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Strengthening research to improve schooling outcomes
This document outlines research on strengthening schooling outcomes through various methods. It discusses action research, which integrates implementing plans with studying their effectiveness. Some areas of focus are what works in schools according to factors like teaching strategies. Mixed research methods are recommended, using both qualitative and quantitative data to gain a fuller understanding. The document provides guidance on writing strong research reports through thoroughly evaluating criteria like clearly describing the methodology.
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Strengthening research to improve schooling outcomes
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- 2. Presentation Outline Clarifyingthe concepts Action research Some research areas Possible research questions Mixing research methods Points to remember in writing research reports
- 3. Research MICHAEL BASSEY, Faculty ofEducation, Nottingham Polytechnic • process of finding out which is conducted not on a random or arbitrary basis but in the light of some theoretical perspective. Systematic Inquiry • perceptions, interpretations, explanations and conclusions are subject to questioning which challenges them both logically and ethically. Critical Inquiry
- 4. Two Categories ofResearch Workers Understand • trying to describe, interpret or explain what is happening without inducing any change • giving a theoretical account which links with existing theoretical ideas Change • trying to induce some change which they see as beneficial • using systematic and critical enquiry in attempts to improve the practical situation
- 5. Action ResearchNSW, Australia,2010 the term which describes the integration of action (implementing a plan) with research (developing an understanding of the effectiveness of this implementation).
- 6. Educational Action Research... “refers to taking a systematic look at some educational practice and recording what was done, why it was done, collecting data, analyzing the data and reflecting on how the results might influence future teaching endeavors.” (http://actionresearch.altec.org/)
- 9. What Works inSchools Marzano, 2003 School Level Factors • A guaranteed and viable curriculum • Challenging goals and effective feedback • Parent and community involvement • Safe and orderly environment • Collegiality and professionalism Teacher Level Factors • Instructional strategies • Classroom management • Classroom curriculum design Student Level Factors • Home environment • Learned intelligence and background knowledge • Student motivation
- 10. Master teachers havehigh skills and high will - Jackson, 2003 SKILL is the science of teaching involves a teacher’s pedagogical and content knowledge WILL is the art of teaching has to do with a teacher’s passion involves a teacher’s drive to help all students be successful
- 11. The Will andSkill Matrix
- 12. Four Categories ofTeaching SkillMaster Teacher • teaching is fluid and automatic • seems to know the right thing to do at the right time Practitioner • proficient in practice but approach to teaching is not entirely seamless Apprentice takes time to understand curriculum objectives and figure out how to meet them all, but tends to attack each objective separately and misses interrelationships and how each objective contributes to the big picture of student learning lessons of apprentice teachers often lack coherence Novice tends to struggle with planning and classroom management and therefore has a disjointed approach to teaching
- 13. Strategies for Addressing WillIFTEACHERS NEED … GIVE THEM … Autonomy Several suggestions or recommendations from which they can choose Choices about time, task, technique, team, and territory Descriptive rather than prescriptive feedback in noncontrolling language that implies that they always have a choice Mastery Deliberate practice with clear goals and immediate feedback Novelty Challenge Frequent growth-oriented feedback Purpose Opportunities to set their own professional learning goals Reasons behind new initiatives, requests, and suggestions Opportunities to participate in teacher inquiry A clear vision for the organization and an understanding of their own role in it Nested praise Belonging Nonevaluative, casual conversation about teaching Access to you and to others who can help them Opportunities to work with others Strategies for forging positive relationships with colleagues and students
- 14. Helping Every TeacherBecome a Master Teacher FOR YOUR … SHAPE THE ENVIRONMENT SHAPE YOUR LEADERSHIP APPROACH MANAGE THE POWER DYNAMICS Low-Will/Low-Skill Teachers Create an instructional environment where it is easier for teachers to do the right thing and harder for them to do the wrong thing (or nothing at all). Engage teachers in conversations to determine which is more prevalent, low will or low skill, and start there first. If in doubt, address will first and then skill. Focus on building cooperation rather than defaulting to coercive leadership techniques. Give teachers time to cooperate but start with these teachers first once you shift to evaluative feedback. Low-Will/High-Skill Teachers Develop environmental cues that feed their primary will driver. Build skill while maintaining will. Clarify leadership roles throughout the process. Resist the urge to engage in power struggles.
- 15. Helping Every TeacherBecome a Master Teacher FOR YOUR … SHAPE THE ENVIRONMENT SHAPE YOUR LEADERSHIP APPROACH MANAGE THE POWER DYNAMICS High-Will/Low-Skill Teachers Incorporate making and learning from mistakes into the instructional culture. Build skill while maintaining will. Clarify leadership roles throughout the process. Give teachers time to practice before shifting to more evaluative feedback. High-Will/High-Skill Teachers Keep the focus on how mastery directly affects the school vision and goals. Sustain will by continuing to invest in these teachers. Allow them to choose how they will improve their skill, and provide appropriate supports. Maintain high will and skill by not abusing your power. Allow these teachers plenty of freedom, and provide informal leadership opportunities.
- 16. Four Critical Aspectsof Education Lemke and Sabelli • where people learn or learning environment • which people learn and why • what people learn • how people learn Cognition Content ContextEquity
- 18. In addition toprofiling respondents.... Are there significant differences in the performance of respondents who experienced the intervention and those who did not? To what level has the intervention produced the desired outcomes? What factors fostered/hindered the production of the outcomes? Why do these factors facilitate/constrain the production of the outcomes? What other strategies that can produce the outcomes are identified by the respondents?
- 19. Mixed Research Methods Research in which the investigator collects and analyses data, integrates the findings, and draws inferences using both qualitative and quantitative approaches or methods in a single study or program of inquiry (Tashakkori and Creswell, 2007:4).
- 20. Combining qualitative and quantitativemethods.... brings together the strengths and benefits of each while reducing their respective weaknesses and limitations (Bryman, 1988). can provide some corroboration or offer fuller understanding than can be achieved through a single method. ensures or increases the internal validity of results.
- 22. Research Paper EvaluationCriteria Kelley, Bennett and Moore, 2002 How well does the Title introduce the study? How well does the Abstract describe the research study? Are the Research Questions adequately defined? Does the Rationale justify the purpose for the study and/or place it within the context of current theory and practice?
- 23. Evaluation Criteria cont. Is the Methodology clearly described and well matched to the research questions? Is the Analysis of Data adequately described? Are the Findings clearly identified? Are the Implications for future research, classroom practices, or policy discussed?
- 24. When youtake stuff from one writer it's plagiarism; but when you take it from many writers, it's research. Wilson Wizner Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi