SQL commands in database managemant systems

School of Computing
Science and Engineering
Program: B.Tech
Course Code:E2UC302B
Course Name:Database Management
System
Dr.Manikant Panthi

School of Computing Science and Engineering
Course Code : E2UC302B Course Name: DBMS
Database Management System
 A Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of
database and stored procedures.
 A DBMS enables you to store, extract and manage important
information from a database.
 It is software that is used to maintain data security and data
integrity in a structured database.
Program Name: B.Tech Program Code: E2UC302B

Database Management System
DBMS helps in maintaining and retrieving data in different form.
There are various tools available for DBMS:
-Oracle
-INGRES
-Sybase
-Microsoft SQL Server
-Ms-Access
-IBM-DB-II
-My SQL

Application of DBMS
-Banking: For account holder information, amount with draw and
deposit, load and other transactions
-Airlines: For reservations, cancelation, fare detail and airline
schedules
-Universities: For student registration, examination, fee detail,
course detail and other information.
-Manufacturing: For inventory, production, sale and purchase orders
-Human Resources: Employee records, salaries, tax deductions,
allowances
-Multimedia application
-Graphical Information System (GIS)

Introduction to SQL
Structured Query Language or SQL is a standard computer
language for accessing and manipulating database systems.
SQL comprises one of the fundamental building blocks of modern
database architecture.
SQL defines methods using which user can create and manipulate
databases on all major platforms.
SQL is a procedural language like C or BASIC.

Types of SQL Commands
 SQL Categorizes its commands on the basis of functionalities performed by
them.
 There are five types of SQL Commands which can be depicted below:
Data Definition Language
Data
Manipulation
Language
Transaction
Control
Language
Data Control
Language
Data query
Language

SQL Data Types
 Data types are used to represent the nature of the data that can be stored in
the database table. For example, in a particular column of a table, if we
want to store a string type of data then we will have to declare a string data
type of this column.
 Data types mainly classified into three categories for every database.
 String Data types
 Numeric Data types
 Date and time Data types

String data types

Numeric data types

Date and Time data Types

SQL Operators

DML and DDL Commands in SQL
• DDL stands for Data Definition Language
and refers to SQL commands used to
create, modify, and delete database
structures such as tables, indexes, and
views. DML stands for Data Manipulation
Language and refers to SQL commands
used to insert, update, and delete data
within a database.

Data Definition Language
• DDL (Data Definition Language) is a type of
SQL command used to define data structures
and modify data. It creates, alters, and deletes
database objects such as tables, views,
indexes, and users. Examples of DDL
statements include CREATE, ALTER,
DROP and TRUNCATE.

Data Definition Language (DDL)
1. CREATE: It is used to create objects in the database, such as
tables, views, stored procedures, and more.
2. ALTER: It is used to modify the structure of an existing
database object.
3. DROP: It is used to delete an entire object or part of an object
from the database.
4. TRUNCATE: Used to delete all records from a table but does
not delete the table structure.
5. RENAME: Used to rename an existing database object.
Course Code : E2UC302B
Course Name: DBMS

Data Definition Language (DDL)

SQL Rename Data Base
 Database users and administrators want to change the name of the
database for some technical reasons. So, the Rename
Database statement in SQL is used to change the name of the existing
database.
 Rename Database statement is used because the developers think that
the original name is not more relevant to the data of the database, or
they want to give a temporary name to that database.
 Syntax of Rename Database in SQL
 ALTER DATABASE old_database_name MODIFY NAME =
new_database_name;
 Syntax of Rename Database in MySQL
 RENAME DATABASE old_database_name TO new_database_name;
 This syntax is used when we want to change the name of the database
in MySQL.

COPY TABLE
 If you want to copy the data of one SQL table into another SQL table in the
same SQL server, then it is possible by using the SELECT INTO statement
in SQL.
 The SELECT INTO statement in Structured Query Language copies the
content from one existing table into the new table. SQL creates the new
table by using the structure of the existing table.

COPY TABLE
Example 1: In this example, we have a table called Cars with three columns:
Suppose you want to copy the content of the above Car table into the new
table Car_Details. For this, you have to type the following query in SQL:
SELECT * INTO Car_Details FROM Cars;
Let's check the Car_Details table is created successfully or not in the database:
SELECT * FROM Car_Details;

COPY TABLE
In this example, we have a table called Employee with four columns:

COPY TABLE
Suppose we want to copy only the record of those employees whose Salary is more
than 40,000. For this, we have to type the following query in SQL:
SELECT * INTO Emp_Salary_40000 FROM Cars WHERE Emp_Salary > 40000;
Let's check the Emp_Salary_40000 table created successfully or not in the
database:
SELECT * FROM Emp_Salary_40000;

ALTER Table Command
 The ALTER TABLE statement in Structured Query Language allows you to add,
modify, and delete columns of an existing table.
1.ALTER TABLE table_name
2.ADD (column_Name1 column-definition,
3.column_Name2 column-definition,
4......
5.column_NameN column-definition);

ALTER Table Command
ALTER TABLE Cars ADD Car_Model Varchar(20);

ALTER Table Command
Suppose, you want to modify the datatypes of two
columns Emp_ContactNo. and Emp_EmailID of the above Employee table. For
this, you have to type the following query in the SQL:
ALTER TABLE Employee ADD ( Emp_ContactNo. Int, Emp_EmailID varchar(80
) ;

ALTER TABLE DROP Column statement in SQL
Syntax of ALTER TABLE DROP Column statement in SQL
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP Column column_name ;
ALTER TABLE Cars DROP COLUMN Car_Color ;
SELECT * FROM Cars;

Data Manipulation Language
• DML (Data Manipulation Language) is a type
of SQL command used to manipulate data in a
database. It inserts, updates, and deletes data
from a database table. Examples of DML
statements include INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Course Name: DBMS
1.INSERT: Used to add new records to a database table.
2.UPDATE: Used to modify existing records in a database
table.
3.DELETE: Used to delete existing records from a database
table.
4.MERGE: Used to combine data from two or more tables
into one.
5.SELECT: Used to retrieve data from one or more tables in
a database.

Course Name: DBMS

Course Name: DBMS
mysql> USE dbs;
mysql> CREATE TABLE student(ID INT, Name VARCHAR(20), Percentage
INT, Location VARCHAR(20), DateOfBirth DATE);

Course Name: DBMS
mysql> SELECT *FROM student;

SQL commands in database managemant systems

SQL DELETE TABLE
 The DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table. If
you want to remove a specific row from a table you should use
WHERE condition.
 DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
 But if you do not specify the WHERE condition it will remove
all the rows from the table.
 DELETE FROM table_name;

Course Name: DBMS
SQL UPDATE
 The SQL commands (UPDATE and DELETE) are used to modify the data that is already
in the database. The SQL DELETE command uses a WHERE clause.
 SQL UPDATE statement is used to change the data of the records held by tables. Which
rows is to be update, it is decided by a condition. To specify condition, we use WHERE
clause.
 The UPDATE statement can be written in following form:
UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,... column_nameN = valueN] [
WHERE condition]
Updating Multiple Fields:
If you are going to update multiple fields, you should separate each field assignment
with a comma.

Course Name: DBMS
SQL UPDATE

Data Control Language (DCL)
 DCL, or Data Control Language, is a subset of SQL used to manage
database security and access control. DCL commands determine who can
access the database and what actions they can perform.
Course Name: DBMS
 The GRANT command is used to grant specific privileges to
database users or roles:
 The REVOKE command is used to revoke previously granted
privileges:

Data Control Language (DCL)
Course Name: DBMS

Transaction Control Language (TCL)
Course Name: DBMS
TCL, or Transaction Control Language, is a subset of SQL used to manage
database transactions. TCL commands ensure data integrity by allowing you to
control when changes to the database are saved permanently or rolled back.

Data Query Language (DQL)
Course Name: DBMS
What is DQL?
 Data Query Language (DQL) is a critical subset of SQL (Structured Query
Language) used primarily for querying and retrieving data from a database.
While SQL encompasses a range of commands for data manipulation, DQL
commands are focused exclusively on data retrieval.
 Data Query Language (DQL) forms the foundation of SQL and is indispensable
for retrieving and analyzing data from relational databases. With a solid
understanding of DQL commands and concepts, you can extract valuable
insights and generate reports that drive informed decision-making. Whether
you’re a database administrator, data analyst, or software developer, mastering
DQL is essential for effectively working with databases.

