Download to read offline
structure and classification of medical waste_copy.pdf
- 1. Ministry of Scienceand Higher Education of the Russian Federation NATIONAL RESEARCH OGAREV MORDOVIA STATE UNIVERSITY Institute of Medicine Practical training in practice of emergency medical procedures Topic of the Work: Structure and classification of medical waste By: Shanmugham Karthick raja 324 B Supervisor: Prof. Vladimir V. Baytyakov SARANSK 2024
- 2. WASTES Wastes Solid waste Household waste Industrial waste Biomedical waste or hospitalwaste Liquid Waste Gaseous Waste WASTES āSomething which is not put into proper usage at a given timeā.
- 3. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE: - Anywaste generated diagnosis, treatment which is during the or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMEDICALWASTE: 1. INFECTIOUS WASTE: waste to contain (bacteria, parasites, or Infectious suspected pathogens viruses, fungi) in sufficient quantity to cause diseases in susceptible hosts.
- 7. continueā¦ This category includes:- ā¢Cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work. from surgery on with infectious ā¢ Waste patients disease. ā¢ Infected animals from laboratories.
- 8. Classification continueā¦ 2.PATHOLOGICAL WASTE: body It consistsof tissues, parts, fetuses, and organs, human animal carcasses, blood, and body fluids.
- 9. continueā¦ 3. SHARPS: These arethe items that could cause cuts or puncture wounds, including; ļ¼Needles, ļ¼Scalpel and other blades, ļ¼Knives, ļ¼Infusion sets, ļ¼Saws, ļ¼Broken glass, and nails.
- 10. Classification continueā¦ 4.PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE: It includesexpired, unused, spilt, and contaminated ļ¼Pharmaceutical products, ļ¼Drugs, ļ¼Vaccines, and sera
- 11. continueā¦ 5. GENOTOXIC WASTE: highly ā¢Genotoxic waste is hazardous and may have; ļ¼Mutagenic, ļ¼Teratogenic, or ļ¼Carcinogenic properties.
- 12. continueā¦ ā¢ It raisesserious safety problems, both inside hospitals disposal, and should and after be given special attention. ā¢ It includes certain cytostatic drugs, vomit, urine, or feces from patients treated with cytostatic drugs, chemicals, and radioactive material.
- 13. Classification continueā¦ 6. CHEMICALWASTE: It consists of discarded ļ¼Solid, ļ¼Liquid, and ļ¼Gaseous chemicals
- 14. Continueā¦ Chemical waste maybe hazardous or nonhazardous. It is considered to be hazardous if it has at least one of the following properties: ļ¼Toxic, ļ¼Corrosive (acids of pH < 2 and bases of pH> 12) ļ¼Flammable, ļ¼Reactive ļ¼Genotoxic
- 15. Classification continueā¦ 7. WASTESWITH HIGH CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS: It represents a subcategory of hazardous chemical waste, and is usually highly toxic. It includes ļ¼Batteries, ļ¼Broken thermometer, ļ¼Blood-pressure gauges.
- 16. Classification continueā¦ 8. PRESSURIZEDCONTAINERS: Many types of gas are used in health care, and are often stored in pressurized cylinders, cartridges, and aerosol cans. Most common gases used in health care includes: ļ¼Anesthetic gases ļ¼Ethylene oxide ļ¼Oxygen ļ¼Compressed air
- 17. Classification continueā¦ 9. RADIOACTIVEWASTE: It includes the X- rays, Ī±- and Ī²- particles, and Ī³- rays emitted by radioactive substances. are heavy charged, and protons and ā¢ Ī±-particles, positively include neutrons. ā¢ They have low penetration power, and are hazardous to humans mostly when inhaled or ingested.
- 18. continueā¦ ā¢ Ī²- Particles,are negatively or positively charged electrons with significant ability to penetrate human skin, they affect health through ionization of intracellular proteins and proteinaceous components. ā¢ Ī³- Rays, are electromagnetic radiations similar to X- rays but to shorter wavelength. Their penetrating power is high and lead shielding is required to reduce their intensity.
- 19. SOURCES OF BIOMEDICALWASTE: care ā¢ It is generated primarily from health establishments, including ā¢ Hospitals, ā¢ Nursing homes, ā¢ Veterinary hospitals, ā¢ Clinics and general practitioners, ā¢ Dispensaries, ā¢ Blood blanks, ā¢ Animal houses and research institute.
- 20. Sources continueā¦ OTHER SOURCES: 1.Households: ļ§ The domestic sector generates biomedical waste to a small extent which is less than about 0.5% of the total waste generated in a household. ļ§ The type of biomedical waste generated in a household are syringes, cotton swabs, discarded medicines, bandages, plaster, sanitary napkins, diapers etc.
- 21. Sources continueā¦ 2. INDUSTRIES,EDUCATION INSTITUTES AND RESEARCH CENTERS: ļ¼ These also generate bio- medical waste in substantial quantities. ļ¼ The type of waste generated from an animal houses is typically animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses, body fluids, blood etc., of experimental animals.
- 22. Sources continueā¦ 3. BLOODBANKS AND CLINICAL LABORATORIES: Blood banks and laboratories generate most of the categories of biomedical waste.
