Soil nutrients

Soil nutrients

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  ALI HAMJAH HARAHAP Stipermuhammadiyah tanah grogot Soil nutrients Soil nutrients Micro-nutrients are nutrients that plants need in large amounts (> 500 ppm). Macro nutrient deficiencies can cause deficiency symptoms in plants, can’t be replaced by other macro nutrients. Plant macro nutrients required> 10 mmol per plant dry weight, while the micro-nutrients are less than 10 mmol per dry weight of plants. Various macro nutrients include: 1 Hydrogen This nutrient is absorbed by plants through the water in the form of compounds CO2yang serves as a constituent of organic compounds including the protein, fatty acids (saturatedor unsaturated), DNA and RNA. Mengel and Kirkby (1987) considers that a water plant nutrients such as CO2, NH4. water used in the process of photo synthesis approximately 0.01% of the whole purpose of the water used by plants. Water is involved in processes other than photo also function synthesis of organic compounds as solvents, inorganic, sugar, plant nutrient transporters, biochemical reactions, and cell hydration. 2 Carbon Carbon also serves in the preparation of organic compounds, is absorbed through the leaves of plants in the form of H + ions and H2O. Plant nutrient takes carbon from the atmosphere. This activity is carried out by plants that have chlorophyll, chlorophyll is able to absorb light into chemical energy is converted into CO2 and than carbohydrate. 3 Oxygen As a constituent of organic compounds absorbed by plants in the form of O2 ions through the leaves of plants 4 Nitrogen Constituent amino acids, proteins, enzymes, chlorophyll, auxsin, phytohormones and alkoloid contained in DNA, RNA and nucleic acids. Absorbed by plants in the form of NH4 + and NO3 ions. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth. Average levels of 2-4% in plant dry weight of plants. In a variation of nitrogen be contents soil depends on the management and use of the land. Dryland soil generally absorbs nitrate nitrogen ions are larger than the ion NH4-. While at the same relatively neutral pH. Nirogen fertilization will increase crop production, protein content, cellulose, but lower levels of sucrose and starch. The use of fertilizers containing nitrogen will lengthen excessive vegetative phase, but this can be reduced by Cholo Choline Chloride (CCC = cycocel). According to Yoshida (1969). Under optimal nitrogen fertilization assimilation cause a rise in ammonia and protein content in the leaves, but can inhibit root growth. And plant easily fall by the root surface area becomes narrower. According Hekl, et al (1972). Too high nitrogen fertilization caused a decrease in plant quality due to lower levels of the plant carbohydrates. Nitrogen fertilizer also affects the chemical constituents of plants, the increase will be lower carbohydrate level nitrogen plants. To know plant nutrient status can be analyzed in the form of plant leaf and stalk tissue. 5. Potassium Its role in plants to regulate entry and exit of substances, enzymes regulate respiration, protein
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  synthesis and starchphotos, glycolysis and Osmose plant cells. Absorbed by plants in the form of K + ions. Potassium cars including elements within the cell or plant tissue, xylem and phloem. Potassium is abundant in the cytoplasm, kloroplasm. Generally if absorbtion potassium is too high then the absorption of Ca, Na, Mg down. If the plant potassium deficiency there will be accumulation of carbohydrates, reduce levels of pie, and the accumulation of nitrogen compounds in plants. The function of potassium is a.growth cell and cell Osmose pressure regulator b.forming and carbohydrate transport c.as natural catalyst for the formation of protein d.netralitation reactions in cells e.set stomata movement f.seeds plants become more contained and dense g.boost fruit quality because of the shape, sugar content, and more attractive color h. resistant to pests disease i. growth plant roots 6 Calcium Absorbed by plants in the form of Ca2 + ino, its role is a constituent of the hands lamella, liaison between cells, an enzyme activator in the cell membrane. Calcium is the most abundant in the cell wall lamella,, the hands. In dicotyledonous plants that have a high CEC and especially at low levels of Ca2 +. At the time of leaf growth in high levels of calcium or when the light intensity is high and generally be concentrated calcium. Calcium effect on fruit quality, calcium deficiency in the fruit will occur when developing necrotizing will happen further minor groove (bitter pit). In tomatoes especially uneven bumps will occur, to relieve the symptoms at the time of flowering, the calcium needs to be met. 7 Magnesium Ino absorbed by plants in the form of Mg2 +. Function as constituent of chlorophyll, enzyme activator on ribosomes, chloroplasts and photo synthesis. Magnesium including elements of the car. Levels of magnesium in the plant about 0.5%, relatively low compared to the levels of potassium and calcium. The higher absorption of potassium, then the lower the absorption of magnesium. On the role of magnesium is vital crops including activating enzymes related to metabolism of carbohydrates, respiratory enzymes, and as a catalyst, and make up a protein cofactor. Plants that are deficient in magnesium will stop the preparation of RNA, inhibition of protein preparation and chlorophyll molecules. Symptoms of deficiency in plants showed chlorosis between the veins of old, if it goes on, the plants will dry up and die. 8. Phorporus plants absorbed in the form of ino H2PO4- and HPO42-. Rule as a constituent of ATP, ADP, NADP, nucleic acids, phospholipids in cell membranes form a sugar phosphate. Phosphorus in the soil can be divided into organic and inorganic phosphorus. Organic phosphorus derived from organic materials having decomposition and release into the soil solution phosphorus. While there are a few inorganic bonding such as Al, Fe, Ca, and Mn. The role of the element phosphorus can accelerate the maturation of fruit, encourages root growth. Phosphorus deficiencies can cause small plant tissue volume and darker color. 9. sulfur Absorbed by plants in the form of SO42 + ino. Its role is to plants constituent amino acids (cystine and cysteine), protein, forming vitamins (thiamine and biotin), constituent coenzyme. Sulfur
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  minerals in thesoil, for example; NaSO4, MgSO4, FeS, ZnS and H2S. Sulfur fertilization continuing to cause a reaction in the soil becomes more acidic (low pH), causing increased Mn and Al. Sulfur plays a role in the preparation of CoA, vitamins, biotin, and thiamine. Sulfur deficiency in plants causes buried amino acids in plant tissue, leaf chlorosis experience, in legume root nodules deficiency causes reduced sulfur, inhibiting the preparation of protein, amino acid levels decrease, the plant end thickened (crimping). Functions of plant nutrients can’t be replaced by other nutrients, and if not there is a plant nutrient, the metabolic activity will disturbed or stopped altogether. Nutrient deficient plants will show symptoms of deficient. These symptoms will disappear when adding plant nutrients in the soil or leaf through.To determine plant nutrients in the soil necessary to analyze the soil and plants. Micro nutrients that plants need in small quantities such as Iron (Fe), manganese ( Mn ) , zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), Boron (B), Chlorine (Cl)