String in c

STRING
A string in C is actually a character array. As an individual character variable can store
only one character, we need an array of characters to store strings. Thus, in C string is
stored in an array of characters. Each character in a string occupies one location in an
array. The null character ‘0’ is put after the last character. This is done so that program
can tell when the end of the string has been reached. The string in C programming
language is actually a one-dimensional array of characters which is terminated by a null
character '0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise the
string followed by a null.
The following declaration and initialization create a string consisting of the word "Hello".
To hold the null character at the end of the array, the size of the character array
containing the string is one more than the number of characters in the word "Hello."
char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '0'};

If you follow the rule of array initialization then you can write the above statement as
follows:
char greeting[] = "Hello";

Following is the memory presentation of above defined string in C.

Actually, you do not place the null character at the end of a string constant. The C
compiler automatically places the '0' at the end of the string when it initializes the array.
Let us try to print above mentioned string:
#include <stdio.h>
void main ()
{
char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '0'};
printf("Greeting message: %sn", greeting );
}

getch();

In C programming, array of character are called strings. A string is terminated by null
character /0. For example:
"c string tutorial"

Here, "c string tutorial" is a string. When, compiler encounters strings, it appends null
character at the end of string.

Declaration of strings
Strings are declared in C in similar manner as arrays. Only difference is that, strings are
of char type.
char s[5];

Initialization of strings
In C, string can be initialized in different number of ways.
char c[]="abcd";
OR,
char c[5]="abcd";
OR,
char c[]={'a','b','c','d','0'};
OR;
char c[5]={'a','b','c','d','0'};

Reading words from user.
char c[20];
scanf("%s",c);

String variable c can only take a word. It is beacause when white space is encountered,
the scanf() function terminates.
Write a C program to illustrate how to read string from terminal.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
char name[20];
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("Your name is %s.",name);
getch();
}

Output
Enter name: sunil kumar
Your name is sunil.

Here, program will ignore kumar because, scanf() function takes only string before the
white space.
This process to take string is tedious. There are predefined functions gets() and puts in
C language to read and display string respectively.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
char name[30];
printf("Enter name: ");
gets(name);
//Function to read string from user.
printf("Name: ");
puts(name);
//Function to display string.
getch()
}

String handling functions
You can perform different type of string operations manually like: finding length of
string, concatenating(joining) two strings etc. But, for programmers ease, many library
function are defined under header file <string.h> to handle these commonly used talk
in C programming.

strlen()
In C, strlen() function calculates the length of string. It is defined under "string.h" header
file.
It takes only one argument, i.e, string name.

Syntax of strlen()
temp_variable = strlen(string_name);

Function strlen() returns the value of type integer.

Example of strlen()
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char name[10];
int len;
clrscr();
printf("Enter your String not more than 10 character::");
gets(name);
len=strlen(name);
printf("The Length of String is %d", len);
getch();
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

#include <string.h>

void main()
{
char name[30]= "hello wass up";
clrscr();
printf("nString is %s",name);
printf("The length of string id %d",strlen(name));
getch();
}

strcpy()
Function strcpy() copies the content of one string to the content of another string. It is
defined under "string.h" header file.
It takes two arguments.

Syntax of strcpy()
strcpy(destination,source);

Here, source and destination are both the name of the string. This statement, copies the
content of string source to the content of string destination.

Example of strcpy()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main(){
char a[10],b[10];
printf("Enter string: ");
gets(a);
strcpy(b,a);
//Content of string a is copied to string b.
printf("Copied string: ");
puts(b);
getch();
}

Output
Enter string: sunil kumar
Copied string: sunil kumar

strcat()
In C programming, strcat() concatenates(joins) two strings.
It takes two arguments, i.e, two strings and resultant string is stored in the first string
specified in the argument.
Function strcat() is defined under "string.h" header file.

Syntax of strcat()
strcat(first_string,second_string);

Example of strcat()
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char name[10],name1[10];
clrscr();
printf("Enter the First string");
gets(name);
printf("Enter the Second string");
gets(name1);
strcat(name,name1);
printf("The string after concatenations is %sn",name);
getch();
}

Example of strrev ()
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char name[10];
printf("Enter the String");
gets(name);
strrev(name);
printf("The String after reverse isn%s",name);
getch();
}

Example of strcmp ()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char *str1 = "sample", *str2 = "sample";
clrscr();
if(strcmp(str1,str2)==0)
printf("strings are equal");
else
printf("strings are not equal");
getch();
}

String in c

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String in c