Styles of Scientific Reasoning, Scientific Practices and Argument in Science and Science Education
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The document discusses various topics related to scientific reasoning, practices, and argumentation including different styles of scientific thinking, features of scientific knowledge, and teaching and learning science. It provides examples of "crazy ideas" in science that are now accepted, examines the role of argument in science, and outlines the scientific practices and central questions of science. It also discusses developing models, planning investigations, analyzing data, and constructing explanations as key scientific practices.
Styles of Scientific Reasoning, Scientific Practices and Argument in Science and Science Education
- 1. Jonathan Osborne Graduate School of Education Stanford University Styles of Scientific Reasoning, Scientific Practices and Argument in Science and Science Education
- 2. The History of Science “A history of vision and argument” Crombie, Alistair Cameron. (1994). Styles of scientific thinking in the European tradition: The history of argument and explanation especially in the mathematical and biomedical sciences and arts (Vol. 1): Duckworth London.
- 3. Crazy Ideas in Science Day and Night is caused by a Spinning Earth The Continents have moved We have evolved from other animals The Earth is 5 billion years old Diseases are caused by tiny living organisms We live at the bottom of a sea of air You look like your parents because every cell carries a chemically coded message of how to reproduce yourself
- 4. History of Science as a History of Error Ptolemy’s geocentric universe, Lamarkianism The ether, The Denial of Wegner/s Theory Cold fusion Phlogiston Spontaneous generation,
- 5. Styles of Reasoning in Science 1. Mathematical Deductive Logic 2. Experimental Exploration 3. Hypothetical Modeling 4. Categorization and Classification 5. Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking 6. Evolutionary/Genetic Explanations Crombie, Alistair Cameron. (1994). Styles of scientific thinking in the European tradition: The history of argument and explanation especially in the mathematical and biomedical sciences and arts (Vol. 1): Duckworth London.
- 6. Features Style Entities Procedural Enties Epistemic Constructs Heroes Mathematical Deduction Exponents Differentials Geometry, Calculus Deductive proof Pythagoras, Euclid, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein Experimental Exploration Intrumentation Control of Variables Observations Experimental Tests Controls/RCT testing Galileo Hypothetical Modeling Wave model of light Thought Experiments Explanatory coherence Accuracy/Parsimony Galileo Bohr Probabalistic and Stastical Thinking Gaussian Distribution Statistical Testing Role of uncertainty Pascal, Gauss, Poisson, Cronbach Categorization and Classfication Species, Elements Rock Types Criteria for Category Membership The significance & role of classification Linnaeus Mendelev Evolutionary/Gen etic Reasoning Gene Adaptation DNA Genetic Determination Role of Observation and Inference Mendel, Darwin
- 7. Teaching and Learning Content Procedural Epistemic The Forms of Knowledge in Science
- 9. Procedural Knowledge • Concepts of Evidence • Observation • Measurement • Instrumentation • Reliability/Validity • Variables/Fair Testing • Control of Variables Epistemic Knowledge • Ideas-About- Science • Observation • Argument • Theory • Model • Hypothesis 9
- 10. PISA 2015 Scientific Literacy Framework
- 11. Elaboration of the Definition •Explain phenomena scientifically: Recognise, offer and evaluate explanations for a range of natural and technological phenomena. •Evaluate and design scientific enquiry: Describe and appraise scientific investigations and propose ways of addressing questions scientifically. •Interpret data and evidence scientifically: Analyze and evaluate scientific data, claims and arguments in a variety of representations and draw appropriate conclusions. A scientifically literate person, therefore, is willing to engage in reasoned discourse about science and technology which requires the competencies to:
- 12. What is wrong with inquiry? Students describe objects and events, ask questions, construct explanations, test those explanations against current scientific knowledge, and communicate their ideas to others. They identify their assumptions, use critical and logical thinking, and consider alternative explanations. In this way, students actively develop their understanding of science by combining scientific knowledge with reasoning and thinking skills.
