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Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.
Organized and unorganized drugs are classified based on whether they are direct parts of plants or animals (organized) or derived through extraction or processing (unorganized). Organized drugs include plant parts like leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers. Unorganized drugs are prepared from plants through incision, drying, or extraction and do not contain cellular tissues, like latex, gums, resins, and plant exudates. Crude drugs can also come from animal sources like hormones and enzymes, as well as microbial, mineral, marine, plant tissue culture, semisynthetic, and recombinant DNA sources.
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Similar to Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.
Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.
- 1. SOURCES OF CRUDEDRUGS. ORGANIZED AND UNORGANIZED DRUGDS PREPARED BY MRS. MEGHA S SHAH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF PAHARMACOGNOSY AISSMS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, PUNE 1
- 2. SOURCES OF DRUGS Plantsources Animal sources Mineral/ Earth sources Microbiological sources Semi synthetic sources/ Synthetic sources Recombinant DNA technology 2
- 3. Plants Plant source isthe oldest source of drugs. Most of the drugs in ancient times were derived from plants. Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, stem, bark, fruits and roots etc Leaves: The leaves of Digitalis purpurea are the source of Digitoxin and Digoxin, which are cardiac glycosides. Leaves of Eucalyptus give oil of Eucalyptus, which is important component of cough syrup. Tobacco leaves give nicotine. Atropa belladonna leaves gives atropine. Flowers: Clove gives eugenol Vinca rosea gives vincristine and vinblastine Rose gives rose water used as tonic. 3
- 4. Plants Fruits: Senna podgives anthracene, which is a purgative (used in constipation) Calabar beans give physostigmine, which is cholinomimetic agent. Seeds: Seeds of Nux Vomica give strychnine, which is a CNS stimulant. Castor seeds give castor oil. Roots: Ipecacuanha root gives Emetine, used to induce vomiting as in accidental poisoning. It also has amoebicidal properties. Rauwolfia serpentina gives reserpine, a hypotensive agent. Reserpine was used for hypertension treatment. Bark: Cinchona bark gives quinine and quinidine, which are antimalarial drugs. Quinidine also has antiarrythmic properties. Stem: Kalmegh Hepatoprotective 4
- 5. Animal Sources Certain animalparts and animal products are used as drug in therapeutic. The maor group of animal products used in medicine is hormone, enzymes, animal, extractives organs and bile acids as well. Enzymes include pancreatin, pepsin, fibrinolysin, trypsin, chrymotrypsin, bile. Hormones include Thyroid, conjugated oestrogens, Insulin, Gonadotropins, Vasopressin, Oxytocin. Pancreas is a source of Insulin, used in treatment of Diabetes. Sheep thyroid is a source of thyroxin, used in hypertension. Cod liver is used as a source of vitamin A and D. Blood of animals is used in preparation of vaccines. Cochineal (dried full grown female insects) consist of carminic acid used as colouring agent for foods, drugs and for cosmetic products. 5
- 6. Mineral Sources i. Metallicand Non metallic sources: Iron is used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Mercurial salts are used in Syphilis. Zinc is used as zinc supplement. Zinc oxide paste is used in wounds and in eczema. Iodine is antiseptic. Iodine supplements are also used. Gold salts are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ii)Miscellaneous Sources: Fluorine has antiseptic properties. Borax has antiseptic properties as well. Selenium as selenium sulphide is used in anti-dandruff shampoos. Petroleum is used in preparation of liquid paraffin. 6
- 7. Marines The greater partof the earth surface is covered by seas and ocean, which contains about 5,00,000 species of marine organisms. Many of these compounds have shown pronounced biological activity. In the western medicine agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, protamine sulphate, spermaceti & cod and halibut liver oils are the established marine medicinal products. Macroalgae or seaweeds have been used as crude drugs in the treatment of iodine deficiency states such as goitre, etc. Some seaweed have also been utilized as sources of additional vitamins and in the treatment of anaemia during pregnancy. 7
- 8. Marines During the last30–40 years numerous novel compounds have been isolated from marine organisms having biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, antitumour, antiparasitic, anticoagulants, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and cardiovascular active products. Ara-A (Semisynthetic antiviral agent), Bryostatin (Anticancer agents) Octopamine (Cardiovascular agent) Bio-indol derivatives (Antiinflammatory) 8
