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- 1. 1 By Dr. Harold A.Geller @AstroBioProf Associate Professor Observatory Director George Mason University NASA/JPL Solar System Ambassador What’s Happening in Space: Space Exploration by NASA at the Nature Foundation of Wintergreen 8 January 2016
- 2. What I’m TalkingAbout • NASA and space exploration – The 1950’s – The 1960’s – The 1970’s – The 1980’s – The 1990’s – The 2000’s – And beyond… 2
- 3. 1957 • October 4- The Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik, into space. • November 3 - The Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 was launched with a dog named Laika on board. Laika did not survive the voyage. 1958 • January 31 - Explorer 1 was the first satellite launched by the United States when it was sent into orbit on January 31, 1958. It was designed and built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology. The satellite was sent aloft from Cape Canaveral in Florida by the Jupiter C rocket that was designed, built, and launched by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) under the direction of Dr. Wernher Von Braun. • July 29 – National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) established. 1959 • January 2 – Luna 1 launched by USSR to become first man made object to orbit Sun. • March 3 – Pioneer 4 launched by USA into Earth-Moon trajectory. • April 2 – NASA selects first astronauts called “Mercury Seven.” 3
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- 6. 1960 • August 19- The Soviet craft Sputnik 5 was launched, carrying the dogs Strelka and Belka. They became the first living beings to survive a trip into space. 1961 • April 12 - Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space. • May 5 - Astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space. • May 25 - President Kennedy challenged the country to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. 1962 • February 20 - Astronaut John Glenn became the first American in orbit. • June 16 - Valentina Nikolayeva Tereshkova became the first woman in space. 1965 • March 18 - While tethered to his spacecraft, cosmonaut Alexi Leonov became the first man to walk in space. • June 3 - Astronaut Ed White became the first American to walk in space. • July 14 - The spacecraft Mariner 4 transmitted the first pictures of Mars. 6
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- 13. 1966 • February 3- The Russian spacecraft Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to land on the moon. • June 2 - Surveyor 1 became the first American spacecraft to land on the moon. 1967 • January 27 - Astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee were killed in an accidental fire in a command module on the launch pad. • April 24 - Cosmonaut Vladimir M. Komarov was killed in a crash when the parachute on his Soyuz 1 spacecraft failed to deploy. • October 18 - A descent capsule from the Soviet probe Venera 4 collected data about the atmosphere of Venus. 1968 • September 15 - The Soviet spacecraft Zond 5 was launched and later became the first spacecraft to orbit the moon and return to Earth. • December 21 - Apollo 8 was launched, and later her crewmembers became the first men to orbit the moon. 1969 • July 20 - Neil Armstrong and "Buzz" Aldrin became the first men on the moon. 13
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- 18. 1970 • April 11- Apollo 13 was launched. • September 12 - The Soviet craft Luna 16 was launched and became the first automatic spacecraft to return soil samples of the moon. • November 17 - The Soviet robot Lunokhod 1 landed on the moon with Luna 17. • December 15 - The Soviet Venera 7 became the first probe to land on Venus. 1971 • April 19 - The Soviet space station Salyut 1 was launched. • July 30 - The moon rover was driven on the moon for the first time. • November 13 - The Mariner 9 probe became the first craft to orbit Mars. 1972 • December 11 - Eugene Cernan and Harrison "Jack" Schmitt became the last men to walk on the moon. 1973 • May 14 - The U.S. launched its first space station, Skylab. 1975 • July 17 - The American Apollo 18 and Soviet Soyuz 19 dock in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. 18
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- 22. 1976 • September -The American probe Viking 2 discovered water frost on the Martian surface. 1977 • August and September - Voyagers 1 and 2 were launched. (Voyager 2 was launched before Voyager 1, but Voyager 1 was on a faster trajectory.) 1979 • March and August - Voyagers 1 and 2 began transmitting images of Jupiter and her moons. • September - The U.S. probe Pioneer 11 reached Saturn and began transmitting images. 1980 • November 13 - Voyager 1 reached Saturn and began transmitting images. 1981 • April 12 - Columbia became the first Space Shuttle to be launched. • August 26 - Voyager 2 reached Saturn and began transmitting images. 22