Data Query Language (DQL)
Course Name: DBMS
Purpose of DQL
The primary purpose of DQL is to allow users to extract meaningful
information from a database. Whether you need to retrieve specific
records, filter data based on certain conditions, or aggregate and sort
results, DQL plays a crucial role in various database-related tasks,
including:
•Generating reports
•Extracting statistical information
•Displaying data to users
•Answering complex business queries

SQL Select Statement
Course Name: DBMS
 The SELECT statement is the most commonly used command in Structured
Query Language. It is used to access the records from one or more database
tables and views.
Syntax of SELECT Statement in SQL:
SELECT Column_Name_1, Column_Name_2, ....., Column_Name_N FROM Ta
ble_Name;

Course Name: DBMS
Use the following query to create the Student_Records table in SQL:
1.CREATE TABLE Student_Records
2.(
3.Student_Id Int PRIMARY KEY,
4.First_Name VARCHAR (20),
5.Address VARCHAR (20),
6.Age Int NOT NULL,
7.Percentage Int NOT NULL,
8.Grade VARCHAR (10)
9.) ;

Course Name: DBMS

SELECT Student_Id, Age, Percentage, Grade FROM Employee;
SELECT Statement with WHERE clause
The WHERE clause is used with SELECT statement to return only those rows
from the table, which satisfy the specified condition in the query.
Syntax of SELECT Statement with WHERE clause
SELECT * FROM Name_of_Table WHERE [condition];

The following query shows the record of those employees from the above table whose
Emp_Panelty is 500:
SELECT * FROM Employee_Details WHERE Emp_Panelty = 500;
This SELECT query displays the following table in result:

SQL SELECT Statement with GROUP BY clause:
The GROUP BY clause is used with the SELECT statement to show the common data of the column
from the table:
Syntax of SELECT Statement with GROUP BY clause
SELECT column_Name_1, column_Name_2, ....., column_Name_N
aggregate_function_name(column_Name2) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_Name1;
Use the following query to create the Cars_Details table:

SQL SELECT Statement with GROUP BY clause:

SQL SELECT Statement with HAVING clause
 The HAVING clause in the SELECT statement creates a selection in
those groups which are defined by the GROUP BY clause.
 SELECT column_Name_1, column_Name_2, ....., column_Name_N aggregate_f
unction_name(column_Name_2) FROM table_name GROUP BYcolumn_Name
1 HAVING ;
The following query shows the total salary of those employees having more than
5000 from the above Employee_Having table:
SELECT SUM (Employee_Salary), Employee_City FROM Employee_Having
GROUP BY Employee_City HAVING SUM(Employee_Salary)>50000;

SQL SELECT Statement with HAVING clause
The following query shows the total salary of those employees having
more than 50000 from the above Employee_Having table:
SELECT SUM (Employee_Salary), Employee_City FROM
Employee_Having GROUP BY Employee_City HAVING
SUM(Employee_Salary)>50000;

SELECT Statement with ORDER BY clause
The ORDER BY clause with the SQL SELECT statement shows the records or
rows in a sorted manner.
The ORDER BY clause arranges the values in both ascending and descending
order. Few database systems arrange the values of column in ascending order by
default

SQL KEYS: Primary Key
Course Name: DBMS
 A column or columns is called primary key (PK) that uniquely identifies each
row in the table.
 If you want to create a primary key, you should define a PRIMARY KEY
constraint when you create or modify a table.
 When multiple columns are used as a primary key, it is known as composite
primary key.
 Primary key enforces the entity integrity of the table.
 Primary key always has unique data.
 A primary key length cannot be exceeded than 900 bytes.
 A primary key cannot have null value.
 There can be no duplicate value for a primary key.
 A table can contain only one primary key constraint.
 The main advantage of this uniqueness is that we get fast access.

