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- 1. QUESTIONS 1. Define stress as a process 2. Outline the difference forms of classifying stress 3. differentiate between euphoria and distress 4. Describe the early contribution of walter cannon and Hans selye to the stress research field 5. Explain the physiological basis of stress and outline the general adaptation syndrome 6. Describe and explain how stress leads to the development and exacerbation of physiological disorders such as cardiovascular disorders, asthma
- 2. STRESS
- 4. STRESS Stress is the way human beings react both physically and mentally to changes, events, and situations in their lives. People experience stress in different ways and for different reasons. The reaction is based on your perception of an event or situation The stress process consist of four stages: (1) a demand which can be physical, psychological, or cognitive; (2) appraisal of the demand and the available resources and capability to deal with the demand; (3) a negative response to the cognitive appraisal of the demand and the resources with various levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety, depression fear, and anger; and (4)the stress response, which affects the behavior and performance.
- 5. Environmental events perceived as harmful or threatening are known as STRESSORS Our psychological and physiological reactions to them are referred to as STRESS RESPONSES.
- 6. What causes stress? Being under lots of pressure. Worrying about something. Having responsibilities that you're finding overwhelming. Times of uncertainty.
- 7. Being under lot of pressure: stress is the feeling of being under too much mental or emotional pressure. Pressure turns into stress when you feel unable to cope. People have different ways of reacting to stress, so a situation that feels stressful to one person may be motivating to someone else. Worrying about something: If it sticks around long enough, something as small as nagging concern in the back of your mind can affect your heart. It can make you more likely to have high blood pressure, a heart attack, or a stroke. Higher levels of anxiety can trigger those stress hormones that make your heart beat faster and harder.
- 8. Time of uncertainty: when the future is uncertain or we’re experiencing something new, we cant rely on past experience to inform our decision making. Without that tool, we can become anxious about what the future might hold, running through various scenarios and worrying about them.
- 9. Having responsibility that you’re finding over welming : people don’t realize the amount of stress they are going through until they suddenly feel choked up with too many demanding events in their lives. This stress build up can eventually lead to physical, emotional, and psychological health breakdown over a course of time if left unchecked.
- 11. Acute Stress, of short duration occurs when symptoms develop due to a particularly stressful event. The word 'acute' means the symptoms develop quickly but do not usually last long. The events are usually very severe and an acute stress reaction typically occurs after an unexpected life crisis AND THIS TYPE OF STRESS FALLS UNDER CATACLYSMIC EVENTS
- 12. Episodic Acute experiences acute stress with some regularity or frequency occurs when someone gets frequent bouts of acute stress. People with this kind of stress will oftentimes take on more responsibilities and projects than they can handle. They may seem like they're constantly in a rush, always running late, and are disorganized. This type of stress falls under Background stressors.
- 13. Chronic Stress prolonged and constant feeling of stress that can negatively affect your health if it goes untreated. It can be caused by the everyday pressures of family and work or by traumatic situations. This type of stress falls under Personal stressors.
- 14. Cont…
- 15. Euphoria and Distress Distress is a negative and unpleasant mood state characterised by very low mood, depression, feeling of anxiousness and also loss of interest with life. Distress occurs when the demand placed on an individual exceed his or her ability to cope. Euphoria can be described as a heightened, exaggerated, or extremely positive sense of happiness IQ or well-being.it is considered to represent an abnormally extreme degree of happiness or contentment beyond that which occurs in normal emotional responses. It can be described as a sense of intense joy or happiness that is beyond what would be expected under the normal circumstances.
- 16. Walter Cannon Introduced fight-or-flight model of stress, which suggested that external threats elicited the fight-or-flight response involving an increased activity rate and increased arousal. He suggested that these physiological changes enabled the individual to either escape from the source of stress or fight. Introduced concept of homeostasis-ideas state of internal environment, bodies constant regulatory attempt to return to this state Bodies amazing ability to rise to challenges, adjust regulation as necessary
- 17. Cont…
- 18. Selye’s general adaptation syndrome He described three stages in the stress process (Selye 1956). The initial stage was called the ‘alarm’ stage, which described an increase in activity, and occurred as soon as the individual was exposed to a stressful situation. The second stage was called ‘resistance’, which involved coping and attempts to reverse the effects of the alarm stage. The third stage was called ‘exhaustion’, which was reached when the individual had been repeatedly exposed to the stressful situation and was incapable of showing further resistance.
