SPM Physics Formula List Form4

Prefi
xes
Value Stand
ard
form
Sy
m
bol
Tera 1 000 000 000
000
1012 T
Giga 1 000 000 000 109 G
Meg
a
1 000 000 106 M
Kilo 1 000 103 k
deci 0.1 10-1 d
centi 0.01 10-2 c
milli 0.001 10-3 m
micr
o
0.000 001 10-6 μ
nano 0.000 000 001 10-9 n
pico 0.000 000 000
001
10-12 p
Physics Equation List :Form 4
Introduction to Physics
Relative Deviation
Relative Deviation =
Mean Deviation
×100%Mean Value
Prefixes

ONE-
SCHOO
L.NET
Force and
Motion
Average
Speed
−
v = final velocity (ms-1
)
Units for Area and Volume
1 m = 102
cm (100 cm)
1 2
1 cm = 10-2
m ( m )
1 m2
= 104
cm(10,000 cm2
) 100
1 m3
= 106
cm3
(1,000,000 cm3
) 1
1 cm2
= 10-4
m2
( m
2
)10,000
3
1
31 cm3
= 10-6
m( m )1,000,000
Total DistanceAverage Speed =
Total Time
Velocity
v = velocity (ms-1
)
s
s = displacement (m)
v =
t = time (s)
t
Acceleration
a = acceleration (ms-2
)vu
a =
u = initial velocity (ms-1
)t t =time for the velocity change (s)
Equation of Linear Motion
u = initial velocity (ms-1
) v = final
velocity (ms-1
) a = acceleration
(ms-2
) s = displacement (m) t =
time (s)

Ticker Tape
Finding Velocity:
s
velocity =
number of ticks × 0.02s 1
tick = 0.02s
Finding Acceleration:
vu −
a =
t
a = acceleration (ms-2
) v = final velocity (ms-1
) u
= initial velocity (ms-1
) t = time for the velocity
change (s)
Graph of Motion

Displacement-Time
Graph
Velocity-Time
Graph
Gradient = Velocity (ms-
1)
Gradient =
Acceleration (ms-2)
Area in between the
graph and
x-
a
xi
s
=
Displacement
p = momentum (kg ms-1
)
1
1
m
u
+2
2
m
u
=1
1
m
v
+2
2
m
v
m1 = mass of
object 1
(k
g)
m2 = mass of
object 2 u1 =
initial velocity of
object 1 u2 =
initial velocity of
object 2 v1 =
final velocity of
object 1 v2 =
final velocity of
object 2
(k
g)
(m
s-
1)
(m
s-
1)
(m
s-
1)
(m
s-
1)
Newton’s
Law of
Motion
Newton’s
First Law
The gradient 'm' of a line segment between two points
and is defined as follows:
Change in y coordinate, Δy
Gradient, m =
Change in x coordinate, Δx or Δy
m =
Δx
Momentum
m = mass (kg) v =
velocity (ms-1
)
Principle of Conservation of Momentum

ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Newton’s Second Law
mv
muF t
α − F
= ma
The rate of change of momentum of a
body is directly proportional to the
resultant force acting on the body and is
in the same direction. F = Net Force (N
or kgms-2) m = mass (kg) a =
acceleration (ms-2)
Implication When there is resultant
force acting on an object, the object
will accelerate (moving faster, moving
slower or change direction).
Newton’s
Third
Law
In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with
a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).
Newton's third law of motion states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the same magnitude but in
the opposite direction.
Impulse
F = force (N)
Impulse = Ft t = time (s)
Impulse = mv − mu m = mass (kg)
) u =
initial velocity (ms-1
)
Impulsive Force
F = Force (N or kgms-2
)mv − mu
t = time (s)F =
m = mass (kg)
t
) u = initial
velocity (ms-1
)
Gravitational Field Strength
g = gravitational field strength (N kg-1
)F
F = gravitational force (N or kgms-2
)g =
m = mass (kg)m
Weight

Wmg= W = Weight (N or kgms-2) m =
mass (kg) g = gravitational
field strength/gravitational
acceleration
(m
s-
2)

• If an object is release
from a high position:
• If an object is launched
vertically upward:
• The initial velocity, u =
0.
• The velocity at the
maximum height, v = 0.
• The acceleration of the
object = gravitational
acceleration = 10ms-2(or
9.81 ms-2).
• The deceleration of the
object = -gravitational
acceleration = -10ms-2(or
-9.81 ms-2).
• The displacement of the
object when it reach the
• The displacement of the
object when it reach the
ground = the height of
the original position, h.
ground = the height of the
original position, h.
In
Stati
onar
y
Rmg=
• When a man standing
inside an elevator, there
are two forces acting on
him. (a) His weight，
which acting downward.
(b) Normal reaction (R),
acting in the opposite
direction of weight. • The
reading of the balance is
equal to the normal
reaction.
Lift

Moving Upward with
positive acceleration
Moving downward with
positive acceleration
Rmgma= + Rmgma= −
Moving Upward with
constant velocity
constant velocity.
Rmg= Rmg=
Moving Upward with
negative acceleration
negative acceleration
Rmgma= − Rmgma= +

T1 = T2
Moving with
uniform speed: T1
= mg
Stati
onar
y: T1 = mg
Accelerating: T1 –
mg = ma
Finding
Acceleratio
n: (If m2 >
m1)
m2g – m1g = (m1+ m2)a
Finding
Tension: (If
m2 > m1) T1 = T2 T1 – m1g = ma m2g
– T2 = ma
Magnitude =
x
2
+ y
2
y
Smooth Pulley
With 1 Load
With 2 Loads
Vector
Vector Addition (Perpendicular Vector)
−1
||Direction = tan
|| x
||| x = p | sinθ ||| y
= p | cos θ

Component parallel to the plane = mgsinθ Component
perpendicular to the plane = mgcosθ
Forces In Equilibrium
T
3
= mg T3 = mg
T2 sinθ= mg
T2
cos θ= T1
cos α T sinθ+ T sin α= mg
T2
cos θ= T1
21 T
1
tan θ= mg
Work Done
W = Fx cos θ
W = Work Done (J or Nm) F = Force (N or kgms-2
) x = displacement
(m) θ = angle between the force and the direction of motion (o
)
When the force and motion are in the same direction.
W = Work Done (J or Nm)WFs =
) s = displacement
(m)

1
2
Kinetic Energy
EK = Kinetic Energy (J)

Force and Pressure
ONE-
SCHOO
L.NET
Density
ρ = m
V
Pressur
e
ρ = density m
= mass V =
volume
(kg
m-3)
(kg)
(m3)
E
K
= mv m = mass (kg)
2
v = velocity (ms-1
)
Gravitational Potential Energy
EP = Potential Energy (J)E
P
= mgh
m = mass (kg) g = gravitational acceleration
(ms-2
) h = height (m)
Elastic Potential Energy
EP = Potential Energy (J)1
E
P
= kx
2
k = spring constant (N m-1
)2 x = extension of spring (m) 1
E
P
= Fx F = Force (N)
2
Power and Efficiency
Power
W
P = power (W or Js-1
)
P = W = work done (J or Nm)t E = energy change (J or
Nm)
E
t = time (s)
P =
t
Efficiency
Useful Energy
Efficiency = ×100%
Energy
Or
Power Output
Efficiency = ×100%
Power Input
Hooke’s Law
)F = kx
k = spring constant (N m-1
) x = extension or
compression of spring (m)
P = Pressure (Pa or N m-2
)F
P = A = Area of the surface (m2
)A F = Force acting normally to the surface (N or kgms-
2
)
Liquid Pressure
Phρg
h = depth (m)=
ρ = density (kg m-3
)
g = gravitational Field Strength (N kg-1
)
Pressure in Liquid
h = depth (m)PP
atm
+ h=ρ g
ρ = density (kg m-3
) g = gravitational Field
Strength (N kg-1
)
Patm = atmospheric Pressure (Pa or N m-2
)
Gas Pressure
Manometer
P = P
atm
+ hρ g
Pgas = Pressure (Pa or N m-2
) Patm =
Atmospheric Pressure (Pa or N m-2
) g =
gravitational field strength (N kg-1
)

Pressure in unit
cmHg
Pressure in unit
Pa
Pa = 0 Pa = 0
Pb = 26
Pb =
0.26×13600×10
Pc = 76
Pc =
0.76×13600×10
Pd = 76
Pd =
0.76×13600×10
Pe = 76 Pe =
0.76×13600×10
Pf = 84 Pf =
0.84×13600×10
11 22
Pressure in a Capillary Tube
Pgas = gas pressure in the capillary tube (Pa or N m-2
) Patm =
atmospheric pressure (Pa or N m-2
) h = length of the captured
mercury (m) ρ = density of mercury (kg m-3
) g = gravitational
field strength (N kg-1
)
Barometer
(Density of mercury = 13600kgm-3
)