- 9. Plant tissue culture Tissueculture is in vitro cultivation of plant cell or tissue under aseptic and controlled environmental conditions, in liquid or on semisolid well-defined nutrient medium for the production of primary and secondary metabolites or to regenerate plant. This technique affords alternative solution to problems arising due to current rate of extinction and decimation of flora and ecosystem. The whole process requires a well- equipped culture laboratory and nutrient medium. This process involves various steps, viz. preparation of nutrient medium containing inorganic and organic salts, supplemented with vitamins, plant growth hormone(s) and amino acids as well as sterilization of explant (source of plant tissue), glassware and other accessories inoculation and incubation. Applications: Production of Phytopharmaceuticals, Biochemical Conversions, Clonal Propagation (Micro-propagation), Production of Immobilized Plant Cell 9
- 10. Synthetic/ Semi syntheticSources I. Synthetic Sources: When the nucleus of the drug from natural source as well as its chemical structure is altered, we call it synthetic. Examples include Emetine Bismuth Iodide II. Semi Synthetic Source: When the nucleus of drug obtained from natural source is retained but the chemical structure is altered, we call it semi- synthetic. Examples include Apomorphine, Diacetyl morphine, Ethinyl Estradiol, Homatropine, Ampicillin and Methyl testosterone. Most of the drugs used now a days (such as antianxiety drugs, anti-convulsants) are semisynthetic forms. 10
- 11. Microbiological Sources Microorganism aresource of many immunizing biological like various vaccine production Virus vaccine (small pox, Rabies vaccine, Influenza vaccine, Poliomyelitis vaccine, Measles virus, Yellow fever vaccine, Hepatitis virus vaccine) Bacterial vaccine (Typhoid vaccine, BCG vaccine, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pertusis or whooping cough, Plague vaccine, Cholera vaccine) Penicillium notatum is a fungus which gives penicillin. Actino bacteria give Streptomycin. Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin and tobramycin are obtained from streptomycis and micromonosporas. Rickettsial vaccine: group of very small gram negative microorganism. Used for producing active immunity, against typhus fever. Tetanus toxoid and diptheria toxoid. 11
- 12. Biosynthetic sources (geneticallyengineered drugs) This is relatively a new field which is being developed by mixing discoveries from molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alteration, gene splicing, immunology and immune pharmacology. Drugs developed using living organisms with the help of biotechnology or genetic engineering are known as biologics, biopharmaceuticals, recombinant DNA expressed products, bioengineered, or genetically engineered drugs Examples include recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine, recombinant insulin and others. 12
- 13. Recombinant DNA technology:Recombinant DNA technology involves cleavage of DNA by enzyme restriction endonucleases. The desired gene is coupled to rapidly replicating DNA (viral, bacterial or plasmid) The new genetic combination is inserted into the bacterial cultures which allow production of vast amount of genetic material. Advantages: Huge amounts of drugs can be produced. Drug can be obtained in pure form. It is less antigenic. Disadvantages: Well equipped lab is required. Highly trained staff is required. It is a complex and complicated technique. 13
- 14. Organized drugs UnorganizedDrugs As the term indicates these are organs of plants or animals and made up of cells or definite structure. These drugs are named as flowers, seeds, fruits, insects etc. These are derived from parts of plants or animal by some process of extraction, distillation, incision, expression, exudates, secretion purification. E.g Juices, extracts, resins etc. Solid in nature Solid, semisolid or liquid in nature e.g oils, gums and balsams. Botanical or zoological terminology can be used to describe these drugs. Such terminology is inadequate to describe them, but one has to look for their physical characters, such as solubility in various solvents, density, optical rotation, refractive Index, viscosity etc Microscopic characters T.S, L.S are one of the important criteria for the identification of organised drugs. Chemical test and physical standards are confirmatory tests. Example: Digitalis, Cinchona, Fennel, Clove, Ephedra Example: Aloe, Agar, Colophony, Opium, Castor oil, bees wax, Pepsin 14
- 15.
