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- 1. Privacy and Security in the Age of Generative AI Benjamin Bengfort, Ph.D. @ C4AI 2025
- 2. UNC5267 North Korea has used Western Language LLMs to generate fake resumes and profiles to apply for thousands of remote work jobs in western tech companies. Once hired, these “workers” (usually laptop farms in China or Russia that are supervised by a handful of individuals) use remote access tools to gain unauthorized access to corporate infrastructure. https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/mitigating-dprk-it-worker-threat https://www.forbes.com/sites/rashishrivastava/2024/08/27/the-prompt-north-korean-operati ves-are-using-ai-to-get-remote-it-jobs/
- 3. AI Targeted Phishing 60% of participants in a recent study fell victim to AI generated spear phishing content, a similar success rate compared to non-AI generated messages by human experts. LLMs reduce the cost of generating spear phishing messages by 95% while increasing their effectiveness. https://hbr.org/2024/05/ai-will-increase-the-quantity-and-quality-of-phishing-scams F. Heiding, B. Schneier, A. Vishwanath, J. Bernstein and P. S. Park, "Devising and Detecting Phishing Emails Using Large Language Models," in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 42131-42146, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3375882.
- 4. AI Generated Malware OpenAI is playing a game of whack a mole trying to ban the accounts of malicious actors who are using ChatGPT to quickly generate malware as payloads in targeted attacks using zip files, VBScripts, etc. “The code is clearly AI generated because it is well commented and most malicious actors want to obfuscate what they’re doing to security researchers.” https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/openai-confirms-threat-actors-use-chatg pt-to-write-malware/ https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-deploy-ai-written-malware-in-tar geted-attacks/
- 5. Hugging Face Attacks While Hugging Face does have excellent security best practices and code scanning alerts; it is still a vector of attack because of arbitrary code execution in pickle __reduce__ and torch.load. For example, the baller423/goober2 repository had a model uploaded that initiates a reverse shell to an IP address allowing the attacker to access the model compute environment. https://jfrog.com/blog/data-scientists-targeted-by-malicious-hugging-face-ml-models-with-si lent-backdoor/
- 6. Data Trojans in DRL AI Agents can be exploited to cause harm using data poisoning or trojans injected during the training phase of deep reinforcement learning. Poisoning as little as 0.025% of the training data allowed the inclusion of a classification backdoor causing the agent to call a remote function. A simple agent whose task is constrained is usually allowed admin level privileges in its operation. Panagiota, Kiourti, et al. "Trojdrl: Trojan attacks on deep reinforcement learning agents. in proc. 57th acm/ieee design automation conference (dac), 2020, march 2020." Proc. 57th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), 2020. 2020.
- 7. Adversarial self-replicating prompts: prompts that when processed by Gemini Pro, ChatGPT 4.0 and LLaVA caused the model to replicate the input as output to engage in malicious activities. Additionally, these inputs compel the agent to propagate to new agents by exploiting connectivity within the GenAI ecosystem. 2 methods: flow-steering and RAG poisoning. GenAI Worms Cohen, Stav, Ron Bitton, and Ben Nassi. "Here Comes The AI Worm: Unleashing Zero-click Worms that Target GenAI-Powered Applications." arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.02817 (2024).
- 8. A custom AI agent built to translate natural language prompts into bash commands using Anthropic’s Claude LLM. Prompt: “Access desktop using SSH” SSH was successful but the agent continued by updating the old Linux kernel, then investigated why apt was taking so long and eventually bricked the computer by rewriting the Grub boot loader. Rogue Agents https://decrypt.co/284574/ai-assistant-goes-rogue-and-ends-up-bricking-a-users-computer
- 9. Generally, prompts that are intended to cause an LLM to leak sensitive information or to perform a task in a manner not proscribed by the application to the attacker’s benefit. Extended case: the manipulation of a valid user’s prompt in order to cause the LLM to take an unexpected action or cause irrelevant output. Prompt Injection https://decrypt.co/284574/ai-assistant-goes-rogue-and-ends-up-bricking-a-users-computer Liu, Yupei, et al. "Formalizing and benchmarking prompt injection attacks and defenses." 33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24). 2024.
