![Solar arrays
The solar array can be mounted in six ways:
• horizontal. This most common arrangement gives most overall power during most of the
day in low latitudes or higher latitude summers and offers little interaction with the wind.
Horizontal arrays can be integrated or be in the form of a free canopy.
• vertical. This arrangement is sometimes found in free standing or integrated sails to
harness wind energy.[4]
Useful solar power is limited to mornings, evenings, or winters and
when the vehicle is pointing in the right direction.
• adjustable. Free solar arrays can often be tilted around the axis of travel in order to increase
power when the sun is low and well to the side. An alternative is to tilt the whole vehicle
when parked. Two-axis adjustment is only found on marine vehicles, where the
aerodynamic resistance is of less importance than with road vehicles.
• integrated. Some vehicles cover every available surface with solar cells. Some of the cells
will be at an optimal angle whereas others will be shaded.
• trailer. Solar trailers are especially useful for retrofitting existing vehicles with little
stability, e.g. bicycles. Some trailers also include the batteries and others also the drive
motor.
• remote. By mounting the solar array at a stationary location instead of the vehicle, power
can be maximised and resistance minimized. The virtual grid-connection however involves
more electrical losses than with true solar vehicles and the battery must be larger.
The choice of solar array geometry involves an optimization between power output, aerodynamic
resistance and vehicle mass, as well as practical considerations. For example, a free horizontal
canopy gives 2-3 times the surface area of a vehicle with integrated cells but offers better cooling
of the cells and shading of the riders. There are also thin flexible solar arrays in development.
Solar arrays on solar cars are mounted and encapsulated very differently from stationary solar
arrays. Solar arrays on solar cars are usually mounted using industrial grade double-sided adhesive
tape right onto the car's body. The arrays are encapsulated using thin layers of Tedlar.
Some solar cars use gallium arsenide solar cells, with efficiencies around thirty percent. Other
solar cars use silicon solar cells, with efficiencies around twenty percent.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solarcityreport-210720063756/85/Solar-city-report-27-320.jpg)
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Solar city report
- 1. Savitribai Phule Pune University A Project Based Learning Report SOLAR CITY By Om Joshi Rutik Rathod Kaustubh Mahandule Tushar Survase Anirudha Wagholikar Vaibhav Bhalerao Guide by- Prof. R. F. Dunde PES’s Modern College of Engineering First Year Engineering 2020-21
- 3. CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report “ SOLAR CITY” is the Bonafide work OM JOSHI RUTIK RATHOD KAUSTUBH MAHANDULE TUSHAR SURVASE ANIRUDHA WAGHOLIKAR VAIBHAV BHALERAO who carried out the project work under my supervision. Prof. R. F. Dunde Mrs. K. R. Joshi Head of Department Principle MCHANICAL ENGINEERING PES’s Modern College of Engineering Savitribai Phule Pune University
- 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my project guide Prof. R.F. Dunde as well as our principal Mrs. K. R. Joshi who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic SOLAR CITY, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame. Date : 16-07-2021 Place : PES Modern College of Engineering
- 5. TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE LIST OF FIGURES vi CONTENT vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 Solar and India 2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT 12 3.0 OBJECTIVES 13 3.1 Energy saving 3.2 Environmental impact 3.3 Installation 3.4 Economical Impact 4.0 METHODOLOGY 15 5.0 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT 16
- 6. 6.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 6.1 Streetlight 6.2 Solar fabrics 6.3 Floating Solar Panels 6.4 Solar Roadways 6.5 Solar car 17 7.0 FUTURE SCOPE 27 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 30
- 7. LIST OF FIGURES FIG. NO FIG. NAME PURPOSE REFERENCES 1 PHOTOVOLTIC POWER POTENTIAL TO SHOW AMOUNT OF SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCIBLE AS PER REGION 2020 The World Bank, Source: Global Solar Atlas 2.0, Solar resource data 2 SURVEY OF SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY PRODUCTION BY COUNTRIES IN % https://en.wikipedia.co m
- 9. ABSTRACT Solar energy is inexhaustible, freely available and clean source of energy generation. The solar energy production system generates variable output, its operation depends upon the solar irradiance. As per the upcoming theories and researches solar energy is the one of the best option that we have to be independent on fossil fuels and other non-renewable sources. From last two decades solar energy production and their distribution has raised by 37% which is shown by global energy producing agencies. Nowadays there are too many solar energy generation devices are present in global market and in this project we had studied some of those energy production devices. Moreover, solar energy is extremely environment friendly because it can reduce 40 million tons of CO2 emissions each year with the inception of solar grids that meet only 1% of electric energy demand around world. Currently, solar cells, solar power plants and solar collectors are some of the practical applications of harvesting solar energy to fulfil clean energy demand of world . For solar energy to be considered as major renewable energy contributor, the devices used in its generation must be improved in terms of their performance because the revolutionary developments in this field are possible only if conversion, storage and utilization are done effectively.
- 10. 1. INTRODUCTION The large usage of the fossil fuels, like the oil, the gas and the coal, results in greenhouse effect and pollutes the atmosphere. Meanwhile, there is a huge conflict between the fossil fuels supply and the global energy demand leading to a hike oil price in the market. The energy shortage and the atmosphere pollution have been the major limitations for thehuman development. In order to meet the rising global energy demand from environmental friendly sources, various renewable energy are given attention. Energy produced and radiated by sun is known as solar energy. This solar energy can be converted directly or indirectly into other forms of energy such as heat and electricity. Now it has been proved that the solar energy can be stored by either of these methods: I. By producing hydrogen and storing it. ii. By storing it in mechanical or electrical devices. iii. By storing it in containers of chemicals called eutectic or phase changing salts. Most of the energy is received from the Sun in the form of short wave radiations of light. When this radiation strikes a solid or liquid, it gets absorbed and transformed into heat energy. This heat energy is either stored (warming the material) or is conducted to the surrounding materials (air, water etc.) or is re-radiated (in the form of a long wave radiation) to the other material having relatively lower temperature. Glass possess very little interference to the incoming solar energy i.e. it easily transmits short wave radiation whereas it is a very poor transmitter of long wave radiation i.e. once the solar energy has passed through the glass and has been absorbed by some material (black painted surface) inner to it, then the heat will not be re-radiated back, out of the glass (thus glass acts as a heat trap). This is the physical principle for the conversion of solar energy into heat energy.
- 11. © 2020 The World Bank, Source: Global Solar Atlas 2.0, Solar resource data fig.1
- 12. 1.1 Solar energy and India Solar power in India is a fast-developing industry as part of the renewable energy in India. The country's solar installed capacity was 40.09 GW as of 31 March 2021. https://en.wikipedia.com Fig.2 Solar products have increasingly helped to meet rural needs; by the end of 2015 just under one million solar lanterns were sold in the country, reducing the need for kerosene. That year, 118,700 solar home lighting systems were installed and 46,655 solar street lighting installations were provided under a national program. Which means as the population is increasing the demand for energy is also increasing it means in India there will be biggest opportunity for solar energy production.
- 13. 2 Problem Statement Problem Today, the whole world uses electricity - it’s impossible to imagine a life without it. We depend on it for refrigeration, heating, transportation, hospitals, communication systems and many other essential services that maintain our way of life. The major sources of electricity production that we utilize are coal and oil, both of which produce pollutants to the atmosphere and the environment. By relying on these nonrenewable energy sources, the price of energy will increase exponentially, and eventually be too expensive to incorporate into power stations. We had acknowledged this pressing issue and has decided to focus on solar energy to replace nonrenewable resources. With improved and more advanced solar panels being designed each year, there is a way out of the fossil fuel slope as solar energy becomes as cost efficient as coal and oil. However, with this new field there are many problems to tackle before it can take its place as the leading energy source. We want to assist in solving one of solar energy’s pressing issues that plague all solar panels, the vulnerability of solar panels being exposed to erosion and piling-up of debris. Significance Much of solar cell research is funneled into increasing the efficiency of the solar cell. However, this research is sparked in part by the lack of a solar cell’s ability to maintain efficiency due to inner circuitry decay and exterior conditions. Environmental debris plays a significant role as it is the condition in which we humans have the least control over, but can be easily remedied. There are three main reasons why our solution is needed: 1) Solar panels put in the desert can easily be covered by fine particles of sand due to the wind. Sand coating can decrease solar cell efficiency by 15%. 2) The high cost of maintenance is a deterrent to some looking to buy into the industry (solarpoweristhefuture.com). 3) Current solar panel owners could save $5,000-$10,000 a year with a cheap cleaning system (winsol.com).
- 14. 3 Objectives 1) Energy Saving- The usage of electricity is commensurate with the energy costs. It therefore means that the more you use electricity, the more you’ll have to pay for it. To make matters worse, we are in an age where almost all our essential tech devices need constant charge to function as desired. For this reason, electricity bills will continue to amount as long as we continue depending on our tech devices to carry out our day-to-day activities. Fortunately, the sun offers a reliable and affordable alternative source of power. Because the sun freely exists and is inexhaustible, it can be harnessed and used to provide for our daily power needs. Solar utilizes lower powered items such as LED / CFL lamps, lower powered electronics, etc. that do not use as much power as standard electric systems. Also, LEDs are powered from 12 VDC initially and require AC adapters to power with standard electric. By using DC power for LEDs, they are able to operate more efficiently by providing lighter and less heat. In this way electricity can be saved. 2) Eco-Friendly- To promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenges. To create enabling environment for penetration of solar technology throughout the country we have to come forward to do our best for society and mother nature. Solar energy is purest form of energy. It helps to reduce pollution, carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide and too many hazardous gases which are killing us from last too many decades, going solar is the best option to save environment. 3) Easy Installation- Solar panels are easy to install, typically only needing a few bolts to hold them secure and some basic wiring. It has very simple mechanism, no complicated working and their life spam is also very high they are easy to handle, and if we talk about new upcoming technologies like solar fabrics, charger, power bank, solar cover etc. Are too much easy to carry. They are very easy to transportation and they do not need to install.