- 16. Organized Drugs In thissystem, the drugs are arranged according to the morphological or external characters of the plant parts or animal parts, i.e. which part of the plant is used as a drug, e.g. leaves, roots, stem, etc. The drugs obtained from the direct parts of the plants and containing cellular tissues are called as organized drugs. e.g. rhizomes, barks, leaves, fruits, entire plants, hairs and fibres. 16
- 17. Organized Drugs Woods Quassia, Sandalwood andRed Sandalwood. Leaves Digitalis, Eucalyptus, Gymnema, Mint, Senna, Spearmint, Squill, Tulsi, Vasaka, Coca, Buchu, Hamamelis, Hyoscyamus, Belladonna, Tea. Barks Arjuna, Ashoka, Cascara, Cassia, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Kurchi, Quillia, Wild cherry. 17
- 18. Organized Drugs Fruits Amla, Anise,Bael, Bahera, Bitter Orange peel, Capsicum, Caraway, Cardamom, Colocynth, Coriander, Cumin, Dill, Fennel, Gokhru, Hirda, Lemon peel, Senna pod, Star anise, Tamarind, Vidang. Flowering parts Clove, Pyrethrum, Saffron, Santonica, Chamomile. Seeds Bitter almond, Black Mustard, Cardamom, Colchi-cum, Ispaghula, Kaladana, Linseed, Nutmeg, Nux vomica, Physostigma, Psyllium, Strophanthus, White mustard. 18
- 19. Organized Drugs Roots andRhizomes Aconite, Ashwagandha, Calamus, Calumba, Colchicum corm, Dioscorea, Galanga, Garlic, Gention, Ginger, Ginseng, Glycyrrhiza, Podophyllum, Ipecac, Ipomoea, Jalap, Jatamansi, Rauwolfia, Rhubarb, Sassurea, Senega, Shatavari, Turmeric, Valerian, Squill. Plants and Herbs Ergot, Ephedra, Bacopa, Andrographis, Kalmegh, Yeast, Vinca, Datura, Centella Hair and Fibres Cotton, Hemp, Jute, Silk, Flax 19
- 20. Unorganized Drugs Unorganized drugs,even though prepared from plants are not the direct parts of plants and are prepared by some intermediary physical processes, such as incision, drying or extraction with water and do not contain cellular tissue. Thus aloe, opium, catechu, gums, resins and other plant exudates are unorganized drugs. 20
- 21. Latex Latex is aproduct present in special tissue of plant it is white, aqueous, suspension. The suspended particles are protein, sugar, minerals, alkaloid, resin, or starch. Under microscope-small particles of oil globules. E.g. opium, papain, ficin, gutta percha 21
- 22. Dried Juice The juicesobtained from fleshy leaves (aloes) or from the stems of the trees (kino). Incision are made to respective part of the plant and juice coming out is collected and dried. Oleoresins Oleoresins is the Homogenous mixture of volatile oil & resin is called as oleoresin e.g. Oleoresin of Ginger, Turmeric, Capsicum Dried extracts Pharmacognostic origin drugs are obtained by treating the part of plant with water or distillation followed by concentration. Pharmaceutical origin drugs are obtained by alcoholic or hydro- alcoholic solutions and adjusting the product to a standard strength. e.g. Agar, black catechu, gelatin 22
- 23. Oleo- gum –resins Itis Homogenous mixture of volatile oil, gum & resin. e.g.Myrrh, Asafoetida Sometime they also contain other substance like enzymes. Resin found in different parts of plant (i) External gland: Cannabis (ii) Heart wood of certain wood: red sander (iii) Internal gland of plants: Male fern Gland on the surface of insects: Shellac Internal cavities producing resins in plant may be unicellular (Ginger, Capsicum, Jalap) or Multicellular (clove) Cavities producing resin may be schizogenous/schizolysigenous according to their mode of origin. Resin are usually formed by plants as their normal physiological products, sometime pathological productand are produced when plants are inured 23
- 24. Gums Translucent and Amorphoussubstances produced when the plant. Usually they are pathological products and are produced when plant is going under unfavourable condition or injured. Thus, they are abnormal products of plant metabolism. The process known as Gummosis. Properties of Gum: Soluble or Partly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and most organic solvents Form viscous adhesive solution with water either by swelling or due to absorption. Aqueous solution of gum are usually levo rotatary. Gum are plant hydrocolloids may be anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides. On hydrolysis (acidic hydrolysis/boiling) with water) it yield sugar and Uronic acid which form salt with calcium & magnesium. Uronic acids are glucoronic acid, galacturonic acid or aldobionic acid. Example: Acacia, Tragacanth, Karaya gum, Ghatti gum, Guar gum 24