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- 25. 1983 • April 4- The second Space Shuttle, Challenger, was launched. • June 19 - Sally Ride became the first American woman in space on Challenger’s second mission. • August 30 - Guion Bluford became the first African-American in space. 1984 • February 3 - Astronaut Bruce McCandless became the first man to take an untethered space walk. • August 30 - The third Space Shuttle, Discovery, was launched. • October - Kathryn Sullivan became the first American woman to walk in space. 1985 • October 3 - Atlantis, the fourth Space Shuttle, was launched. 1986 • January 24 - Voyager 2 began transmitting images from Uranus. • January 28 - The Space Shuttle Challenger exploded seconds after liftoff. • February 20 - The core section of the Space Station Mir was launched. 1989 • August - Voyager 2 began transmitting images from Neptune. 25
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- 28. 1990 • August 10- The Magellan spacecraft began mapping the surface of Venus using radar equipment. • August 24 - The Space Shuttle Discovery deployed the Hubble Space Telescope. 1992 • May 7 - The Space Shuttle Endeavor was launched on her maiden voyage. • September 12 - Mae Jemison became the first African-American woman in space. 1993 • December - The Space Shuttle Endeavor made the first servicing mission of the Hubble Space Telescope. 1994 • February 3 - Sergei Krikalev became the first Russian cosmonaut to fly on a Space Shuttle. 1995 • February 2 - Eileen Collins became the first female Shuttle pilot. • December - The Galileo probe began transmitting data on Jupiter. 28
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- 30. 1997 • July 4- The Mars Pathfinder arrived on Mars and later began transmitting images. 1998 • October 29 - John Glenn became the oldest man in space. 1999 • July 23 - Eileen Collins became the first female Shuttle Commander. 2000 • February 14 - The U.S. Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft began transmitting images of the asteroid Eros. 2001 • February 12 - NEAR landed on the surface of Eros. • April 28 - American Dennis Tito became the first tourist in space after paying the Russian space program $20,000,000. 30
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- 32. 2003 • February 1- The Space Shuttle Columbia broke up on re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere. • February 13 - An investigative panel found that superheated air almost certainly seeped through a breach in space shuttle Columbia’s left wing and possibly its wheel compartment during the craft’s fiery descent, resulting in the deaths of all seven astronauts. • August 25 - NASA launched the largest-diameter infrared telescope ever in space, the Spitzer Space Telescope. • September 21 - NASA’s Galileo mission ended a 14-year exploration of the solar system’s largest planet and its moons with the spacecraft crashing by design into Jupiter at 108,000 mph. 2004 • January 14 - President Bush proposed a new space program that would send humans back to the moon by 2015 and establish a base to Mars and beyond. • July 1 - The Cassini spacecraft sent back photographs of Saturn’s shimmering rings. 32
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- 34. 2005 • July 3- A NASA spacecraft collided with a comet half the size of Manhattan, creating a brilliant cosmic smashup designed to help scientists study the building blocks of life on earth. • July 26 - Space Shuttle Discovery was launched with seven astronauts aboard; this was America’s first manned space shot since the 2003 Columbia disaster. 2006 • January 15 - NASA spacecraft Stardust returned safely to Earth in a desert near Salt Lake City with the first dust ever collected from a comet. 2007 • August 4 - NASA launched its Phoenix Mars Lander. • August 8 - Space Shuttle Endeavour and a crew of seven blasted off with teacher- astronaut Barbara Morgan aboard as a crewmember. Morgan was the first teacher in space since the Challenger disaster in 1986. 2008 • January 14 - The NASA space probe MESSENGER skimmed 124 miles above Mercury. • May 25 - NASA’s Phoenix Mars Lander landed safely and began sending images home after a 10-month, 422 million-mile journey. Scientists later reported that Phoenix discovered chunks of ice. 34
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- 36. 2009 • March 6- The NASA spacecraft Kepler was launched. Its mission is to search for planets outside our solar system, in a distant area of the Milky Way. • June 18 - NASA launched the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, also known as LCROSS. The mission is to confirm the presence or absence of ice on the moon. On November 13, 2009, NASA scientists announced the discovery of a "significant amount" of ice in a crater near the moon’s South Pole. 2010 • October 10 - Virgin Galactic, a private company, announced the successful first manned glide flight of the VSS Enterprise. This vehicle is a suborbital plane designed to take private citizens on suborbital space flights. • October 11 - President Barack Obama signed legislation focusing NASA’s efforts on exploring Mars and the asteroids. • December 8 - A private company named SpaceX launched a spacecraft into orbit and returned it to earth safely. It was the first non-government organization to accomplish this. 36
