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Stem cells technology and applications
- 1. STEM CELLS TECHNOLOGY ANDAPPLICATIONS ZUHA RAHMAN M.PHARM(Pharmaceutical biotechnology) 2nd semester
- 2. CONTENT 1. POTENCY 2. StemCells 3. What are the unique properties of all stem cells? 4. How are embryonic stem cells grown in the laboratory? 5. What laboratory tests are used to identify embryonic stem cells 6. Adult stem cells 7. Stem cell cultures and stem lines 8. applications
- 3. POTENCY Potency refers tonumber of possible fates open to a cells means cells(stem cells) are categorized by their potential to differentiate into other types of cells Embryonic stem cells are the most potent since they must become every type of cell in the body
- 4. CLASSIFICATION 1. Totipotent -the ability to differentiate into all possible cell types. Example – zygote 2. Pluripotent - the ability to differentiate into almost all cell types . Example include embryonic stem cells 3. Multipotent - the ability to differentiate into a closely related family of cells. Examples include hematopoietic (adult) stem cells that can become red and white blood cells or platelets. 4. Unipotent - the ability to only produce cells of their own type, but have the property of self-renewal required to be labeled a stem cell. Examples include (adult) muscle stem cells.
- 5. STEM CELLS •Stem cellsare a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. Commonly, stem cells come from two main sources: •Embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and •Adult tissue (adult stem cells). •Both types are generally characterized by their potency, or potential to differentiate into different cell types (such as skin, muscle, bone, etc.).
- 8. WHAT ARE THEUNIQUE PROPERTIES OF ALL STEM CELLS? Stem cells differ from other kinds of cells in the body. All stem cells—regardless of their source—have three general properties: they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods they are unspecialized they can give rise to specialized cell types.
- 9. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Embryonicstem cells, as their name suggests, are derived from embryos. Most embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman's body.
- 13. HOW ARE EMBRYONICSTEM CELLS GROWN IN THE LABORATORY? Growing cells in the laboratory is known as cell culture Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are generated by transferring cells from a preimplantation-stage embryo into a plastic laboratory culture dish that contains a nutrient broth known as culture medium The cells divide and spread over the surface of the dish. the inner surface of the culture dish was coated with mouse embryonic skin cells specially treated so they will not divide. This coating layer of cells is called a feeder layer
- 14. The mouse cellsin the bottom of the culture dish provide the cells a sticky surface to which they can attach. Also, the feeder cells release nutrients into the culture medium. (Researchers have now devised ways to grow embryonic stem cells without mouse feeder cells. This is a significant scientific advance because of the risk that viruses or other macromolecules in the mouse cells may be transmitted to the human cells.) if the plated cells survive, divide and multiply enough to crowd the dish, they are removed gently and plated into several fresh culture dishes. The process of re-plating or subculturing the cells is repeated many times and for many months Once the cell line is established, the original cells yield millions of embryonic stem cells.
- 16. WHAT LABORATORY TESTSARE USED TO IDENTIFY EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 1. Growing and subculturing the stem cells for many months. This ensures that the cells are capable of long-term growth and self- renewal 2. Using specific techniques to determine the presence of transcription factors that are typically produced by undifferentiated cells. Two of the most important transcription factors are Nanog and Oct4. (Transcription factors help turn genes on and off at the right time, which is an important part of the processes of cell differentiation and embryonic development.) 3. Using specific techniques to determine the presence of particular cell surface markers that are typically produced by undifferentiated cells 4. Determining whether the cells can be re-grown, or subcultured,
- 17. ADULT STEM CELLS Adultor somatic stem cells exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found inside of different types of tissue. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver
- 19. • Typically, thereis a very small number of stem cells in each tissue and, once removed from the body, their capacity to divide is limited, making generation of large quantities of stem cells difficult. Scientists in many laboratories are trying to find better ways to grow large quantities of adult stem cells in cell culture and to manipulate them to generate specific cell types so they can be used to treat injury or disease •Some examples of potential treatments include regenerating bone using cells derived from bone marrow stroma, developing insulin-producing cells for type 1 diabetes, and repairing damaged heart muscle following a heart attack with cardiac muscle cells.
- 20. STEM CELL CULTURES Stemcells are either extracted from adult tissue or from a dividing zygote in a culture dish. Once extracted, scientists place the cells in a controlled culture that prohibits them from further specializing or differentiating but usually allows them to divide and replicate. The process of growing large numbers of embryonic stem cells has been easier than growing large numbers of adult stem cells, but progress is being made for both cell types.
- 21. STEM CELL LINES Oncestem cells have been allowed to divide and propagate in a controlled culture, the collection of healthy, dividing, and undifferentiated cells is called a stem cell line. These stem cell lines are subsequently managed and shared among researchers. Once under control, the stem cells can be stimulated to specialize as directed by a researcher - a process known as directed differentiation. Embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells.
- 22. WHAT TESTS AREUSED TO IDENTIFY ADULT STEM CELLS? Scientists often use one or more of the following methods to identify adult stem cells: (1) label the cells in a living tissue with molecular markers and then determine the specialized cell types they generate (2) remove the cells from a living animal, label them in cell culture, and transplant them back into another animal to determine whether the cells replace (or "repopulate") their tissue of origin
- 23. APPLICATIONS Organ and tissueregeneration : Tissue regeneration is probably the most important possible application of stem cell research. Currently, organs must be donated and transplanted, but the demand for organs far exceeds supply. Stem cells could potentially be used to grow a particular type of tissue or organ if directed to differentiate in a certain way. Stem cells that lie just beneath the skin, for example, have been used to engineer new skin tissue that can be grafted on to burn victims.
- 24. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE TREATMENT A teamof researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital reported in PNAS Early Edition (July 2013 issue) that they were able to create blood vessels in laboratory mice using human stem cells. The scientists extracted vascular precursor cells derived from human- induced pluripotent stem cells from one group of adults with type 1 diabetes as well as from another group of “healthy” adults. They were then implanted onto the surface of the brains of the mice. Within two weeks of implanting the stem cells, networks of blood- perfused vessels had been formed - they lasted for 280 days. These new blood vessels were as good as the adjacent natural ones. The authors explained that using stem cells to repair or regenerate blood vessels could eventually help treat human patients with cardiovascular and vascular diseases.
- 26. BRAIN DISEASE TREATMENT Additionally,replacement cells and tissues may be used to treat brain disease such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's by replenishing damaged tissue, bringing back the specialized brain cells that keep unneeded muscles from moving. Embryonic stem cells have recently been directed to differentiate into these types of cells, and so treatments are promising.
- 28. CELL DEFICIENCY THERAPY Healthyheart cells developed in a laboratory may one day be transplanted into patients with heart disease, repopulating the heart with healthy tissue. Similarly, people with type I diabetes may receive pancreatic cells to replace the insulin-producing cells that have been lost or destroyed by the patient's own immune system. The only current therapy is a pancreatic transplant, and it is unlikely to occur due to a small supply of pancreases available for
- 29. BLOOD DISEASE TREATMENTS Adulthematopoietic stem cells found in blood and bone marrow have been used for years to treat diseases such as leukemia, sickle cell anemia, and other immunodeficiencies. These cells are capable of producing all blood cell types, such as red blood cells that carry oxygen to white blood cells that fight disease. Difficulties arise in the extraction of these cells through the use of invasive bone marrow transplants. However hematopoietic stem cells have also been found in the umbilical cord and placenta. This has led some scientists to call for an umbilical cord blood bank to make these powerful cells more easily obtainable and to decrease the chances of a
- 30. REFRENCES National institutes ofhealth (https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/4.htm) Medical news today (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell)