Some facts about plant breeding before the discovery of mendelism
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Before the rediscovery of Mendel's work in 1900, plant breeding involved: 1) Looking for and creating variability in plant traits, making combinations of this variability, and selecting phenotypes to propagate and maintain as varieties. 2) Ancient humans began selecting and propagating preferred plant varieties before recorded history. By Roman times, authors described selection techniques. 3) In the 18th century, knowledge of plant sexuality expanded and the first intentional crosses were made. Koelreuter's crosses between species demonstrated inheritance patterns.
Some facts about plant breeding before the discovery of mendelism
- 1. SOME FACTS ABOUT PLANT BREEDING BEFORE THE DISCOVERY OF MENDELISM GP 605: Advanced plant breeding systems (2+0) Presented By Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant PhD Research Scholar Department of Plant Biotechnology
- 2. Introduction In 1965 all over the world the fact was memorize that MENDEL published the results of his classic genetic experiments with garden peas His interpretation of these experiments immortalized MENDEL as the founder of exact genetics After this memorize and without minimizing in the least MENDEL's importance and that of his "rediscovery's", Plant breeding before the discovery of MENDEL's work for even long before 1900 much valuable work has been done
- 3. Rough outline of plant breeding Looking for and/or creating idiotypical variability Making combinations in this variability Selecting in this variability Giving "the right finish" to the selected material resulting into a variety Maintaining and propagating the material when once a variety is established
- 4. THE REMOTE PAST When man no longer gathered plants or plant parts then he started to grow useful plants Human selection pressure and natural selection pressure on populations of plants has been developed to grow useful plants At one moment man started to select most suitable plants Discarding those which looked less suitable for propagation This attempt was made before the start of recorded history
- 5. At Roman times VIRGIL (70-19 B.C.)- A permanent selection is required if a certain cereal variety is not to deteriorate the selected material served as a base on which a variety was further built up The obtained variety will subsequently have been maintained COLUMELLA (1st century A.C .)- Describes how to select plants from vines which should be kept for propagation
- 6. At Roman times cont… As appears from both prehistoric finds and written records, ages ago man started To pick out favorable phenotypes from the spontaneously present or developing variability to use them for propagation purposes
- 7. At Roman times cont… BOCK in 1546: The co-existence of a spinach variety with prick less fruits ("round seed") and one with prickly fruits ("sharp seed") first half of the seventeenth century tulips were obtained from spontaneously formed seed The flowers showed a wide range of colors In Turkey this method of producing new varieties has probably been applied even earlier in the seventeenth century people in France were familiar with varieties of cabbage lettuce
- 8. The Eighteenth Century H. F. ROBERTS The knowledge of sex in plants expanded and the first intentional crosses were made THOMAS FAIRCHILD crossed two species within the genus Dianthus In the second half of the century the work and school of LINNAEUS came much to the fore in many a branch of botanical science and binomial systems of classification of plants has been developed CAMERARIUS discovered, sex in plants whereas KOELREUTER was the first to apply CAMERARIUS' finds in scientifically orientated investigations .
- 9. KOELREUTER’s findings Study of pollen, pollination and fertilization Many crosses, mainly made between species, while he noted that only crosses between related species would generally be successful The discovery of the occurrence of sterility in the F1 of specific crosses The observation of the similarity between the reciprocal cross and the original one, at least in most cases The ascertainment of the phenomenon that the results of continued self- fertilization of successive generations of hybrids include types which closely resemble the parents The discovery of the possibility that certain characteristics of one of the parents are dominant in Fl plants, others being intermediary inherited The observation that F1 plants sometimes exceeded the best parents in growing power.
- 10. KOELREUTER’s findings cont… KOELREUTER'S work marked the importance of crossing for plant breeding So people were engaged in plant breeding as early as the second part of the eighteenth century Unfortunately KOELREUTER'S work did not receive the attention it deserved
- 11. THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY Great advances in plant breeding marked the first half of the 19th century Thomas Andrew Knight who purposely tried to obtain better varieties by crossing various cultivated crops He discovered in 1823 that the crosses of Pea white flower x purple flower yielded a purple Fl Patrick Shirreff began to breed wheat and oats in Scotland The first crosses in potatoes were carried out in the first part of the nineteenth century
- 12. THE SECOND PART OF THE 19TH CENTURY In plant breeding very much progress was made in the second part of the nineteenth century In this period MENDEL published his famous work Kl. De Vries who began to cross potatoes by the end of last century Hugo De Vries published the book on "Plant Breeding" in 1907 It may serve as a good starting point in the history of plant breeding
- 13. Thank You