- 19. Cont…
- 20. Physiological basis of stress and the general adaptation syndrome Hans Selye, a noted endocrinologist referred to these physiological reactions to stress as part of general adaptation syndrome which occurs in three stages. 1.Alarm reaction (fight or flight reactions) 2.Resistance (the body begins to adapt to continuing stress) 3.exhaustion (adaptive energy is depleted)
- 21. How stress leads to the development and exacerbation of psychophysiological disorders As stress researchers Robert Sapolsky 1998 describes, Stress –related disease emerges, predominantly, out of the fact that we so often activates a physiological system that has evolved for responding to acute physical emergencies. For many years disorders that involve the cardiovascular system known as cardiovascular disorders-have been a major focal point in the study of psychophysiological disorders because of the cardiovascular systems centrality in the stress response. A major risk factor of heart disease is hypertension, which is high blood pressure. hypertension forces a person’s heart to pump harder, thus putting more physical strain to the heart. Asthma is a chronic and serious disease in which the airways of the respiratory system becomes obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. The airway obstruction is caused b inflammation of the airways leading to thickening of the airways
- 22. Cont…
- 23. What happens to the body during stress? The body’s autonomic nervous system controls your heart rate, breathing, vision changes and more. Its built-in stress response, the “fight-or-flight response,” helps the body face stressful situations. When a person has long-term (chronic) stress, continued activation of the stress response causes wear and tear on the body. Physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms develop.
- 24. Cont… Physical symptoms of stress include: Aches and pains. Chest pain or a feeling like your heart is racing. Exhaustion or trouble sleeping. Headaches, dizziness or shaking. High blood pressure. Muscle tension or jaw clenching. Stomach or digestive problems. Trouble having sex. Weak immune system.
- 25. Cont… Stress can lead to emotional and mental symptoms like: Anxiety or irritability. Depression. Panic attacks. Sadness.
- 27. Positive Consequences of stress It can increase short-term immunity - When your body responds to stress, it prepares itself for the possibility of what is to come. The way our body does it is by producing extra interleukins, a chemical that help regulate the immune system, providing at least a temporary defensive mechanism It can make you stronger - Dealing with manageable stressful situations can make such situations in the future easier to handle. Repeated exposure to stressful events makes your body develop both physical and psychological sense of control
- 28. Cont… It can enhance child development - Pregnant women often worry that their anxiety will negatively affect their unborn babies. And it sure can if it's constant. But if the stress levels are moderate, they can in fact be good for the child. A study found that children of most women who reported mild to moderate stress levels during pregnancy actually showed greater motor and developmental skills by age two than those of mothers who were unstressed It motivates you to succeed - Eustress can be the thing you need to get your job done at work. Think about a deadline staring you in the face. It’s going to encourage your behavior to manage the situation effectively and more productively. Success can be achieved in the workplace, in sports, or in a creative endeavor if it's driven by pressure
- 29. Negative Consequences of stress
- 30. Cont… Low energy. Headaches. Upset stomach, including diarrhea, constipation, and nausea. Aches, pains, and tense muscles. Chest pain and rapid heartbeat. Insomnia. Frequent colds and infections. Loss of sexual desire and/or ability.
- 31. COPING WITH STRESS Two major types of coping: Problem-focused and emotion focused coping Emotion-focused coping. In emotion-focused coping , people try to manage their emotions in the face of stress by seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem. Examples of emotion-focused coping include strategies such as accepting sympathy from others and looking at the bright side of a situation.
- 32. Cont… Problem-focused coping. Problem-focused coping attempts to modify the stressful problem or source of stress. Problem-focused strategies lead to changes in behavior or to the development of a plan of action to deal with stress. Starting a study group to improve poor classroom performance is an example of problem-focused coping. In addition, one might take a time-out from stress by creating positive events. For example, taking a day off from caring for a relative with a serious, chronic illness to go a health club or spa can bring signifi cant relief from stress.
- 33. Stress management is a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's level of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of and for the motive of improving everyday functioning
- 34. CONCLUSION Stress is a common reaction, however, when it becomes constant it can turn into a problem. A balance lifestyle and coping strategies can help you to manage stress. Issues that can cause stress cannot always be resolved but changing your expectations of a problem may help. Untreated stress can lead to serious illness.
- 35. References Antonovsky, A, (1979). Health, Stress, and Coping. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Lazarus, R S and Folkman, S, (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer. Roth, S and Cohen, L J, (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist