Steels and its use in the Wagon Industry
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This document discusses different types of steels and their manufacturing processes. It begins by classifying engineering materials and discussing ferrous metals like steels. It then defines different types of steels based on carbon content, including plain carbon steels and alloy steels. The document outlines the classification of plain carbon steels and describes common manufacturing processes like Bessemer, open hearth, electric arc furnace. It also discusses stainless steels, their composition diagrams and production methods. World steel production statistics are presented along with microstructure diagrams of plain carbon steels and the iron-carbon phase diagram.
Steels and its use in the Wagon Industry
- 1. STEELS Persistence is to the character of man as Carbon is to the Steel by Md. Asfaque Production Engineer SRBWIPL
- 2. Content Layout Engineering Materials and its Classification Steel and its types Classification of Plain Carbon Steels Manufacturing Processes of Steels Stainless Steel and its Composition Diagram How Stainless Steels are made? World Steel Production Microstructure of Plain Carbon Steel Iron Carbon Phase Diagram Conclusion video Cold rolled Steel Vs Hot Rolled
- 3. Classification of Engineering Materials Engineering Materials Metals Ferrous Metals Non Ferrous Metals Non Metals Synthetic materials Natural Materials FerrousMetals Steels Cast Iron Wrought Iron
- 4. STEELS and its types It is an alloy of Iron, Carbon and other elements with a Carbon Content upto a maximum of 2 wt%. Carbon Steels Plain Carbon Steels Are alloys with definite ranges of Carbon and a max of 1.65 wt% Mn, a max of 0.6 wt% Si & Cu and maxima of Sulphur and Phosphorus Alloy Steels Same constituents, in addition also contains Al, Cr, Mo, Nb, Ni, Ti, W, Vd, Zr , etc
- 5. Classification of Plain Carbon Steel PlainCarbonSteel Dead Mild Steel (< 0.15%) Low Carbon Steel (0.15%- 0.45%) Medium Carbon Steel (0.45%- 0.8%) High Carbon Steel (0.8%- 2%)
- 6. Manufacturing Processes of Steels Principal methods applied in the manufacture of Steels are:- Bessemer Process Cementation process Crucible Process Open Hearth Process (Siemens- Martin Process) Duplex Process L-D process Electric Process
- 7. Stainless Steel – It is that steel which when correctly heat treated and finished, resists oxidation and corrosive attack from the most corrosive media. STAINLESS STEELS Martensitic (11-18% Cr, 0.1-1.2% C) Ferritic (10-27% Cr, 0.12% C) Austenitic (18-35% Cr, <35% Ni Duplex (21-27% Cr, 1-8% Ni, 0.05-3% Cu, 0.05-5% Mo) Precipitation Hardening (15-17% Cr, 3-5% Ni & Cu & traces of Al, Nb) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica
- 8. Composition Diagram of various Stainless Steels
- 9. How Stainless Steels are made? Melting • Melting iron scrap and additives in an EAF • High power electrode heats the metals to create a molten mixture Removing Carbon Content • AOD:- Injecting Argon gas reduces Carbon • VOD:- molten steel is transferred to another chamber and Oxygen is injected into it. A vaccum then removes the vented gases reducing Carbon Content Tuning • To ensure that the metal meets the requirements by balancing and homogenisation of temperature. Forming • Foundry used to cast the desired shape viz, Blooms, Billets, Slabs, Tubes and Rods
- 10. Depending upon the grade or format, Annealing Cold rolling Hot rolling Quality Control Finishing cutting Descaling
- 11. Hot rolled steel and Cold Rolled steel
- 12. Cold rolled Steel Vs Hot rolled Steel At high temperatures over 1,700˚F, which is above the re-crystallization temperature for most steels. Hot worked steels are less stronger than standard cold rolled steels. Less control over its final shape, making it less suitable for precision applications. Lot cheaper in relative to cold rolled steel A scaled surface Slight distortions Railroad tracks and construction projects often use hot rolled steel Cold rolled steel is essentially hot rolled steel that has been through further processing. Once hot rolled steel has cooled, it is then re-rolled at room temperature. Cold worked steels are typically harder and stronger than standard hot rolled steels. • Better, more finished surfaces with closer tolerances • Smooth surfaces that are often oily to the touch • Bars are true and square, and often have well-defined edges and corners • Tubes have better concentric uniformity and straightness • Computer-cabinet hardware; small appliance parts; and light industrial applications such as tool boxes, shelving, and lighting often use cold rolled steel
- 13. World Steel Production (2014 report)
- 14. Microstructure of Plain Carbon Steel Iron (0.2% Carbon)
- 15. Contd…
- 16. Contd…
- 17. Invariant reactions in Iron-Carbon system 1. Peritectic Reaction 2. Eutectic Reaction 3. Eutectoid Reaction Where, δ= Ferrite (BCC) γ= Austenite(FCC) α= Low temp. ferrite(BCC)
- 19. Caption
- 23. Crucible Process
- 25. Electric Arc Furnace Flow Diagram
- 26. Uses Linz-Donawitz Process for manufacturing Steels
- 27. Uses Duplex Process for manufacture of Steels
Editor's Notes
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