![Pattern Matching Syntax
• Use Like
Department LIKE ‘C__’
• Can use wildcards
– Single character is _ (underscore)
– No, one or many characters is % (per cent)
• Use brackets if have options in a position
Department LIKE ‘[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z ][A-Z ]’
(Department must be at least two letters, with a letter or
space included in last two positions)
CourseNumber LIKE ‘[0-2][0-9][0-9]’
(numbers must start with 0, 1, or 2 and be three digits)
This is a single underscore](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/5constraints-120413155234-phpapp02/85/SQL-Constraints-12-320.jpg)
![Example Constraints
• Change an existing table:
ALTER TABLE Students
CONSTRAINT ck_StudentID
CHECK (StudentID LIKE ‘875-[0-9][0-9]- [0-9][0-9][0-
9][0-9]’)
• Create a new table with constraint
CREATE TABLE Courses
(
Department VARCHAR(3)
CHECK (Department IN (‘CIS’,’CS’,’CNA’)
)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/5constraints-120413155234-phpapp02/85/SQL-Constraints-24-320.jpg)
SQL Constraints
- 1. Data Definition Language: Constraints CIS-182 CIS-182 Constraints
- 2. Constraints • Constraints define acceptable values • Types of constraints – Field: Not Null, Check, Unique, Primary Key, Foreign Key • These are Domain Constraints – Table: Check, Unique, Primary Key, Foreign Key • These are Entity Constraints
- 3. Required Fields • Required fields must be set to NOT NULL – Fields accept Null by default – Null means missing, not known StudentID CHAR(9) NOT NULL
- 4. Required and Optional Fields
- 5. Check Constraints • Check Constraint – Can set a range or end points – Can specify that value must be in a list – Can specify that data has a pattern • Can test a column or table (row) – Domain constraint defines what will be found in column – Entity constraint defines what exists in a row • A single test applied to multiple columns must be done at the table level – A project must have an end date after the start date
- 6. Operators • Relational operators describe how to compare numbers, dates – =, >, <, <>, >=, <= • Like compares patterns • In tests to see if a value is in a list • Logical – And, Or tie together multiple tests – Not generates the inverse
- 7. Ranges • Typically used with numbers and dates • Can test for a single endpoint – GPA <= 4 – Birthday < GetDate() • Can test for two endpoints – Credits Between 1 and 10 – Credits >=1 And Credits <=10
- 8. Using Ranges
- 9. Comparing to List • Can specify that a value must be found in a group • Different from a range! – Being in the list of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is different from being between 1 and 5 • Values separated by comma Department IN (‘CIS’,’CS’,’CNA’)
- 10. Using a List
- 11. Pattern Matching • Used when text data has specific characteristics – Course number must be three numbers – Department must be 2 or 3 letters • Can test for letters, numbers, other characters
- 12. Pattern Matching Syntax • Use Like Department LIKE ‘C__’ • Can use wildcards – Single character is _ (underscore) – No, one or many characters is % (per cent) • Use brackets if have options in a position Department LIKE ‘[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z ][A-Z ]’ (Department must be at least two letters, with a letter or space included in last two positions) CourseNumber LIKE ‘[0-2][0-9][0-9]’ (numbers must start with 0, 1, or 2 and be three digits) This is a single underscore
- 13. Using Patterns Pattern for Phone includes literals (dashes)
- 14. Default Values • Allows a standard value to be entered in a field • Default value must satisfy data type requirements • Can use a literal value or result of a calculation FirstName varchar(25) DEFAULT ‘Randy’
- 16. Domain or Entity • Most constraints can be applied to a table – Not part of the field definition – can remove constraint without changing field – A constraint involving multiple columns must be done at the table level • Entity constraint: – The Discount Price must be less than the Retail Price – Describes what the row needs to be valid • Domain Constraint – The Retail Price must be more than zero – Describes what the field needs to be valid
- 17. Unique Constraints • Value entered into a field or fields must be different for each row – Student ID must be different for every student – ISBN must be different for every book StudentID CHAR(9) UNIQUE
- 18. Primary Key Constraint • Primary key constraint provides a way to get a single row in a table – May be one or more fields • If using multiple fields must be table-level • Definition of a field can only be about that field – Any field that is part of the primary key must have data StudentID char(9) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY ALTER TABLE Publishers ADD CONSTRAINT pkPublishers PRIMARY KEY (PublisherID)
- 19. Identity • SQL Server has a method to create an autonumber (auto-increment) – Only 1 identity field per table • Specify fieldname, data type, follow with IDENTITY – Can optionally include the SEED and INCREMENT • Seed represents the starting value (defaults to 1) • Increment is the value to change by (defaults to 1) CourseID INT IDENTITY PublisherID INT Identity(101,10) PRIMARY KEY
- 20. Foreign Key Constraint • Value in one table must have related/associated value in a second table • Foreign key can be single or multiple columns – If more than one column must be done as table-level constraint
- 21. Foreign Key Syntax CONSTRAINT fk_Name FOREIGN KEY (field list) REFERENCES TableName(field list) • First field list is about the current table (many side) • TableName is about the table on the one-side • Second field list is optional if you’re referring to a primary key of that second table
- 22. Working With Constraints • Constraints can be named – Makes it easier to change or remove the constraint later • If not named, SQL Server will create a name – Every object needs an identifier!
- 23. Using ALTER • ALTER is used to change an existing object – Keeps current settings – including permissions • DROP is used to remove an object – can CREATE after DROPping but would need to reset permissions
- 24. Example Constraints • Change an existing table: ALTER TABLE Students CONSTRAINT ck_StudentID CHECK (StudentID LIKE ‘875-[0-9][0-9]- [0-9][0-9][0- 9][0-9]’) • Create a new table with constraint CREATE TABLE Courses ( Department VARCHAR(3) CHECK (Department IN (‘CIS’,’CS’,’CNA’) )