- 23. Sources continueā¦ 4.HEALTH CARE ESTABLISHMENTS: Thesources of bio-medical waste generated in health care setting.
- 24. EFFECTS OF BIOMEDICALWASTE: - The management improper of biomedical waste causes serious environmental problems in terms of ļ¼Air, ļ¼Water and ļ¼Land pollution.
- 25. Effects continueā¦ 1. AIRPOLLUTION: ā¢ Air pollution can be caused in both indoors and outdoors. generates air ā¢ Biomedical waste that pollution is of three types- ā¢ Biological, ā¢ Chemical and ā¢ Radioactive.
- 26. Air pollution continueā¦ A.Indoor air pollution:- Hospital Acquired Infections (Nosocomial infection). Indoor air pollution can caused due to: ā¢ Poor ventilation ā¢ The paints, carpet, furniture, equipmentās, etc., used in the rooms. ā¢ Use of chemicals, disinfectants, fumigants etc.
- 27. continueā¦ can be causedby B. Outdoor air pollution: ļ§ Outdoor air pollution pathogens. ļ§ When waste without pretreatment is being transported outside the institution, or if it is dumped openly, pathogens can enter the atmosphere i.e. drinking water, food stuff, soil etc.
- 28. Effects continueā¦ 2. WATERPOLLUTION: ā¢ Biomedical waste can cause water pollution. If the waste is dumped in low- lying areas, or into lakes and water bodies, can cause severe water pollution. ā¢ Treatment or disposal option can also cause water pollution. ā¢ Water pollution can either be caused due to biological, chemicals or radioactive substances.
- 29. Effects continueā¦ 3. LANDPOLLUTION: ā¢ Open dumping of biomedical waste is the greatest cause for land pollution. ā¢ Soil pollution from bio-medical waste is caused due to infectious waste, discarded medicines, chemicals. ā¢ Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury, etc., which are present in the waste will get absorbed by plants and can then enter the food chain.
- 30. Methods of disposalof bio-medical waste and their segregation WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OPTION Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste (Human tissues, organs, body parts) Incineration@ / deep burial* Category No. 2 Animal Waste (Animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and experimental animals used in research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals and colleges, discharge from hospitals,) Incineration@ / deep burial* Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste (Wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimen of live microorganisms, human and animal cell cultures used in research and infectious agents from research and industrial laboratories, wastes from production of biological, toxins and devices used for transfer of cultures) Local autoclaving/ microwaving / incineration@
- 31. Category No. 4Waste Sharps (Needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps) Disinfecting (chemical treatment@@ / autoclaving / microwaving and mutilation / shredding Category No. 5 Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic drugs (Wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines) Incineration@ / destruction and drugs disposal in secured landfills Category No. 6 Soiled Waste (Items contaminated with body fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines, bedding and other materials contaminated with blood.) Incineration@ / autoclaving / microwaving Category No. 7 Solid Waste (Waste generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps such as tubing, catheters, intravenous sets, etc.) Disinfecting by chemical treatment@@ / autoclaving / microwaving and mutilation / shredding# #
- 32. Category No. 8Liquid Waste (Waste generated from the laboratory and washing, cleaning, housekeeping and disinfecting activities) Disinfecting by chemical treatment@@ and discharge into drains Category No. 9 Incineration Ash (Ash from incineration of any biomedical waste) Disposal in municipal landfill Category No.10 Chemical Waste (Chemicals used in production of biological, chemicals used in disinfecting, as insecticides, etc.) Chemical treatment @@ and discharge into drains for liquids and secured landfill for solids.
- 33. STEPS IN THEMANAGEMENT OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE:- Survey of waste generated. Segregation of hospital waste. Collection & Categorization of waste. Storage of waste.( Not beyond 48 hrs. ) Transportation of waste. Treatment of waste.
- 34. COLOR CODING FORSEGREGATION OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE: - COLOR WASTE TREATMENT Yellow Human & Animal anatomical waste / Micro-biology waste and soiled cotton/dressings/linen/beddings etc. Incineration / Deep burial Red Tubing's, Catheters, IV sets. Autoclaving / Microwaving / Chemical treatment Blue / White Waste sharps ( Needles, Syringes, Scalpels, blades etc. ) Autoclaving / Microwaving / Chemical treatment & Destruction / Shredding Black Discarded medicines/cytotoxic drugs, Incineration ash, Chemical waste. Disposal in secured landfill
- 35.
- 36. RESEARCH ARTICLE A cross-sectionalstudy was conducted among hospitals (bed capacity >100) of Allahabad city on āKnowledge, Attitude, and Practices about Biomedical Waste Management among Healthcare Personnelā Medical personnel included were ļ¼Doctors (75), ļ¼Nurses (60), ļ¼Laboratory technicians (78), and ļ¼Sanitary staff (70).
- 37. RESULTS: ā¢ Doctors, nurses,and laboratory technicians have better knowledge than sanitary staff regarding biomedical waste management. ā¢ Knowledge regarding the color coding and waste segregation at source was found to be better among nurses and laboratory staff as compared to doctors. ā¢ Regarding practices related to biomedical waste management, sanitary staff were ignorant on all the counts.