- 25. Difference Between Gumsand Mucilage Gum Mucilage Gums are produced by plant when it injured , diseased or by aprocess " Gummosis“ Mucilage is the normal products of plant growth. Gum is produced outside the plant cell. Mucilage is produced inside the cell. Gums are soluble in water to form adhesive solution. Mucilage are not soluble in water, they form slimy solution with water. Gums are made up of sugar, salts of uronic acid e.g. Gum acacia, gum Tragacanth Mucilage is made up of ester & Sulphuric acid. e. g. Mucilage is present in Agar, Senna, Isapgol. 25
- 26. Mucilage Mucilage are alsoplant products similar to gums and are regarded to be the normal products of plant metabolism. Mucilage are produced inside the cell of the plant. Properties: Mucilage form slimy masses with water, but do not dissolve. Mucilage are esters of sulphuric acid, wherein ester group is a polysaccharide complex. Various example along with method of formation of mucilage are given below. (a) From the cell wall of seed epidermis: Isabgol, linseed (b) From Endodermis: Fenugreek (c)From Leaf epidermis: Senna (d) From Bark: Cinamon (e) From Special secretion cells: Squill (f) From Algae: Agar, Chondrus 26
- 27. QUESTION BANK 1. Differencebetween gum and mucilage. 2 marks 2. What is mucilage? Mention its properties. 2 marks 3. Difference between organized and unorganized drugs with example. 5 marks 4. A Brief Note on Unorganized drugs. 5 marks 5. A Brief note on Organized drugs. 5 marks 27
- 28. QUESTION BANK 6. Noteon Plant as source of crude drugs. 5 marks 7. Animal as a source of crude drug Explain it. 5 marks 8. Marine as a source of Crude drugs. 2 Marks 9. Describe Plant tissue culture as a source of crude drugs. 5 marks 10. Briefly describe microorganism as source of crude drugs 5 marks 11. Explain in brief Sources of Crude drugs. 10 marks 28
- 29. CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDEDRUGS PREPARED BY MRS. MEGHA S SHAH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF PAHARMACOGNOSY AISSMS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, PUNE 29
- 30. Objective of Study Themost important natural sources of drugs are higher plant, microbes, animals and marine organisms. Some useful products are obtained from minerals that are both organic and inorganic in nature. In order to pursue (or to follow) the study of the individual drugs, one must adopt some particular sequence of arrangement, and this is referred to a system of classification of drugs. A method of classification should be: a) Simple, b) Easy to use, and c) Free from confusion and ambiguities. 30
- 31. CRUDE DRUGS The term’’crude drug’’ generally applies to the products from plant and animal origin found in a raw form. The term crude drug also applied to inclusion of pharmaceutical products from mineral kingdom. Because of their wide distribution the arrangement of classification in a definite sequence is necessary to understand easily. Although each system of classification has its own merits and demerits, but for the purpose of study the drugs are classified in the different ways. 31
- 32.
- 33. Alphabetical Classification The crudedrugs are arranged according to the alphabetical order/form of their Latin and English names. Some of the Pharmacopoeias and reference books which classify crude drugs according to this system are as follows. Eg. Acacia, Agar, Benzoin, Beeswax, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Digitalis, Datura, Ephedra, Fennel, Ginger, Henna, Isapagol, Jalap, Kino, Linseed, Mustard, Nutmeg, Opium, podophyllum, quassia, rauwolfia, senna, Tinospora Cordifolia, Uncaria gambier, vasaka, wool fat, yellow bees wax, zedoary 33
- 34. Alphabetical Classification 1)Indian Pharmacopoeia(IP) 1955 (Latin) 2)Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) 1966 (English) 3)British Pharmacopoeia (BP) (English) 4)British Pharmacopoeia Codex (BPC) (English) 5)United States of Pharmacopoeia (USP) (English) 6)European Pharmacopoeia (Latin) 34
- 35. Alphabetical Classification Advantages: It issimple method, in this system location, tracing and addition of the drug is easy, No technical person is required for handling the system. Disadvantages: Scientific nature of the drug cannot be identified by this method, whether they are organised or unorganised drug. This system does not help in distinguishing the drugs of plant, animal and mineral source. (Original source is not clear) 35
- 36. Morphological classification Crude drugsare arranged according to the part of the plant or animal represented into organized and unorganized drugs. The organized drugs are divided into parts of plants like leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, woods, barks, and subterranean parts like roots and rhizomes. The unorganized drugs are dried latex, gums, extracts, etc. 36
- 37. Morphological classification Organised drugs (Plant)(Cellular drugs) Plant parts Drugs Leaves Datura, Senna, Vasaka, Digitalis Barks Cinnamon, Cinchona, Kurchi, Wood Quassia, Sandalwood, Red sanders Roots Rauwolfia, Liquorice, Ipecac Rhizomes Ginger, Podophyllum, Turmeric Flowers Clove, Saffron, Pyrethrum Seeds Nux vomica, Linseed, Isapgol Fruits Fennel, Coriander, Dill Stems Ephedra Hair and Fibres Cotton, Hemp, Jute 37
- 38. Morphological classification Unorganised drugs (Acellular drugs) Plant,animal, Mineral Drugs Dried latex Opium, Papain Dried Juice Aloe, Kino Dried extracts Agar, Catechu, Pectin Gums Acacia, Tragacanth, Sterculia Resins Benzoin, Colophony, Asafoetida Fixed oils and fats Castor , Chaulmoogra, Cotton seed Waxes Beeswax, Spermaceti Volatile oils Coriander, Cinnamon, Clove Animal products Bees wax, Shark liver oil, Gelatin Minerals Bentonite, Kaolin, Talc 38
- 39. Morphological classification Advantages This systemof classification is more convenient for practical study especially when the chemical nature of the drug is not clearly understood. This type of classification is very useful in identifying the adulterants used. Disadvantages It does not give an idea about biological source, chemical constituents and uses. When different parts of the plant contain different chemical constituents, it is difficult to classify them. There is no correlation between chemical constituents and therapeutic actions. Repetition of drugs or plants may occurs. 39
- 40. Taxonomical classification In thissystem the drug are arranged according to taxonomical studies. The drugs are arranged according to their phylum, order, family, genus and species. It is purely a type of botanical classification or biological classification and restricted mainly to crude drugs from plant source. The crude drugs of plant origin are classified on the basis of one of the accepted systems of botanical classification. A large number of plant families have certain distinguishing characteristics that permit crude drugs from these families to be studied at one time. 40
- 41. Taxonomical classification Phylum Spermatophyta DivisionAngiospermae Class Dicotyledons Sub class Sympetalae Order Tubiflorae Family Solanaceae Genus Hyoscymus, Datura, Atropa, Species Hyoscymus niger, Datura stramonium, Atropa belladona 41
- 42. Taxonomical classification Phylum Thallophyta ClassAscomycetes Order Clavicipitales Family Clavicipitaceae Genus Claviceps species Claviceps purpurea 42
- 43. Taxonomical classification Advantages Easy forthe classification of crude drugs Disadvantages The system is criticized for its failure to recognize the organised / unorganised nature of crude drugs in their morphological studies. The system fails to face into an account chemical nature of active constituent and therapeutic significance of crude drugs. The drugs obtained from plants having alternate leaves, flowers, seeds, capsules (Hyocyamus, Datura, Bellodonna, Stromonium) are considered with other members of solanaceae. 43
- 44. Pharmacological (Therapeutic) classification Here,the crude drugs are grouped according to pharmacological action (Therapeutic action) of their chief active constituent (most important) or therapeutic uses. The drug differing in mechanism of action, but with the same pharmacological effect are grouped together. e.g bulk purgative, irritant purgative, emollient purgative. Some of the drug could be classified under two pharmacological heading, since they exhibit two different actions. 44
- 45. Pharmacological (Therapeutic) classification 1.Drugsacting on gastro intestinal Tract Bitter-Gentian, Quassia, cinchona Carminative-Dill, Mentha, Cadamon Emetics-Ipeca cuanha Anti-amoebics-Kurchi, Ipeca caunha Bulk laxatives-Agar, Ispaghuha, Banana Purgatives-Senna, Castor oil Peptic ulcer treatment-Derivative of Glycyrrhetinic acid , Raw banana 2. Drugs acting on respiratory system Anti-expectorant- stramonium leaves (Atropine) Anti-tussives-Opium Bronchodialators- Ephedra, Tea 45
- 46. Pharmacological (Therapeutic) classification 3.Drugsacting on cardiovascular system Cardiotoics -Digitalis, Squill, Strophanthus Cardiac depressant -Cinchona, Veratrum Vasco-constrictors -Ergot, Ephedra Anti-hypertensives -Rauwolfia 4. Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system Adrenergic-Ephedra Cholinergic-Physostigma, Pilocarpus Anticholinergics -Belladona, Datura 46
- 47. Pharmacological (Therapeutic) classification 5.Drugs acting on CNS Central analgesics -Opium CNS stimulants -Coffee Analeptics -NuxVomica, Lobelia, Camphor CNS depressants -Hyoscymus, Belladona, Opium Hallucinogenics -cannabis, Poppy Latex 6. Anticancer Vinca, Podophyllum, Campotheca, Taxus 47
- 48. Pharmacological (Therapeutic) classification 7.Antispasmodics Smooth muscle relaxants Opium(Papavarine), Datura, Hyoscymus Skeletal muscle relaxants-Curare 8. Immunomodulatoryagents Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Ginseng, Asparagus, Picrorrhiza, Kurroa 48
- 49. Pharmacological (Therapeutic) classification 9.Antirheumatics-Aconite, Colchicum, Guggul 10.Anthelmintics-Quassia, Male Fern, Vidang 11.Drugs acting on skin and mucous membrane-Olive oil, wool fat, Beeswax, Balsam of tolu 12.Astringents-Myrobalan, Black catechu 13. Anti-malarials-Cinchona, Artemisia 14. Local anesthetics-Coca 15.Immunising agents-vaccines, Sera, Toxoids, Antitoxins 49
- 50. Pharmacological (Therapeutic) classification Advantages Thespecial advantage is that if even chemical constituents of the crude drugs are not known they can be classified properly on the basis of therapeutic or pharmacological uses. Disadvantages Regardless of morphology, taxonomical status or chemical nature, the drugs are grouped together, provided they exhibit similar pharmacological uses. Eg: Senna, Castor oil, Jalap, Colocynth are grouped together as purgatives/laxatives because of their common pharmacological action. 50
- 51. Chemical Classifications Here, thecrude drugs are divided into different groups according to the chemical nature of their most important constituent present in the drug to which the pharmacological/therapeutic activity of drug is attributed. 51
- 52. Chemical Classifications Chemical constituentsDrugs Alkaloids Datura, Vasaka, Vinca, Lobelia Glycosides Cascara, Senna, Digitalis Tannins Catechu, Myrobalan, Ashoka Volatile oil Clove, Eucalyptus, Cinnamon Lipids Castor oil, Beeswax, Arachis oil Carbohydrates and derived products Acacia, Agar, Honey, Linseed Tragacanth, Starch Resins Colophony, Benzoin Vitamins & hormones Yeast, Shark liver oil, Insulin Proteins & enzymes Gelatin, Papain 52
- 53. Chemical Classifications Advantages Chemical constituentsare known Medicinal uses are known Disadvantages Drugs of different origin are grouped under similar chemical titles. This type of classification makes no proper placement of drugs containing two different types of chemicals. Eg: Certain drugs are found to contain alkaloids and glycosides (Cinchona), Fixed oil and volatile oil (Nutmeg) of equal importance together and hence it is difficult to categorize them properly 53
- 54. Chemo-taxonomical Classification This systemof classification relies on the chemical similarity of a taxon, i.e. it is based on the existence of relationship between constituents in various plants. There are certain types of chemical constituents that characterize certain classes of plants. This gives birth to entirely a new concept of chemotaxonomy that utilizes chemical facts/characters for understanding the taxonomical status, relationships and the evolution of the plants. Eg: Tropane alkaloids generally occur in most of the members of Solanaceae Eg: Volatile oils occur in the members of Umbelliferae and Rutaceae. It is the latest system of classification that gives more scope for understanding the relationship between chemical constituents, their biosynthesis and their possible action. 54
- 55. SEROTAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION The serotaxonomycan be explained as the study about the application or the utility of serology in solving the taxonomical problems. Antibodies are highly specific protein molecule produced by plasma cells in the immune system. Protein are carriers of the taxonomical information and commonly used as antigen in serotaxonomy. It express the similarities and the dissimilarities among different taxa and these data are helpful in taxonomy. It determines the degree of similarity between species, genera, family, etc, by comparing the reaction with antigens from various plant taxa with antibodies present against a given taxon. Serology helps in comparing nonmorphological characterisics, which helps in the taxonomical data. This technique also helps in the comparision of single proteins from different plant taxon. 55
- 56. QUESTION BANK 1. Definecrude drug 2 marks 2. Name the various methods of classification of crude drugs. 2 marks 3. What do you mean by organised (Cellular) and unorganised ( Acellular ) crude drugs give examples 5 marks 4. Describe morphological classification of crude drugs with examples 5 marks 5. Explain chemical classification of crude drugs with examples 5 marks 56
- 57. QUESTION BANK 6.Explain chemicalclassification of crude drugs with examples 5 marks 7.Explain pharmacological or therapeutic classification of crude drugs with examples 5 marks 8. Write in detail alphabetical and taxonomical or botanical classification of crude drugs 5 marks 9. Define chemotaxonomy. Give its significances or importance's 5 marks 10. Explain the differences between organised and unorganised crude drugs. 5 marks 11. Define crude drug. Explain various methods of classification of crude drugs with examples 10 marks 57
- 58.