- 10. Targeting function calling LLMs that perform Google searches and include the results into a prompt (e.g. search based RAG); researchers showed that by embedding hidden prompts into the retrieved websites, they could manipulate LLMs to expose private user data and information. Indirect Prompt Injection https://thehill.com/opinion/cybersecurity/3953399-hijacked-ai-assistants-can-now-hack-you r-data/ Greshake, Kai, et al. "Not what you've signed up for: Compromising real-world llm-integrated applications with indirect prompt injection." Proceedings of the 16th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security. 2023.
- 11. You can type just about anything into ChatGPT. But users recently discovered that asking anything about "David Mayer" caused ChatGPT to shut down the conversation with the terse reply, "I'm unable to produce a response." A message shown at the bottom of the screen doubled up on the David-dislike, saying, "There was an error generating a response. David Mayer https://www.newsweek.com/chatgpt-openai-david-mayer-error-ai-1994100 https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/chatgpt-wont-answer-questions-about-c ertain-names-heres-what-we-know/
- 12. Function calling (also referred to as “skills” or “tool use” allows LLMs to make API calls based on the descriptions of the tools available and their parameters. However, give an LLM a tool … it wants to use that tool! Even prompts such as “tell me a joke” might lead to unexpected tool use. For more on this - come tonight! Function Calling https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/multimodal/function-calling
- 13. A specialized form of indirect prompt injection; exploits the fact that AI models see the complete tool descriptions, including hidden instructions, while users typically only see simplified versions in their UI. The attack modifies the tool instructions and can use shadowing to exploit trusted servers. Because MCP (Model Context Protocol) uses these tool calls and has a trusted execution context, attackers can gain access to sensitive files such as SSH keys. Tool Poisoning: MCP https://invariantlabs.ai/blog/mcp-security-notification-tool-poisoning-attacks
- 14. Important Lessons Expect the Unexpected Generative AI is not a deterministic computer program that will behave within expected pre-defined parameters. Treat AI as stochastic and unpredictable. Data governance and security in the form of access controls is not optional when doing machine learning and AI tasks. Data security is as important as compute environment security. Do not trust the internet! Verify, escape, scrub, and scan anything that comes from the web! Make sure that you and your models have guardrails. We desperately need a mechanism to identify what is human generated text or imagery and what is AI generated. Classifiers and/or watermarking is not sufficient! Guardrails! Data Governance is Key Certify Authorship
- 15. Important Lessons Expect the Unexpected Generative AI is not a deterministic computer program that will behave within expected pre-defined parameters. Treat AI as stochastic and unpredictable. Data governance and security in the form of access controls is not optional when doing machine learning and AI tasks. Data security is as important as compute environment security. Do not trust the internet! Verify, escape, scrub, and scan anything that comes from the web! Make sure that you and your models have guardrails. We desperately need a mechanism to identify what is human generated text or imagery and what is AI generated. Classifiers and/or watermarking is not sufficient! Guardrails! Data Governance is Key Certify Authorship
- 16. Important Lessons Expect the Unexpected Generative AI is not a deterministic computer program that will behave within expected pre-defined parameters. Treat AI as stochastic and unpredictable. Data governance and security in the form of access controls is not optional when doing machine learning and AI tasks. Data security is as important as compute environment security. Do not trust the internet! Verify, escape, scrub, and scan anything that comes from the web! Make sure that you and your models have guardrails. We desperately need a mechanism to identify what is human generated text or imagery and what is AI generated. Classifiers and/or watermarking is not sufficient! Guardrails! Data Governance is Key Certify Authorship
- 17. Important Lessons Expect the Unexpected Generative AI is not a deterministic computer program that will behave within expected pre-defined parameters. Treat AI as stochastic and unpredictable. Data governance and security in the form of access controls is not optional when doing machine learning and AI tasks. Data security is as important as compute environment security. Do not trust the internet! Verify, escape, scrub, and scan anything that comes from the web! Make sure that you and your models have guardrails. We desperately need a mechanism to identify what is human generated text or imagery and what is AI generated. Classifiers and/or watermarking is not sufficient! Guardrails! Data Governance is Key Certify Authorship
- 18. Happy to take comments and questions online or chat after the talk! [email protected] https://rtnl.link/SEmP0wIrMft rotational.io Thanks! Some images in this presentation were AI generated using Gemini Pro Special thanks to Ali Haidar and John Bruns at Anomali for providing some of the threat intelligence research. @bbengfort