SQL KEYS: Primary Key
Course Name: DBMS

SQL KEYS: Foreign Key
Course Name: DBMS
 In the relational databases, a foreign key is a field or a column that is used to
establish a link between two tables.
 In simple words you can say that, a foreign key in one table used to point
primary key in another table.

Course Name: DBMS
Here are two tables first one is students table and second is orders table.

Course Name: DBMS

SQL KEYS: Unique Key
Course Name: DBMS
 A unique key is a set of one or more than one fields/columns of
a table that uniquely identify a record in a database table.
 You can say that it is little like primary key but it can accept
only one null value and it cannot have duplicate values.
 The unique key and primary key both provide a guarantee for
uniqueness for a column or a set of columns.
 There is an automatically defined unique key constraint within
a primary key constraint.

SQL KEYS: Unique Key
Course Name: DBMS

SQL KEYS: Composite Key
Course Name: DBMS
 A composite key is a combination of two or more columns in a table that can
be used to uniquely identify each row in the table when the columns are
combined uniqueness is guaranteed, but when it taken individually it does
not guarantee uniqueness.
 Sometimes more than one attributes are needed to uniquely identify an
entity. A primary key that is made by the combination of more than one
attribute is known as a composite key.
 Composite key is a key which is the combination of more than one field or
column of a given table. It may be a candidate key or primary key.

Course Name: DBMS
SQL KEYS: Composite Key

SQL KEYS: Alternate Key
Course Name: DBMS
Alternate key is a secondary key it can be simple to understand
by an example:
Let's take an example of student it can contain NAME, ROLL
NO., ID and CLASS.
Here ROLL NO. is primary key and rest of all columns like
NAME, ID and CLASS are alternate keys.
If a table has more than one candidate key, one of them will
become the primary key and rest of all are called alternate keys.

SQL where clause
Course Name: DBMS
 A WHERE clause in SQL is a data manipulation language statement.
WHERE clauses are not mandatory clauses of SQL DML statements
 It returns only those queries which fulfill the specific conditions.
WHERE clause is used in SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE statement etc.
SELECT column1, column 2, ... column n
FROM table_name
WHERE [conditions]

SQLAND
Course Name: DBMS
 The SQL AND condition is used in SQL query to create two or more
conditions to be met.
 It is used in SQL SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
 SELECT columns FROM tables WHERE condition 1 AND condition 2;
 The SQL AND condition require that both conditions should be met.
 The SQL AND condition also can be used to join multiple tables in a SQL
statement.

SQLAND
Course Name: DBMS
Write a query to get the records from emp tables in which department of the
employee is IT and location is Chennai.
mysql> SELECT *FROM emp WHERE Department = "IT" AND Location = "C
hennai";

SQLAND
Course Name: DBMS
mysql> SELECT *FROM emp WHERE Department = "IT" AND Location = "M
umbai";
Write a query to update the records in emp tables in which department of the
employee is Marketing, and the first name is Suraj. For that particular
employee, set the updated value of the location as Delhi.
mysql> UPDATE emp SET Location = "Delhi" WHERE Department = "Marketing"
AND First_Name = "Suraj";
Write a query to update the records in the emp table in which department of the employee is
Finance and ID is 7. For that particular employee, set the updated value of the department as
HR.
mysql> UPDATE emp SET Department = "HR" WHERE Department = "Finance" AND I
D = 7;
Write a query to delete the records from the emp table in which the last name of the
employee is Jain, and the Location is Bangalore.
DELETE FROM emp WHERE Last_Name = 'Jain' AND Location = 'Bangal
ore';

SQL OR
Course Name: DBMS
 The SQL OR condition is used in SQL query to create a SQL statement
where records are returned when any one condition met. It can be used in
a SELECT statement, INSERT statement, UPDATE statement
or DELETE statement.