- 15. 4) Economical impact- increasing adoption of the solar energy in India, the demand for modules, inverters and allied hardware is also growing. However, there has a huge dependency on imports from China, Vietnam, Europe etc. Made in India boost will create a positive impact on our economy and reduce our dependency on imports. Manufacturing industries will require skilled professionals to meet high demand, thus creating and providing employment in this sector. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the Indian solar sector created 1,15,000 employment opportunities in 2018 and it will continue to increase in coming years. Adoption of solar energy transforms multiple problem areas into opportunities. This would fuel the economic growth, boost up made in India mission and create employment while making the world greener. Solar is commercially viable and environmentally responsible! Just go for it.
- 16. 4 Methodology- In this project of SOLAR CITY, we are trying to reach the all-possible ways to produce energy in maximum amount with the help of solar energy, which Is abundant on our earth. We are mainly focusing on making devices to concentrate and harness maximum amount energy from sun to make our earth pollution free, free to use, easily renewable, easy to use, handle, we can use all over the globe, with replacing the fossil fuels which are non-renewable. In our project we are working on solar fabrics, solar car, floating solar panels, solar agriculture equipment, solar home, solar roadways, solar street light and many more with the help of new technologies, research book, journals and applying practical knowledge. We are mainly focusing on complete this project in cheapest amount as possible and making them more energy efficient. 5 Organization of Report- The main goal of this project is to make all possible scientific equipment to harness solar energy more efficient and produce more sufficiently which is easily producible and convertible. As the outcome of this project there will be more economical benefits to whole world like infinite amount of energy source, more employability, green energy, energy balancing etc.
- 17. 6 Literature review- When we think of solar panels, chances are we think of roofs or giant arrays of glimmering panels in the desert. However, advances in photovoltaic (PV) technologies over the last decade have made possible many more smaller-scale applications for everyday living, on a more personal level. Improvements in design and configuration, energy storage, efficiency, and battery size have created opportunities for solar energy in a variety of situations, some of which you have probably not considered—including off-grid scenarios that can help you survive emergency situations. Below are nine examples of innovative, low-cost ways solar energy is being used to enhance our daily lives. Streetlights- More cities across the world are powering streetlights with solar energy. The sun charges the batteries during the day, which then powers light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at night to illuminate the streets. San Diego is incorporating smart sensors into streetlights that can even direct drivers to open parking spaces and help first responders during emergency situations. Combining internet-linked sensors with solar powered streetlights saves both time and money. There is no additional electricity cost because the panels in a solar street light convert the solar power into electricity. It is also quick and easy to charge the batteries and they last for almost 5 years. And since the poles are wireless it is simple to install and there is no additional cost of hiring too many workers. The LED’s used in these lights provide clear visibility at night. They are colored to match up with the desired color rendering index to resemble the sunlight during the daytime. This clear light also helps the pedestrians and the vehicles to avoid accidents.
- 18. They are designed in a way that as soon as it detects that the ambient light is not enough. In the case of low lights, the LED’s are automatically switched on. So sensing the outdoor light the solar lights automatically switch either on or off. This feature is really marvelous because it uses a special lens which helps to adjust the brightness level based on the battery voltage and running time. This helps to increase the backup time of the light. It is the responsibility of each and every individual to take care of the environment. The invention of these lights exactly helps in minimizing the amount of waste and reduces carbon footprints. The LED’s used in these lights contains no toxic elements and so it helps to protect the environment from any toxic waste. In areas where there is no traffic in the night, it is not necessary to have the street lights switched on the whole night. Motion sensor helps in saving energy as it detects any motion either of a pedestrian or of a vehicle and switches all the LED’s on. Also, another smart feature that this motion sensor has is that if it detects that there is no motion for more than 16 seconds, then all the LED’s will automatically reduce brightness. Some of the solar street lights are also powered by footsteps which mean that the batteries get charged from the kinetic energy powered by the pedestrians’ footsteps. Our product, Zonstreet Plus, comes with inbuilt Lithium-ion battery and motion sensors. Solar street lights can be operated and controlled either by a mobile phone or a computer from any location. This feature helps in adjusting settings of the light either to dim the light or to increase the brightness from a remote place without physically being present at the location. It also provides information in real time and helps to determine if there are any problems or if the light is out of order even before a complaint is received from the public. This system makes it easy to check on the status of the solar voltage, the battery voltage also provides data for the previous day usage of the voltage. This saves a lot of energy and does not require any worker to manually check on it. Zonstreet GSM, one of our innovative products comes with inbuilt GSM card. It can be remotely monitored and controlled using the smartphone. These are some features of solar street lights which make it a better option over a traditional street light. We can confidently say that solar-powered lights will inevitably be the street lights of the
- 19. future. And investing and installing in these will play a major part in a clean, green environment. This will also contribute to a brighter future for the coming generations. Solar Fabric- Solar fabric is an application of solar technology with a wide range of applications. Solar cells are woven into textile fibers and generate convenient solar electricity. “One version, created by FTL Solar, can literally be pitched like a tent to provide both shelter and electricity,” writes Hicks. “Consider the endless possibilities: military, rescue operations, disaster relief, recreational options, medical units, and even temporary housing. Any place you need flexible convenient solar power, solar fabric is your answer.” Solar Fabric is poised to change the face of wearable electronics. Imagine keeping your smartphone charged, or tracking your fitness and activity levels, just by wearing a certain textile — and without having to carry along a charger cord. Imagine a future when all your energy needs are created by the solar fabric clothing you wear -the textiles you use on a day to day basis. Solar cell fabric is a fabric with embedded photovoltaic (PV) cells which generate electricity when exposed to light. Traditional silicon based solar cells are expensive to manufacture, rigid and fragile. Although less efficient, thin-film cells and organic polymer based cells can be produced quickly and cheaply. They are also flexible and can be stitched onto fabric. According to an article from New Scientist researchers have built a PV cell in the layers around a fiber, creating a tiny cylindrical cell. No longer limited to rooftops and poles, solar collection could work silently and unobtrusively from everyday objects. A 30-year-old Spanish engineer has developed a way to integrate solar cells into textiles, paving the way for cheap energy generation through flexible materials such as awnings or parasols. Ana Rodes, a native of Alcoy in the Valencia region, is head of the sustainability and circular economy technical department at AITEX, a leading research group that works to incorporate emerging technologies into the textile industry.
