Summary of Benefit Corporations (B-Corps): Objectives, History and Next Steps

Summary of Benefit Corporations (B-Corps): Objectives, History and Next Steps

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  Summary of B-Corporations– History and Direction Extracted from: Towards A Definition of Organizational Sustainability: An Exploration of the Reporting of Organizational Performance for Sustainability Outcomes A term paper by Antony Upward for ES/ENVS5150 Perspectives on Green Business, a required course for the Graduate Diploma in Business and the Environment, part of the Masters of Environmental Studies (MES) Program at York University, Faculty of Environmental Studies / Schulich School of Business 1. Introduction A whole range of human social systems, vital for planetary flourishing, require verified information about the performance of human organizations. This information is used to make decisions: within the social systems which meet current needs and wants1 (as currently understood), and which act to change those needs and wants and the social systems that meet them2. This paper explores the requirements for organizations to provide information concerning their sustainability outcomes as input to these social systems. To do this I first review the history of organizational performance reporting relating to sustainability outcomes, touching briefly on the need to verify the information provided, i.e. ensuring the information provided by organizations is trusted, transparent, timely, and consistent and that it measures of the environmental, social, and economic outcomes of the organization over time. Next I take my first steps towards my own working definition of overall and organizational sustainability, one of the components of my MES plan of study area of concentration (Upward, 2010). In light of these definitions, I then consider the implications for the measurement of organizational sustainability performance. Finally, to start to apply my definitions in practice, I undertake a short critical review one of the more recent sustainability reporting and verification approaches – the B-Labs pre-cursor to the Global Impact Investor Network’s (GIIN3) Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS4) powered by the Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS5). In this way I hope to make some small contribution to the definition and measurement of organizational sustainability, as well as provide a basis for my own subsequent research. This summary only includes the section about B-Corporation / B-Labs highlighted in yellow above.. A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 1 May 25, 2011
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  6. Example ofa Recent Sustainability Performance Reporting (and Verification) Standard In the first quarter of 2011 the Global Impact Investors Network (GIIN3) will be launching the Global Impact Investor Reporting System (GIIRS4) powered by the Impact Reporting Investment Standards (IRIS5). This method, standard and tool are an evolution of the existing B-Labs B- Corporation Certification survey tool and report which I used in practice this term. Please see Appendix A for the background on GIIN, GIIRS, IRIS and their B-Labs precursor which was written as part of this work. As a very recent example of a Sustainability Performance Reporting (and Verification) Standard I wanted to conclude the paper by considering how the existing B-Labs approach (and hence to some degree the emerging GIIRS/IRIS approach from the GIIN) fits with my definition of organizational sustainability, and if / how it deals with the problems related to measurement discussed above. In working with the B-Labs approach it is clear that it has a number of aspects which are aligned with the overall definition of sustainability given earlier. The B-Labs survey asks organizations 200 questions about their use of a number of key patterns that if well applied are known to increase the possibilities for sustainability to emerge. In taking this approach the B-Labs survey builds in some aspects of the definition of organization sustainability and the requirements for its measurement. For example, some of the patterns used by the B-Labs survey are: • Accountability, including patterns regarding inclusivity and independence of governance and transparency • Employees, including patterns regarding compensation (i.e. ratio of highest to lowest salary) & benefits (e.g. healthcare, child care, etc.), employee ownership and work environment (involvement in decision making) • Consumers, including patterns related to how an organization’s product or service is directly beneficial to the community in which it operates • Community, including patterns related to suppliers (locality, diversity of ownership), involvement in charity and community service • Environment, including patterns related to facilities (LEED), energy use (carbon intensity, and renewables), supply chain and manufacturing (transportation costs, environmental and social costs of inputs and wastes). However, there are also clearly limitations with the B-Labs approach in terms of its ability to measure organizational sustainability as defined above. Firstly, it is not clear whether the patterns are exhaustive or exclusive. In other words, are there other patterns which are required or could also lead to sustainable outcomes emerging? Secondly, although some of the patterns implicitly recognize the system within a system nature of organizational sustainability, there appears to be no explicit consideration of this concept. Lastly, it is far from clear that the metrics underlying the survey questions take into account many of the complex issues of measurement A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 2 May 25, 2011