SQL OR
Course Name: DBMS
Write a query to get the records from emp tables in which department of the employee is
Marketing or location is Noida.
mysql> SELECT *FROM emp WHERE Department = "Marketing" OR Location
= "Noida";

SQL WITH CLAUSE
Course Name: DBMS
 The SQL WITH clause is used to provide a sub-query block which can be
referenced in several places within the main SQL query.
1.WITH <alias_name> AS (sql_sub-query_statement)
2.SELECT column_list FROM <alias_name> [table name]
3.[WHERE <join_condition>]

SQL JOIN
Course Name: DBMS
 As the name shows, JOIN means to combine something. In case of SQL, JOIN means
"to combine two or more tables".
 The SQL JOIN clause takes records from two or more tables in a database and
combines it together.
 ANSI standard SQL defines five types of JOIN :
 inner join,
 left outer join,
 right outer join,
 full outer join, and
 cross join.

Why sql join is used
Course Name: DBMS
 If you want to access more than one table through a select statement.
 If you want to combine two or more table then SQL JOIN statement is used .it combines
rows of that tables in one table and one can retrieve the information by a SELECT
statement.
 The joining of two or more tables is based on common field between them.
 SQL INNER JOIN also known as simple join is the most common type of join.
How to use SQL join or SQL Inner Join?

Why sql join is used?
Course Name: DBMS

1. SELECT Staff_ID, Staff_NAME, Staff_AGE, AMOUNT
2. FROM STAFF s, PAYMENT p
3. WHERE s.ID =p.STAFF_ID;
Course Name: DBMS

Course Name: DBMS
SQL JOIN
1. In the SQL outer JOIN, all the content from both the tables is integrated
together.
2. Even though the records from both the tables are matched or not, the matching
and non-matching records from both the tables will be considered an output of
the outer join in SQL.
3. There are three different types of outer join in SQL:
 Left Outer Join
 Right Outer Join
 Full Outer Join
 Inner join
 Cross Join

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SELECT Staff_ID, Staff_NAME, Staff_AGE, AMOUNT
FROM STAFF s, PAYMENT p
WHERE s.ID =p.STAFF_ID;

Course Name: DBMS
SQL OUTER JOIN
 In the SQL outer JOIN, all the content from both the tables is integrated
together.
 Even though the records from both the tables are matched or not, the matching
and non-matching records from both the tables will be considered an output of
the outer join in SQL.
 There are three different types of outer join in SQL:
 Left Outer Join
 Right Outer Join
 Full Outer Join
 Now let us take a deeper dive into the different types of outer join in SQL with
the help of examples. All the queries in the examples will be written using the
MySQL database.

Course Name: DBMS
SQL OUTER JOIN

Course Name: DBMS
SQL OUTER JOIN
Table 2: department

Course Name: DBMS
LEFT OUTER JOIN
 If we use the left outer join to combine two different tables, then we will get all
the records from the left table. But we will get only those records from the right
table, which have the corresponding key in the left table.
SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2 FROM
TableName1 LEFT OUTER JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.ColumnName =
TableName2.ColumnName;
Query 1 : Write a query to perform left outer join considering employee
table as the left table and department table as the right table.
mysql> SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Employee_Salary,
d.DepartmentID, d.Department_Name FROM employee e LEFT OUTER
JOIN department d ON e.EmployeeID = d.Employee_ID;

Course Name: DBMS
Query 2 :Write a query to perform left outer join considering loan table as
the left table and borrower table as the right table.
mysql> SELECT l.LoanID, l.Branch, l.Amount, b.CustID, b.CustName FRO
M Loan l LEFT OUTER JOIN Borrower b ON l.LoanID = b.LoanID;

Course Name: DBMS
RIGHT OUTER JOIN
 Right outer join is the reverse of left outer join. If we use the right outer join to
combine two different tables, then we will get all the records from the right
table. But we will get only those records from the left table, which have the
corresponding key in the right table.
 Syntax of writing a query to perform right outer join:
SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2 FROM Tab
leName1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.ColumnName
= TableName2.ColumnName;
Write a query to perform right outer join considering employee table as
the left table and department table as the right table.
mysql> SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Employee_Salary, d.
DepartmentID, d.Department_Name FROM employee e RIGHT OUTER JO
IN department d ON e.EmployeeID = d.Employee_ID;