- 20. solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is evolving so fast that scientists in South Korea recently created ultra-thin flexible solar cells, as thin as a human hair. Fabrics are no longer just a key player in fashion. Just last year, The White House announced a new manufacturing innovation centre; The Revolutionary Fibers and Textiles Institute for Manufacturing Innovation Hub. The aim being to secure US leadership in revolutionary fibres and textile manufacturing. Properties being researched varied greatly. From being lightweight and flame resistant, to extremely strong and containing electronic sensors. These developments could lead to future textiles playing a pivotal role in the protection of service men and women, firefighters and the such. Imagine a wounded soldier wearing a uniform made with fabric containing sensors, which detect if they need to be treated compression bandages. Or technology that can steer parachute fabric by changing the permeability. Floating Solar Panels- Projects in 2007-2010 The Aichi project was the first solar project known to have ever been constructed on water. It was realized by a group of researchers from the National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology in Japan and financed by the Japanese Ministry for the Environment. The aim of this research was to introduce the concept of floating PV systems as well as an analysis of the effect of module temperature on the PV system performance. The Far Niente Wineries claimed to have the first significant, grid-connected solar system installed on water. The installa-tion was managed by SPG Solar. The so called Floatovoltaic system is made up of modular crystalline PV panels mounted on pontoons in a pond . The floating structure has in-built walkways between each row of panels to allow for ease of access for cleaning and maintenance of the panels.A second vineyard in California, Gundlach Bundschu, also adopted the same approach as that constructed in Far Niente, The installation was also managed by SPG Solar. The difference between the two systems was the PV array size: the system installed in a pond at Far Niente exceeded the 175kWp while that at Gundlach Bundschu was reasonably smaller at the only project known to be installed in 2010 was that at a Winery in Suverto, Italy. The difference between this system and any of the systems discussed so far is that it is installed with a tracking mechanism which rotates the array according to the motion of the sun; also a reflector is installed in front of the panel to maximize on the amount of solar radiation received. The safety and tracking feature were analysed by a research group at Sciaena Industria Technologia (SCINTEC), while the design and construction was taken care of
- 21. by Terra Moretti Holdings. This concept is referred to as Floating Tracking Cooling Concentrating Systems (FTCC). A major percentage of the structure is made out of metal struts that hold the crystalline panels at an optimal angle of 40° and reflector in front while also tracking the suns motion. The same research group who investigated the tracking feature at Petra’s Winery above also developed the following installation in a Lake in Pisa, Italy. This time, the panels were placed horizontally with reflectors forming a V-shape on either edge to maximize the amount of in- coming radiation. In turn, this implies higher working temperatures, however in this case, the panels were in closer prox-imity to the water, and so the cooling effect was more effective than the configuration of the Suvereto project above . Note that a tracking system was also employed for this configuration. Results prove that this configuration yielded higher results to the Suvereto project and so it makes it a fa-vored concept. In fact, it was reported that this configuration yielded an increase of 60-70% in annual output compared to conventional land based PV system. A new organization to enter this scene is Ciel et Terre whose first floating photovoltaic project was to construct a floating PV system in a vacant and flooded quarry at Piolenc in France. Metal struts hold the array together while also maintaining the modules at an angle, tilted to the sun. Floats are placed and connected under each row of panels within the array to keep the system afloat. The floats are specifically made from High density polyethylene (HDPE) for particular resistance to UV and corrosion which in turn results in a more durable option compared to metal structure. The next floating solar system seen in 2011 was installed at a water treatment plant in New Jersey, USA. It was designed by ENERActive which features a unique mooring structure which allows the array to rise and fall with the water level of the reservoir while still holding the array securely. In fact, this was the most challenging part of this project. The last project presented in 2011 is the first of a number of investments by the Korea Water Resources Corpo-ration (K- Water), This 100 kWp solar system is situated in a South Korean dam called Hapcheon. The materials chosen for this structure contain enhanced water and moisture resistance to reduce the possibility of structure freezing and thus rupture. SCINTEC, together with Koinè Multimedia, is again seen to help design another floating solar project also an FTCC, this time in Cheogju, South Korea. This project, built by Techwin, was particularly challenging since the panels were to be placed in water which is subject to freezing in the winter months . Special attention was given while selecting each individual component to be able to withstand both the seasonal freezing and thawing cycles. A research project was set up in Singapore and is located in Bishan Park. It was developed by Phoenix Solar as a pilot project. This 5kWp system is mounted at an angle of 10° where the modules are placed on linked UV-resistant floats. The structure is moored to the lake bed from the 4 adjacent points. Another research project of 0.5 kWp was also set up in 2013 on a small pond in Sudbury, Canada . The nature of its structure is different to the projects we have dis- cussed so far since the solar cells are not mounted on a pon-toon or float but rather the cells