1 2 1 2 F F AA = F1 =
Force exerted on the small piston
A1 = area of the small piston F2 =
Force exerted on the big piston A2
= area of the big piston

Weight of the object, 11W
V g ρ= Upthrust, 22F
ρV g= ρ1 = density of
wooden block V1 =
volume of the wooden
block ρ2 = density of
water V2 = volume of the
displaced water g =
gravitational field
strength
Density of water >
Density of wood F = T +
W Vg T mg ρ =+
Density of Iron > Density
of water T + F = W Vg T
mg ρ +=
Archimedes Principle

Heat
ONE-
SCHOOL.N
ET
Heat
Change
Qmcθ=
m = mass c =
specific heat
capacity θ =
temperature change
(kg) (J kg-1 oC-1)
(o)
Electric Heater Mixing 2 Liquid
Energy Supply, E =
Pt Energy Receive,
Qmcθ= Energy
Supply, E = Energy
Receive, Q Pt
mcθ= E = electrical
Energy (J or Nm) P =
Power of the electric
heater (W) t = time (in
second) (s) Q =
Heat Change (J or
Nm) m = mass (kg) c
= specific heat
capacity (J kg-1 oC-1) θ
= temperature change
(o)
Heat Gain by Liquid 1 =
Heat Loss by Liquid 2 11 1
2 2 2mc m c θ θ= m1
= mass of liquid 1 c1 =
specific heat capacity of
liquid 1 θ1 = temperature
change of liquid 1 m2 =
mass of liquid 2 c2 =
specific heat capacity of
liquid 2 θ2 = temperature
change of liquid 2
Specific Latent Heat
QmL=
Q = Heat Change (J or Nm) m = mass
(kg) L = specific latent heat (J kg-1
)
Boyle’s Law
PV = PV
11 22
(Requirement: Temperature in constant)
Pressure Law
PP
1
=
2
T
1
T
2
(Requirement: Volume is constant)

1
V
2V
1T 2T
(Requirement: Pressure
is constant)
Universal Gas Law
11PV 2 2PV
1T 2
T
P = Pressure (Pa or
cmHg
…….)
V = Volume
(
m
3
or
cm3)
T = Temperature
(MUST be
in
K(Kelvin))

sin sin i n r = n =
refractive index (No unit)
i = angle of incident (o) r
= angle of reflection (o)
D n d = n = refractive
index (No unit) D = real
depth (m or cm…) d =
apparent depth (m or
cm…)
Speed of light Total Internal
Reflection
c n v = 1 sin n c =
n = refractive index (No
unit)
n = refractive index (No
unit)
c = speed of light in
vacuum (ms-1)
c = critical angle (o)
v = speed of light in a
medium (like water,
glass …) (ms-1)
Light
Refractive Index
Snell’s Law Real
depth/Apparent Depth

ONE-SCHOOL.NET
Lens
Power
P = 1 f
P = Power f
= focal length
(D(Diopter)) (m)
Linear
Magnifi
cation
i o h
m h
=
v m
u =
i
o
h
h
v u =
m = linear
magnification
u = distance
of object v =
distance of
image hi =
heigth of
image ho =
heigth of
object
(No
unit)
(m or
cm…
) (m
or
cm…
) (m
or
cm…
) (m
or
cm…
)
Lens
Equatio
n
positi
ve neg
ative
u
Real
object
Virtual
object
v
Real
image
Virtual
image
f
Conve
x lens
Conca
ve
lens
Conventional symbol
11 1
+=
uv f

d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens fe = focal length of the eyepiece fo = focal length of the
objective lens
Magnification,
Pf
m = e
m =
o P
o
f
e
m = linear magnification Pe =
Power of the eyepiece Po = Power
of the objective lens fe = focal length
of the eyepiece fo = focal length of
the objective lens
Distance between eye lens and objective lens
d = fo + fe
d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens
fe = focal length of the eyepiece fo = focal length
of the objective lens
Compound Microscope
Magnification
mm × m=
12
Height of first image , I1
Height of second image, I2=×
Height of object Height of first image , I1
Height of second image, I2=
Height of object, I1
m = Magnification of the microscope m1 =
Linear magnification of the object lens m2 =
Linear magnification of the eyepiece
Distance in between the two lens
d > fo + fe

SPM Physics Formula List Form4

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SPM Physics Formula List Form4