Sql
- 1. SQL
- 2. What is a database? a collection of data Usually consists of entities and relations An entity is an individual “object” that exists and is distinguishable from other individuals. Example: specific person, company, event, plant Entities have attributes Example: people have names and addresses A relationship is an association among several entities
- 3. Database Management System (DBMS) A computerized record-keeping system Allows operations such as: Adding new files Inserting data into existing files Retrieving data from existing files Changing data Deleting data Removing existing files from the database
- 4. Data Models A data model is a collection of concepts for describing data. A schema is a description of a particular collection of data, using the given data model. The relational model of data is the most widely used model today. Main concept: relation, basically a table with rows and columns. Every relation has a schema, which describes the columns, or fields.
- 6. Relational Databases Data is logically perceived as a two- dimensional table Relational databases are sets of tables tables are relations
- 8. Relational Database Query A relational database query is a question about the data, and the answer consists of a new relation containing the result. Queries are one part of the Data Manipulation Language of a DBMS (we also need to create, update, insert data) Language: Structured Query Language (SQL)
- 9. Example SQL query Select G.Accession, G.Medline From Genebank G Where G.source=`baker’s yeast’;
- 10. No explicit links between tables Of course, there may be implicit links in that two tables share the same attribute (like the accession number) In fact, in a relational DB, this is the only way to connect distinct tables, at the logical level anyway A link between one table and another is called a foreign key
- 12. Why use a DBMS Data independence and efficient access. Reduced application development time. Data integrity and security. Uniform data administration. Concurrent access, recovery from crashes.
- 13. Example Suppose you created a file to hold names, ID numbers and faculty/student status This was a flat file that resembled a table in a database What if you wanted to now add new data for some of the faculty with credit card information? How would you connect the two tables?
- 14. Example Fred 1234567 Mark 2345678 George 3456789 Quinn 4567890 ID Credit Card 1234567 44444444 4567890 55555555
- 15. How to use MySQL Connect to MySQL Server shell> ~clement/mysqlbin/bin/mysql -h pathogen.cs.byu.edu –u cs360 <Enter> Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Type 'help' for help. mysql>
- 16. How to use MySQL Data Definition 1 mysql> SHOW DATABASES; Database mysql test tmp
- 17. Creating Tables CREATE TABLE image ( image_id INT, image_type CHAR(3), filename CHAR(40), url CHAR(128), Primary Key(image_id)); creates a table with 4 columns and no rows
- 18. Another table create table image_decoder (image_type CHAR(3), decoder_program varchar(20), args varchar(20));
- 19. Basic Data Types INT - signed integer value. Implementation-dependent # bits NUMERIC(total length, number of decimal places) NUMERIC(8,4) - 3 digits, a decimal point, 4 decimal places REAL - floating point number BIT - single boolean value DATE - year, month, day TIME TIMESTAMP - date/time VARCHAR(length) - variable length string <= length BLOB - Binary Large Object
- 20. How to use MySQL INSERT INTO image ( image_id, image_type, filename, url) VALUES ( 1, ‘jpg’, ‘image1’, ‘http://host/dir/image1’) Values must be in the right order and fill all columns Values must be the order specified. But, you don’t need to fill all columns.
- 21. More insert into image_decoder values('jpg','/usr/bin/jpgview’,’’);
- 22. Selecting Rows SELECT image_type from image WHERE filename=‘image1’ SELECT image_decoder.decoder_program FROM image_decoder, image WHERE image.filename=‘image1’ AND image.image_type=image_decoder.image_type The Join operation can be viewed as creating a virtual table on the fly from rows in two or more tables SELECT * from image GROUP by image_type
- 23. Basic Where Clauses Operators =, <, >, <=, >=, != (or <>) WHERE image_id = 2 LIKE - wildcard comparison WHERE decoder_program LIKE ‘c:%’ ISNULL - checks for null value IN - contained in a set (usually for subqueries) WHERE image_id IN (1,2) WHERE image_id IN SELECT image_id FROM Image
- 24. Updating Rows UPDATE Image SET url=‘http://newhost/image1’ WHERE filename=‘image1’ The where clause may select multiple rows e.g. WHERE image_id < 50 If the WHERE clause is excluded, the SET operation is applied to every row in the table
- 25. Deleting Rows DELETE from Image WHERE image_id=2 Entire row is removed from the table DELETE from Image Every row is removed from the table!!!
- 26. How to use MySQL Data manipulation 2 mysql> SELECT * FROM seqs; +-------+-----------+----------+ | title | accession | sequence | +-------+-----------+----------+ | Human | u235 | cgatcagt | +-------+-----------+----------+ mysql> insert into seqs -> values('Dog','u222','ccgtacgt'); mysql> SELECT * FROM seqs; +-------+-----------+----------+ | title | accession | sequence | +-------+-----------+----------+ | Human | u235 | cgatcagt | | Dog | u222 | ccgtacgt | +-------+-----------+----------+
- 27. Add data from file mysql> load data local infile ’/users/faculty/snell/CS360/sample.txt' into table seqs; Delete it mysql> delete from seqs Redo load with up arrow select title, accession from seqs; update seqs set accession = 'H0794' where title = 'Human-01'; select * from seqs order by title;
- 28. More commands mysql> select * from seqs where title like 'Human%';
- 29. More commands use mysql; show tables; describe db;
- 30. PERL DBI $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:mysql: database=sequences; host=paintball:1236;", "phylo","") or die("Couldn't connect"); $SQL= "select * from seqs"; $Select = $dbh->prepare($SQL); $Select->execute(); while($Row=$Select->fetchrow_hashref) print "title $Row->{title}, sequence $Row->{sequence} n"; $dbh->disconnect();
- 31. What Is the Perl DBI? The standard Database Interface for Perl “A perl module and specification that defines a consistent database interface independent of the actual database being used”
- 32. Why the Perl DBI? Once upon a time… One language, many database interfaces Perl 5 - A new way Modules and Objects. The DBI is born. The future is now… ODBC, Oracle, Informix, Ingres, mSQL, mysql, DB2, Solid, Sybase, Postgress, Quickbase, Empress, Fulcrum, ... The same database interface
- 33. Making simple things easy and difficult things possible Goals Be simple to use for simple applications Have sufficient flexibility to accommodate unusual functionality and non-SQL databases Conform to applicable standards (ODBC etc.) Enable the creation of database-independent Perl scripts without being limited to the lowest functionality Be free. A ‘higher-level’ interface than ODBC/JDBC
- 34. Under the Hood DBI defines and implements an interface Driver modules do much of the real work DBI provides default methods, functions, tools etc for drivers Not limited to the lowest common denominator - mechanism provided for driver specific extensions Designed and built for speed Valuable detailed call tracing/debugging built-in
- 36. So why use the Perl DBI? Because... It delivers what it promises It’s here, there and everywhere It’s fast, flexible and well proven It’s free, with source Commercial support is available It has a large user base and a strong future