- 22. themselves are extended on the surface of the water. The idea behind this is to make use of laminated thin film solar cells with air pockets enclosed within to allow for a flexible floating concept directly on the water’s surface. The developers of this project, MIRARCO, claim that such a system would not endure as much stresses given by waves, tideand high winds as is experienced by the pontoon mounted systems. Project in 2014 and onward- Born in France, the Hydrelio system is an innovative system to realize water-based solar power generation. High design technology made it possible to build water solar photovoltaic facilities using anchors. Hydrelio is a float module system developed by Shell Tail to build water solar photovoltaic (solar power). The basic module consists of two floats made of high density polyethylene (HDPE). The main float can be fitted with solar panels with standard 60 cells installed and the second float connects the floats and serves as a foothold for maintenance. Connect these floats with a connecting pin system to form solar islands. Hydrelio system is a small and area that enables the implementation of solar power generation projects without deforestation, soil pollution, and water pollution by effectively utilizing irrigation ponds, reservoirs, and dams scattered throughout Japan. It is a particularly innovative water-installed solar system that is particularly suitable for. In addition, since the natural cooling effect is obtained for modules and cables by installing on the water, it is expected to have higher power generation efficiency compared to the ground installation type, realizing excellent cost effectiveness such as shortening the construction period with a simple structure.RECisshowcasing its floating solar photovoltaic (PV) installation at a government site in West Java for the first time in Indonesia . REC has partnered PT Kas Green Energy, a local independent power producer (IPP), to introduce the concept of a floating solar installation through a pilot project at Electricity & Renewable Energy Museum (Museum Listrik dan Energi Baru – MLEB), Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. REC solar PV panels are quickly installed on “Hydrelio” pon-toons which are 100% recyclable and are easy to dismantle. Made of high density polyethylene (HDPE), they can be in-stalled safely on drinking water reservoirs and are resistant to UV light. Young-Kwan Choi et al has compared and analyzed the generation efficiency of floating and land photovoltaic systems. Floating PV has shown greater generation efficiency by over 10% compared with the general PV systems installed overland. This paper compares and analyzes the empirical data of the floating PV system, which K-water has installed, with that of the existing overland PV and has verified that the generating efficiency of floating PV system is superior by 11% and more . Jinyoung Song and Yosoon have analyzed the potential of floating PV systems on a mine pit lake in Korea to break this misconception . According to this analysis, however creating a pit lake in an open-pit mine and using it for a large-scale floating PV system is economically beneficial and could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions . Considering the environmental and
- 23. economic gains from greenhouse gas reduction and electricity sales, a floating PV system on a pit lake of an abandoned mine site is considered an efficient reuse option for abandoned mines. Solar Roadways- The company was founded in 2006 by Scott and Julie Brusaw, with Scott as President and CEO. They envisioned replacing asphalt surfaces with structurally engineered solar panels capable of withstanding vehicular traffic. The proposed system would require the development of strong, transparent, and self-cleaning glass with the necessary traction and impact-resistance properties at competitive cost. In 2009, Solar Roadways received a $100,000 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant from the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) for Phase I to determine the feasibility of the proposed project. In 2011, Solar Roadways received a $750,000 SBIR grant from the DOT for Phase II to develop and build a solar parking lot; from this, they built a 12-by-36-foot (3.7 by 11.0 m) parking lot covered with hexagonal glass-covered solar panels sitting on top of a concrete base, heated to prevent snow and ice accumulation, with LEDs to illuminate road lines and display messages. According to the Brusaws, the panels can sustain a 250,000 lb (110,000 kg) load. In April 2014, the company started a crowdfunding drive at Indiegogo to raise money so they could get the product into production. The campaign raised 2.2 million dollars and became Indiegogo’s most popular campaign ever in terms of the number of backers it attracted. The success was attributed in part to a tweet made by actor George Takei, due to his more than 8 million followers. One of the Brusaws’ videos went viral, with over 20 million views as of November 2015. In December 2015, the USDOT announced that it had awarded Solar Roadways a Phase IIB SBIR contract to further their research. In 2016 they were given an additional $750,000. The first public installation was in Jeff Jones Town Square in Sandpoint, Idaho. It opened to the public on September 30, 2016, as a pilot installation for a pedestrian walkway. This installation consists of 30 Solar Roadways SR3 panels, covering an area of roughly 150 square feet (14 m2 ). The cost of this installation was roughly $60,000, with the majority of the money coming from a grant from the Idaho Department of Commerce ($47,134), and a $10,000 grant from the Sandpoint Urban Renewal Agency.
