find under your feet. What is soil? What’s the difference between soil and dirt?
- 4. Think of soilas a thin living skin that covers the land on earth’s crust Soil is an amazing substance!!
- 5. Air 25% Mineral Matter 45% Water25% Organic Matter 5% SOIL Component definition: A complex mixture of mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air. and countless organisms.
- 6. Without life, thereis no soil. Living things haven't just made a home in the soil on our planet. Life actually made the soil as we know it.
- 7. o Those planetshave plenty of rocks. o Mars has windstorms that erode rocks into dust. o Venus has an acid atmosphere that cooks rocks into new chemicals. o But there's still something missing… oLife……. There is no soil on Mars or Venus or Moon How come?
- 8. Soil o Soft o Naturalbody o Sustaining life (including plant growth) o Dynamically changing o At the earth surface
- 9. SOIL PROFILES Dig downdeep into any soil, and you’ll see that it is made of layers, or horizons. Put the horizons together, and they form a soil profile. Like a biography, each profile tells a story about the life of a soil.
- 10. Soilis the BasisoftheEcosystem The living systems occurring above and below the ground surface are determined by the properties of the soil. We often ignore the soil because it is hard to observe.
- 11. Soils PerformVital Functions Sustainingplant and animal life below and above the surface Regulating and partitioning water and solute flow Filtering, degrading, immobilizing, and detoxifying Storing and cycling nutrients Providing support to structures Rain RunoffSoil Infiltration
- 12. SoilsSupportLife Organism Types bacteria fungi protozoa nematodes arthropods earthworms Roles &Benefits decomposition release nutrients create pores stabilize soils
- 13. Definitions, Byers, etal., Formation of Soil, 1938* o Soils are natural media for the growth of plants. They are mixtures of fragmented and partly or wholly weathered rocks and minerals, organic matter, water, and air, in greatly varying proportions, and have more or less distinct layers or horizons developed under the influence of climate and living organisms…Soils are dynamic in character …the product of the action of climate and living organisms upon the parent material, as conditioned by the local relief. o *Yearbook of Agriculture
- 14. Definitions, Hillel, Introductionto Soil Physics, 1982 o The soil is a heterogeneous, polyphasic, particulate, disperse, and porous system, in which the interfacial area per unit volume can be very large. The disperse nature of the soil and its consequent interfacial activity give rise to such phenomena as adsorption of water and chemicals, ion exchange, adhesion, swelling and shrinking, dispersion and flocculation, and capillarity.
- 15. Definitions, Spangler &Handy, 1982, Soil Engineering o Soils are natural materials which occur in infinite variety over the earth and whose engineering properties may vary widely from place to place within the relatively small confines of a single engineering project … o The properties of soils are continuously changing as the amount of moisture fluctuates and other environmental influences vary… and may change dramatically under load o Soil is used as construction material …
- 16. Definition, Soil ScienceGlossary, SSSA (ii) The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that has been subjected to and shows effects of genetic and environmental factors of: climate (including water and temperature effects), and macro- and microorganisms, conditioned by relief, acting on parent material over a period of time. A product- soil differs from the material from which it is derived in many physical, chemical, biological, and morphological properties and characteristics.
- 17. Soil Formation Five factorsthat affect soil formation Parent Material Climate Living Organisms Relief (Topography) Time
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- 19. Weathering Breaks down rocksto create Parent Material It can be caused by Climate, water, or living things Movement of sediment and rock to new places.
- 20. 1. Physical weathering Theeffects of climatic factors such as temperature,water, and wind. Freezing and thawing are a major contributor. Weathering is continuous
- 21. 2. Chemical weathering a.changes the chemical makeup of rock and breaks it down. Rainwater can dissolve minerals. b. Some minerals react with oxygen. Oxidation further decomposes rock.
- 22. Weathering (cont.) B. Weatheringcauses soil to: 1. Develop 2. Mature 3. Age
- 23. Soil Forming Processes oTranslocations o Transformations o Additions o Losses
- 24. SOIL o As aportion of the landscape: Collection of natural bodies occupying portions of the earth’s surface that support plants and that have properties due to the integrated effect of climate and living matter, acting upon parent material, as conditioned by relief, over periods of time.