Write a query to perform right outer join considering loan table as the left table
and borrower table as the right table.
Query:
mysql> SELECT l.LoanID, l.Branch, l.Amount, b.CustID, b.CustName FROM
Loan l RIGHT OUTER JOIN Borrower b ON l.LoanID

Course Name: DBMS
FULL OUTER JOIN
 If we use a full outer join to combine two different tables, then we will get all
the records from both the table. we will get all the records from the left table
as well as the right table.
 MySQL doesn't support FULL OUTER JOIN directly. So to implement full
outer join in MySQL, we will execute two queries in a single query. The first
query will be of LEFT OUTER JOIN, and the second query will be of RIGHT
OUTER JOIN. We will combine the first and second query with the UNION
operator to see the results of FULL OUTER JOIN.
SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2 FROM Ta
bleName1 LEFT OUTER JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.ColumnName
= TableName2.ColumnName UNION SELECT TableName1.columnName1,
TableName2.columnName2 FROM TableName1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN Table
Name2 ON TableName1.ColumnName = TableName2.ColumnName;
Write a query to perform full outer join considering the employee table as the left
table and department table as the right table.

mysql> SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Employee_Salary, d.DepartmentID,
d.Department_Name FROM department d LEFT OUTER JOIN employee e ON e.Employee
ID = d.Employee_ID UNION SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Employee_Sa
lary, d.DepartmentID, d.Department_Name FROM department d RIGHT OUTER JOIN emp
loyee e ON e.EmployeeID = d.Employee_ID;

Course Name: DBMS
LEFT JOIN
If we use left join to combine two different tables, then we will get all the records from
the left table
SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2 FROM TableName
1 LEFT JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.ColumnName = TableName2.ColumnNam
e;
Write a query to perform the left join operation considering the employee table as
the left table and the department table as the right table.
mysql> SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Employee_Salary
, d.DepartmentID, d.Department_Name FROM employee e LEFT JOIN
department d ON e.EmployeeID = d.Employee_ID;

Course Name: DBMS
LEFT JOIN
Write a query to perform the left join operation considering the loan table as the
left table and the borrower table as the right table.
mysql> SELECT l.LoanID, l.Branch, l.Amount, b.CustID, b.CustName
FROM Loan l LEFT JOIN Borrower b ON l.LoanID = b.LoanID;

Course Name: DBMS
RIGHT JOIN
 If we use the right join to combine two different tables, then we will get all the
records from the right table. But we will get only those records from the left
table, which have the corresponding key in the right table. Rest other records in
the left table for which the common column value doesn't match with the
common column value of the right table; displayed as NULL.
Syntax:
 SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2 FROM Tabl
eName1 RIGHT JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.ColumnName = TableNam
e2.ColumnName;
Write a query to perform a right join operation considering the employee table as
the left table and the department table as the right table.
mysql> SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.Employee_Name, e.Employee_Salary,
d.DepartmentID, d.Department_Name FROM employee e RIGHT JOIN
department d ON e.EmployeeID = d.Employee_ID;

Course Name: DBMS
FULL JOIN
 The SQL full join is the result of combination of both left and right outer join
and the join tables have all the records from both tables. It puts NULL on the
place of matches not found.
 What is SQL full outer join?
 SQL full outer join is used to combine the result of both left and right outer
join and returns all rows (don't care its matched or unmatched) from the both
participating tables.
Syntax for full outer join:
1.SELECT *
2.FROM table1
3.FULL OUTER JOIN table2
4.ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Course Name: DBMS
CROSS JOIN
 If we use the cross join to combine two different tables, then we will get the
Cartesian product of the sets of rows from the joined table. When each row of
the first table is combined with each row from the second table, it is known as
Cartesian join or cross join.
 After performing the cross join operation, the total number of rows present in
the final table will be equal to the product of the number of rows present in
table 1 and the number of rows present in table 2.
SELECT TableName1.columnName1, TableName2.columnName2 FROM TableNam
e1 CROSS JOIN TableName2 ON TableName1.ColumnName = TableName2.Colum
nName;

Write a query to perform the cross join operation considering the MatchScore
table as the left table and the Departments table as the right table.
Query:SELECT * FROM MatchScore CROSS JOIN Departments;

SQL commands in database managemant systems

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