- 24. A webcam was installed to broadcast a view of the installation. The 30 tiles in Sandpoint generated power which was fed into the electricity meter at Jeff Jones Town Square, averaging around ¼ kWh per day during their most productive month, August 2018. For comparison, a typical home solar panel produces 1.45 kWh per typical day.In December 2018, Solar Roadways shut down the SR3 pilot installation in Sandpoint after some problems started to emerge. LEDs in certain colors started to fade unexpectedly, and snow caused problems for the heating elements because of the metal strips which cover the gap between the panels. Scott Brusaw said Solar Roadways would install their newest SR4 prototype in 2019 at no cost to the city. SR4 is due to have rubber strips to mitigate problems with heat distribution. In June 2019, Solar Roadways announced a second pilot installation in Baltimore, Maryland. It will be a 36-panel display of the new SR4 model installed at the Inner Harbor tourist destination. The company has also made a deal with a manufacturer to increase production which was limited to three panels per day. In 2014, Jonathan Levine, a professor of urban planning at the University of Michigan, expressed doubt regarding the political feasibility of the project on a national scale. He suggested, however, that a single town might be able to deploy the concept in a limited test case such as a parking lot. Journalist David Biello, writing in Scientific American, noted the difficulties of the project in dealing with material limitations, particularly in its choice of making the surface of the panels from glass, which "must be tempered, self-cleaning, and capable of transmitting light to the PV below under trying conditions, among other characteristics—a type of glass that does not yet exist." Sebastian Anthony noted in ExtremeTech that the cost to replace all roads in the United States with Solar Roadways panels would come to approximately $56 trillion, based on Scott Brusaw's cost estimate of $10,000 for a 12-by-12-foot (3.7 m × 3.7 m) section. The USDOT announcement of Phase IIB funding in December 2015 mentioned that because the solar cells were still manufactured by hand, they were "very costly to produce". Phil Mason, a British chemist who runs a YouTube vlog, made a similar argument about cost, adding his doubts about traction on a glass surface. Solar Roadways conducted its own lab tests using a British Pendulum Skid Resistance Tester and claimed the results suggested that the texture was "sufficient to stop a vehicle going 80 mph (130 km/h) on a wet surface in the required distance". US Department of Transportation engineer Eric Weaver commented on those tests, saying, "We can’t say that it would be safe for roadway vehicular traffic. Further field-traffic evaluation is needed to determine safety and durability performance."
- 25. Phase I Research August, 2009 Solar Roadways Incorporated is awarded a Phase I SBIR (Small Business Innovative Research) contract by the U.S. Department of Transportation. The 6-month $100,000 Phase I contract is for “a detailed concept that demonstrates the viability of creating a prototype that satisfies the attributes described below: 1. It generates its own power; either through the energy of the sun or perhaps the energy of the moving vehicle mass traveling over the pavement. 2. It is intelligent enough to transfer the power generated to where it is most needed or to a temporary storage apparatus. 3. It is made of recycled or other sustainable materials. 4. It can be modular for ease of replacing worn or damaged sections. 5. It is durable enough to withstand repeated loading from heavy traffic at or above the level of current pavement systems 6. It meets or exceeds safety characteristics of existing pavement systems. 7. It mitigates water runoff through either permeability or designed retention and filtration. 8. It is at a cost that allows it to be financially self-sustaining; meaning that the benefits of power generation and water runoff mitigation over the design life outweigh its initial cost. Glass To make a solar panel that could withstand the abuse of fully-loaded semi-trucks, a protective case had to be created to protect the sensitive solar cells and electronics inside. In addition, the surface of this case had to be transparent to allow the sunlight to reach the solar cells inside. Deciding what to make this protective case out of was a materials engineering problem. Scott Brusaw is an electrical engineer (BEE, MSEE), so he looked up the top materials research labs in the nation. Penn State’s Materials Research Institute and the University of Dayton’s Research Institute were at the top of the list. Scott traveled to both universities and met with their materials research professors. Both research labs, without hesitation, suggested the use of glass for the surface. Unlike plastic, the optical properties of glass are stable against solarization (long-term darkening) and other UV induced mechanisms of material degradation. Float glass was recommended due to its widespread commercial availability and relatively low cost. Float glass comes in different forms. The greenish glass shown above is called soda lime glass and is the most common type. Windows and bottles are typically made of soda lime glass. The green tint is caused by the iron content of the glass. This same iron content negatively affects the transmittance (ability to pass sunlight) of the glass, so a low-iron glass was selected. Due to the very limited budget of the Phase I prototype, glass was only studied, but not yet used during this round of funding. The findings were applied in Phase II.
- 26. Stormwater Stormwater is just rain or melting snow that makes its way from our roads to our waterways. Imagine a heavy downpour: the stormwater flows across lawns/fields and picks up fertilizer, pesticides, etc. It then flows into the street, where it picks up vehicle droppings such as oil, antifreeze, etc. Currently, this toxic cocktail finds its way into our streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Some studies show that over 50-percent of water pollution is caused by stormwater. Capturing and filtering the stormwater before it reaches the waterways could solve the problem. A physicist/hydrologist who visited us once shared that, if we could move water just 200 miles in this country, we could eliminate drought conditions. By lining the sides of our roadways with stormwater retention systems, we could do the initial filtering. By including pumps, the stormwater could then be moved to areas for additional filtering and then to aquafers or agricultural centers. In colder climates, the stormwater could be stored below the frost line to prevent freezing. Electronics, firmware, and software The SR1 was designed around a 32×32 array of LED cells. Each cell contains 3 white and 3 yellow LEDs to simulate any road line paint configuration. This required 64 circuit boards to create the 12-foot by 12-foot SR1. 12-feet is the largest standard U.S. lane width. Another circuit board was needed for the microprocessor control unit. Scott Brusaw designed the two circuit boards required. 68 of the LED circuit boards were assembled and tested: 64 for the SR1 and another four for a prototype crosswalk panel. Three microprocessor boards were assembled and tested. These were the control/communications boards for the stormwater control system, the Solar Road Panel, and the Sidewalk Panel. An XBee RF module was added to the microprocessor board to incorporate wireless communication. Solar Car- The first model solar car invented was a tiny 15-inch vehicle created by General Motors employee, William G. Cobb. Designated the Sunmobile, he displayed it in 1955 at the Chicago, Powerama convention. It was made up of 12 selenium photovoltaic cells and a small electric motor. The solar array consists of hundreds of solar cells converting sunlight into electricity. In order to construct an array, PV cells are placed together to form modules which are placed together to form an array. The larger arrays in use can produce over 2 kilowatts (2.6 hp).
- 27. Solar arrays The solar array can be mounted in six ways: • horizontal. This most common arrangement gives most overall power during most of the day in low latitudes or higher latitude summers and offers little interaction with the wind. Horizontal arrays can be integrated or be in the form of a free canopy. • vertical. This arrangement is sometimes found in free standing or integrated sails to harness wind energy.[4] Useful solar power is limited to mornings, evenings, or winters and when the vehicle is pointing in the right direction. • adjustable. Free solar arrays can often be tilted around the axis of travel in order to increase power when the sun is low and well to the side. An alternative is to tilt the whole vehicle when parked. Two-axis adjustment is only found on marine vehicles, where the aerodynamic resistance is of less importance than with road vehicles. • integrated. Some vehicles cover every available surface with solar cells. Some of the cells will be at an optimal angle whereas others will be shaded. • trailer. Solar trailers are especially useful for retrofitting existing vehicles with little stability, e.g. bicycles. Some trailers also include the batteries and others also the drive motor. • remote. By mounting the solar array at a stationary location instead of the vehicle, power can be maximised and resistance minimized. The virtual grid-connection however involves more electrical losses than with true solar vehicles and the battery must be larger. The choice of solar array geometry involves an optimization between power output, aerodynamic resistance and vehicle mass, as well as practical considerations. For example, a free horizontal canopy gives 2-3 times the surface area of a vehicle with integrated cells but offers better cooling of the cells and shading of the riders. There are also thin flexible solar arrays in development. Solar arrays on solar cars are mounted and encapsulated very differently from stationary solar arrays. Solar arrays on solar cars are usually mounted using industrial grade double-sided adhesive tape right onto the car's body. The arrays are encapsulated using thin layers of Tedlar. Some solar cars use gallium arsenide solar cells, with efficiencies around thirty percent. Other solar cars use silicon solar cells, with efficiencies around twenty percent.
- 28. 7 Future scope- Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is at the heart of the world’s accelerating shift from climate-damaging fossil fuels towards clean, renewable forms of energy. The steady rise of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation forms a vital part of this global energy transformation. In addition to fulfilling the Paris Agreement, renewables are crucial to reduce air pollution, improve health and well-being, and provide affordable energy access worldwide. This paper from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) presents options to speed up deployment and fully unlock the world’s vast solar PV potential over the period until 2050. The analysis follows the REmap Case outlined in IRENA’s Global Energy Transformation roadmap, which highlights ways to step up the energy transformation over the next three decades in contrast to current plans. Specifically, the paper highlights the growth needed in solar PV to achieve climate goals. It also offers insights on cost reduction, technology trends and the need to prepare electricity grids for rising shares of solar PV. Among the findings: • Accelerated solar PV deployment coupled with deep electrification could deliver 21% of the CO₂ emission reductions (nearly 4.9 gigatonnes annually) by 2050. • Solar PV could cover a quarter of global electricity needs by mid-century, becoming the second largest generation source after wind. • Global capacity must reach 18 times current levels, or more than 8 000 gigawatts by 2050. • Asia would continue to dominate solar PV use, with over 50% of installed capacity, followed by North America (20%) and Europe (10%). • Solar PV project costs, already below marginal fossil-fuel costs in global terms, are set to decline further in the decades ahead.
- 29. • Mobilizing finance will be key, with IRENA’s roadmap estimates implying a 68% increase in average annual solar PV investment until 2050. • Solar PV is a fast-evolving industry, with innovations along the entire value chain driving further, rapid cost reductions. Floating PV is a prime example, with global cumulative installed capacity exceeding one gigawatt in 2018 and clear potential for rapid growth • Rooftop solar PV systems have spread rapidly thanks to supporting policies, such as net metering and fiscal incentives. • Energy transformation brings socio-economic benefits. The global solar industry could employ over 18 million people by 2050. Modern day solar panels have a maximum efficiency of about 33%, meaning that much of the sun’s solar radiation goes to waste even under the most ideal circumstances. This is a major obstacle that solar energy systems must overcome to achieve exponential growth in the energy industry.Because of this inefficiency, the solar industry is investing heavily in finding new ways of improving the efficiency of solar energy systems, with 3 of the biggest developments being in solar energy storage, perovskites, and multi-junction cells. A major obstacle to solar energy production comes in the form of solar energy storage.Solar energy storage is crucial to the success of future energy systems because, without it, any excess electricity that is generated throughout the day cannot be utilized at a later time when sunlight isn’t as plentiful (like at night).Energy storage allows solar energy plants to store excess energy so that it can be sold and used at a later time for a variety of reasons, including load leveling, emergency preparedness, and grid stabilization.While these solar battery storage systems seem like a no- brainer, there is still much work to be done in bringing down the costs of these systems as they primarily consist of expensive lithium-ion batteries. As costs go down and efficiency goes up, we should start to see battery storage installations become more commonplace in the future. If you were asked to describe the location of a typical solar installation, you would probably describe a rooftop of some sort, or maybe a cornfield in the Midwest that has been converted into a modern-day solar farm. What probably doesn’t come to mind is a whole bunch of panels floating in the ocean; however, in China, that’s exactly what’s happening. In June of 2017, China flipped the switch on the world’s largest floating solar farm, capable of producing 40 megawatts of power and powering up to 15,000 homes. While it seems like an odd idea, building a solar farm in this manner allows the panels to be cooled by the ocean water, while at the same time, protecting existing land-based agricultural and terrestrial ecosystems from re-development.This sort of solar installation would be especially beneficial for smaller nations that lack adequate land for the large, utility-scale solar farms, as they could now turn to the open ocean for their energy production needs
- 30. 8Conclusion- Solar cells are very clean way to produce electricity, with no greenhouse gas effect over their lifetime. Solar power is an immense source of directly useable energy and ultimately creates other energy resources: biomass, wind, hydropower and wave energy. Most of the Earth's surface receives sufficient solar energy to permit low-grade heating of water and buildings, although there are large variations with latitude and season. At low latitudes, simple mirror devices can concentrate solar energy sufficiently for cooking and even for driving steam turbines. The energy of light shifts electrons in some semiconducting materials. This photovoltaic effect is capable of large-scale electricity generation. However, the present low efficiency of solar PV cells demands very large areas to supply electricity demands. Direct use of solar energy is the only renewable means capable of ultimately supplanting current global energy supply from non-renewable sources, but at the expense of a land area of at least half a million km2 . Solar energy is not only environmentally sound but they also result in comprehensive economic and social gains. An important benefit of solar energy is the secure and independent energy supply in rural and remote areas that can advance the development process more rapidly at lower cost than comparable efforts based on non-renewable conventional energy sources. Of equal importance are the benefits that solar energy use allows rapid improvement in life standards. In conclusion, the opportunities for using the solar energy in Mongolian Ger of nomadic families are considerable. Taking advantages of the existing elements of Ger it is possible to design solar system suitable in nomadic life-style. It will not only facilitate the energy system of the country supplying the rural population with energy but also result in improvement of life standards. Furthermore, it also makes it possible to use small devices such as portable computer to connect to the internet services by satellite transmission so that the people in the immense grasslands could make shorter the distance with the civilization and communicate with the world.
- 31. References- ➢ Reference Books Bourgin, Yohann (October 25, 2016). "High Tech. Ségolène Royal lance la première route solaire dans l'Orne". Sud-Ouest. Retrieved November 2, 2016. Hammarstrom L. and Hammes-Schiffer S. Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels. Accounts of Chemical Research 2009; 42 (12): 1859–60. Apte, J.; et al. "Future Advanced Windows for Zero-Energy Homes" (PDF). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.