- 13. The Role of Argument in Science
- 14. The Practices of Science 1. Asking Questions and Defining Problems 2. Developing and Using Models 3. Planning and Carrying out Investigations 4. Analyzing and Interpreting Data 5. Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking 6. Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions 7. Engaging in Argument from Evidence 8. Obtaining, Evaluating and Communicating Information
- 15. Thee Central Questions of Science 1. What exists? (The ontological question) 2. Why does it happen? (The causal question) 3. How do we know? (The epistemic question)
- 16. 2.Developing and Using Models
- 17. Water Model of an Electric Circuit
- 18. Bicycle Model of An Electric Circuit
- 19. Bohr Model of the Atom
- 20. 3. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations A Teacher asked her students to investigate this problem: How does temperature affect the time taken for sugar to dissolve? The students were asked to describe the investigation. These are some of the things they write. How clearly has each student described the investigation? And which is the best? JEMMA: We have got to write down what we are going to do and then do it. KIRSTY: We are looking to see how different temperatures affect how long it takes the sugar to dissolve. EMMA: We are trying to see if sugar dissolves in water. ANITA: We are adding sugar to hot and cold water to see how long it takes to dissolve ALEX: We are trying to find the best temperature for dissolving sugar in water. LOUISE: We have to put the same amount of sugar in water with different temperatures and see what happened
- 21. 4. Analyzing and Interpreting Data
- 22. 3. Analyzing and Interpreting Data (a) One pupil had the most breaths and she also had the highest pulse rate. (b) All the people with a high breath rate had a high pulse rate. (c) The higher your breathing rate, the greater the pulse rate. (d) On the whole, those people with a higher breath rate had a higher pulse rate.
- 23. 5. Using Mathematics & Computational Thinking 1. Who is the tallest 2. Who is the smallest 3. What is the average?
- 24. 6. Constructing Explanations Why do objects fall at the same rate in the absence of air? • Gravity pulls on all objects • If the mass is double, the pull of gravity will double • Twice the mass takes twice as long to speed up • Think of two objects, one twice as massive as the other • Force is double but so is the mass
- 25. 7. Engaging in Argument from Evidence
- 26. 7. Engaging in Argument from Evidence? Construction Critique& Knowing why the wrong idea is wrong matters as much as knowing why the right idea is right
- 27. THE MARRIED TASK Peter looks at Linda Linda looks at Henry Peter is married Henry is not married Is this an example of someone who is married looking at someone who is not married? YES NO CAN’T TELL
- 28. Argumentative Theory of Reasoning Humans are poor at reasoning Group Discourse forces epistemic vigilance Reasoning should work best when used in group contexts Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011). Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(02), 57-74.
- 29. Before Day & Night Caused By A Spinning Earth? Argument s For Argument s Against After Day & Night Caused By A Spinning Earth 50% 50% How Likely? Ratio of 1:1 29
- 30. Before Teaching Day & Night Caused By A Spinning Earth? After Teaching Day & Night Caused By A Spinning Earth? Argument s For Argument s Against 66% 33% How Likely? Ratio of 2:1 30
- 31. Before Teaching Day & Night Caused By A Spinning Earth? After Teaching Day & Night Caused By A Spinning Earth? Argument s For Argument s Against 80% 20% How Likely? Ratio of 4:1 31
- 32. 10 Text
- 33. 6 Arguments for Argument Empirical Case Moral Case History of Science Case Literacy Case Pedagogical Case Affective Case
- 34. Arguments Against a Spinning Earth 1. The Sun moves from East to West during the day 2. If the Earth was spinning, you would not land on the same spot when you jump up. 3. If it was spinning, once a day, the speed at the equator would be over 1000 miles an hour. At that speed everybody would be flung off.
- 36. 8. Obtaining, evaluating and communicating information Science without Literacy is like a ship without a sail
- 41. Theory of Reading in Science Reading is a constructive Dependent on interpretation Principled Good reader is a critical reader Specific Challenges of Science Texts Density Academic Language Multi-modality Genre
- 42. Summary and Conclusions Styles of Reasoning offer a rationale for the cultural value of science Content Procedural Epistemic Knowledge The turn to practice is a move in the right direction But??