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- 38. 2011 • July 8- The space shuttle Atlantis became the last American space shuttle to be launched into space. Mission STS-135 and its 4-member crew brought much-needed supplies and equipment to the International Space Station (ISS). • July 16 - NASA's Dawn spacecraft became the first man made craft to orbit an asteroid. • November 26 - NASA launched Curiosity, the biggest, best equipped robot ever sent to explore another planet. It will reach Mars in 2012. 2012 • May 22 - SpaceX, a commercial space company, launched its Dragon C2+ mission to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). • August – NASA’s Voyager 1 probe, launched in 1977, entered interstellar space. • August 6 - NASA's Curiosity rover successfully landed on Mars. As large as a car, it carried an array of advanced new instruments and experiments. 38
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- 41. 2013 • September 7- NASA launched the unmanned LADEE spacecraft from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. It was the U.S. space agency's third lunar probe in five years. • December 24 - NASA astronauts wrapped up successful repairs at the International Space Station after a rare Christmas Eve spacewalk to fix an equipment cooling system. 2014 • October 23 – Chang’e 5 T1 lunar flyby lander and Earth return technology demonstration. • December 3 - Hayabusa 2 asteroid lander and sample return. 2015 • March 6 – DAWN spacecraft enters orbit around Ceres. • July 14 – New Horizons spacecraft flies by Pluto system moves on to Kuiper Belt. 41
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- 45. 2016 • OSIRIS-REx –Asteroid sample return mission • ISRO Orbital Vehicle – First Indian manned orbiter • Astrobotic Technology – First private lunar lander and rover mission 2017 • BepiColombo – January 2017 – Mercury orbiters • Chandrayaan-2 – Lunar orbiter and rover • Chang'e 4 – (Before 2020) - Lunar lander and rover • Chang'e 5 – Lunar sample return mission • SELENE-2 – Lunar lander and penetrator • Aditya - 2017/2018 - Solar observations Planned Future Missions 45
- 46. 2018 • ExoMars TraceGas Orbiter and EDM lander – Mars orbiter and demonstrator lander • InSight – Mars lander • Solar Probe Plus – July – Solar orbiter, closest solar approach (0.04 AU) • SOLO – October – Solar orbiter • Exploration Mission 1 – November 2018 – Unmanned lunar orbital test of Orion interplanetary vehicle and Space Launch System. • ExoMars rover and Russian static lander – Mars rover and lander • International Lunar Network – Lunar lander • Luna-Glob lander (Luna-25) – Lunar orbiter, lander and penetrators • Luna-Glob orbiter (Luna-26) – Lunar orbiter (2018 or 2019) 2019 • SLIM – First Japanese lunar lander and rover • Luna-Resurs lander (Luna-27) – Lunar lander (2019 or 2020) 2020 • Chang'e 6 – Lunar sample return mission • Mars 2020 rover mission • Mars sample return mission • Al Amal/Hope - Emirati Mars orbiter 46
- 47. 2022 • Jupiter IcyMoon Explorer – Mission to explore Jupiter and its icy moons. 2023 • Luna-Grunt rover (Luna-28) – Lunar orbiter, lander and rover (2023 or 2025) 2024 • Venera-D – Venus orbiter, lander 2025 • Europa Mission launch • Manned landing on an asteroid • Luna-Grunt sample return vehicle (Luna-29) – Lunar sample return mission 2028 • Manned lunar orbiter 47
- 48. 2030 • Manned lunarlanding • Manned landing on the Moon (2020–30) 2031 • Mercury-P – First Mercury lander 2037 • Lunnyj Poligon – Completion of robotic lunar base • Human mission to Mars 2040–60 • Crewed phase of the Chinese Mars exploration program • Crewed phase of the Russian Mars exploration program 48
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- 50. 50 Identifying Constellations • Ancientpeoples looked at the stars and imagined groupings – Pictures in the sky – Different cultures different pictures • We still refer to many of these groupings • Astronomers call them constellations (from the Latin for “group of stars”) – Parts are asterisms
- 51. 51 Modern Constellations • Onmodern star charts, the entire sky is divided into 88 regions – Each is a constellation • Most stars in a constellation are nowhere near one another • They only appear to be close together because they are in nearly the same direction as seen from Earth – Need to think in three dimensions
- 52. 52 The appearance ofthe sky changes during the course of the night and from one night to the next • Generally speaking, stars appear to rise in the east, slowly rotate about the Earth and set in the west. –This daily (diurnal) motion of the stars is actually caused by the 24- hour rotation of the Earth.
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- 55. 55 Annual Motion • Thestars also appear to slowly shift in position throughout the year • This is due to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun • If you follow a particular star on successive evenings, you will find that it rises approximately 4 minutes earlier each night (2 hours earlier each month)
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- 58. 58 • At anytime, an observer can see only half of the celestial sphere • The other half is below the horizon, hidden by the body of the Earth
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- 62. 62 The Big DipperMoving