- 27. Soils Sustain Life SoilsSupport Urban Life Soils Support Agriculture Soils Clean and Capture Water Soils Support Buildings/Infrastructure Soils Support Recreation Soils are Living Soils Support Health Soils Protect the Natural Environment Soils and the Products We Use Soils and Climate Soils, Culture, and People Value of Soils to our natural environment and society
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- 30. Food, Forest andPopulation….
- 31. Soil Management AffectsSoil Quality Soil Quality Soil Test Kit
- 32. Why do westudy soil? What is the role of Soil Science?
- 33. Decreasing capacity ofnatural resources
- 34. o Study ofsoil as a part of terrestrial ecosystem, environment, and integrated Earth surface System; o Study of soil by physical, chemical and biological means and others; o Study of soil in scales ranging from molecular to pedosphere; o Study of soil in interaction with water, air, biomes, and humans, etc. What is Soil Science?
- 35. Soil Science o Soil- plant science: - ion uptake, soil fertility, nutrient transport, bioavailability; food quality o Soil-water science: water translocation, water use efficiency; nutrient loading, drinking water quality o Soil- air science: gas exchange, emissions, GHG, Global change o Soil – material science: soil mechanics or dynamics, soil engineering;
- 36. Soil Science o Soil– ecosystem science: soil ecosystems, stability of ecosystem. Biodiversity and ecological safety o Soil - landscape science: soil associations, land use patterns, soil taxonomy, archeology ,etc o Food Science and Nutrition o Medicine & Health science: o Archaeology
- 37. Role of SoilScience o Basic discipline of natural sciences; o Fundamental science of agricultural sciences; o Core science of environmental and ecological sciences;
- 38. Role of SoilScience Impacts in: o Land use planning; o Help solve food supply, o Policy making - agriculture and environment protection; o Consultancy: standards, restrictions, etc.
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- 40. Definition, Joffe, 1949,modified by Birkeland, 1999 o Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (horizons) of mineral and/or organic constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties and their biological characteristics.
- 41. Definition, Soil Taxonomy,2nd ed. o Soil is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter), liquid, and gases that occurs on the land surface, occupies space, and is characterized by horizons, or layers, that are distinguishable from the initial material as a result of additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of energy and matter or the ability to support rooted plants in a natural environment.
- 42. A soil surveyincludes maps, descriptions, properties, climate, and interpretations. These are excellent sources of information Soil Survey is a Scientifically-Based Inventory
- 43. Scientific Names forSoils Reduce Ambiguity • Like plants and animals, soils are classified • The system is called Soil Taxonomy • The highest level is the soil order (12) • The lowest level is the soil series, often a place name Soil Order Formative terms Alfisols Alf from combination of al (aluminum) and f (ferrous) iron Andisols Ando from Japanese term dark referring to dark volcanic ash Aridisols Latin, aridies, dry arid Entisols Ent meaningless, root recent Gelisols Latin gelare, to freeze Histosols Greek, histos, tissue Inceptisols Latin, incepum, beginning, inception Mollisols Latin, mollis, soft, mollify Oxisols French oxide Spodosols Greek spodos, wood ash Ultisols Latin ultimus, last, ultimate Vertisols Latin verto, vertical cracking
- 44. Gelisols: Frozen Histosols: Organic,wet Spodosols: Sandy, acidic Andisols: Volcanic ash Oxisols: Very weathered Vertisols: Shrink and swell Aridisols: Very dry Ultisols: Weathered Mollisols: Deep, fertile Alfisols: Moderately weathered Inceptisols: Slightly developed (young) Entisols: Newly formed The 12 soil orders in the Soil Taxonomy system
- 45. The Unique ResourceBase Warm, humid, tropical region High solar radiation, 365days High rainfall (300 cm) High biological activity and rich biodiversity Undulating topography Altitude 3-5m bmsl to 2500 m amsl Distinct climatic changes 5% water resources of India Kerala State
- 47. COASTAL SANDY SOILS Kadinamkulamseries: Mixed, isohyperthermic Typic Ustipsamments
- 48. SOUTHERN LATERITE Kalliyur, Thiruvananthapuram Clayey,kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Kandiustult
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- 52. World Soil Day2014: “Soils, foundation for family farming” World Soil Day 2015: “Soils, a solid ground for life” 5 December
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