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  discussed earlier. Significantlymore work would be required to reach a useful conclusion on this point. Back in 1999 World Resources Institute stated that sustainability metrics for business are all “struggling with the difficult challenges of complexity, comparability, credibility, and completeness” (quoted in Richards & Gladwin, 1999, p.18). This brief analysis of the B-Labs approach to the measurement of organizational sustainability indicates that this observation is still true some 10 years later. However, despite its drawbacks, the B-Corporation certification survey tool and report (as the precursor to GIIRS and IRIS) appears to be one of the better approaches for the evaluation and comparison of the environmental and social performance of companies. From my experience, their approach is better aligned with the proposed definition of organizational sustainability than other tools and approaches. However, while it is better aligned, it is clearly not valid to attempt to draw any absolute conclusions concerning the sustainability of an organization by using the B- Lab metrics. Indeed attempting to do so would be misleading based on my definition of organizational sustainability. Appendix A - Background on the Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS) and the Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS) Introduction This section is significantly based on my contribution to a group project in the course BS/BSUS6500 – ES/ENVS5113 Business Strategies for Sustainability which I took this term at the Schulich School of Business. The group project prepared a report for a fictitious “green” investment fund company “GreenFund” on a real company of the teams choice, and concluded whether or not that company should be invested in by the money’s entrusted to GreenFund by its customers. A major part of this work was to identify and use a methodology for assessing the financial, environmental and social sustainability of the selected company. Our team chose to use traditional approaches to financial / strategic sustainability (e.g. traditional financial indicators plus Porters Five Forces Model), and selected the currently available version of the GIIRS powered by IRIS (the B- Labs B-Certification Survey Tool and Benchmark). The following material was written to describe the background and history of the GIIRS, IRIS and B-Labs schemes. Background The Benefit-Corporation (B-Corporation) certification system was launched in 2006 with the founding of the non-profit organization B-Labs. The long term objective of B-Labs founders was to create a new type of corporation which unlike existing corporate legal structures would enable A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 3 May 25, 2011
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  shareholders, boards ofdirectors and management to work to triple bottom line objectives without fear of legal sanction from shareholders (as is the case with existing corporate legal entities in the United States, e.g. S-Corps and C-Corps). As of the time of writing 327 corporations have received B-Corporation certification and 2 U.S. States (Maryland and Vermont) passed Benefit Corp legislation to create this new corporate form (B-Labs, 2009; B-Labs, 2010a). In addition to the legal barriers which B-Labs set out to remove, another significant problem for businesses wishing to pursue a triple bottom line is how to find similarly minded investors and financiers and vice versa. Investing and financing triple bottom line companies is becoming known as “Impact Investing” which aims “to solve social or environmental challenges while generating financial profit” (B-Labs, 2010b; GIIN, 2009b). To investigate this and related problems in 2007 and 2008 the Rockefeller Foundation opened discussions with 40 global investors. Solutions were discussed and on Sept 25, 2009 the Global Impact Investor Network (GIIN) was officially launched by former President Bill Clinton to execute the solutions proposed (GIIN, 2009a). During this process, B-Labs, who recognized the same need for B-Corporations to find investors and financiers, became a partner of GIIN. One part of the problem the investors identified was “a lack of transparency and credibility in how [companies and investment] funds define, track, and report the social and environmental performance of their capital.” The investors felt that the “scarcity of consistent credible non- financial performance information also prevented fair comparisons between impact investing opportunities, social and environmental performance benchmarks, and other aggregate industry analyses” (GIIN, 2010b; Jones, 2009). One of the key solutions proposed to help businesses who are attempting to become ‘sustainable’ and impact investors find each other was the creation of a standard framework for assessing social and environmental impact of companies, tools to measure companies, and a database of bench marks to allow investors and companies compare performance. This solution was modelled on the similar structures which already exists for the measurement and comparison of financial and economic performance (e.g. GAAP, SEC, SOX, and rating agencies). As Matt Krogh from B-Labs stated “Think Standard & Poor’s ratings agency but for social and environmental impact” (Krogh, 2010). In the spring of 2009 GIIN hired Deloitte and PwC were hired to starting work on GIINs environmental and social reporting standard which became known as the Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS) (GIIN, 2010b). However, for rating standards to provide results that are useful they need to be embedded in a reporting system to ensure companies don’t just use the standard to tell “its own story in terms of sustainability and social impact, picking and choosing which metrics to report and failing to put them in any context” (Krogh, 2010). Indeed this is the largest criticism of perhaps the most well known existing Corporate Social Responsibility reporting standard the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). The GRI standard has been A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 4 May 25, 2011
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  in existence since1997, is now used by over 1,500 organizations, and is fully supported by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (GRI, 2008; Hill, 2007). The Global Reporting Initiative itself recognizes its limited application to “rating and ranking” of companies “it is GRI’s policy not to be a judge of performance, but it is clear that there is a need for the development of powerful new ratings and rankings” (GRI, 2010, p36). In response to these problems the founders of GIIN realized that IRIS alone was not sufficient for to solve the rating and ranking issue for companies and investors. To solve this problem GIIN needed a system which would allow the IRIS to be deployed consistently. Since B-Labs already had a consistent process and tools for certifying B-Corporations, GIIN partnered with B-Labs to create the Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS).(Arf, 2010; B-Labs, 2010e). Currently 25 organizations (B-Labs, 2010d) like Investors Circle (“a network of 150 angel investors, professional venture capitalists, foundations and family offices are using private capital to promote the transition to a sustainable economy)” (Investors Circle, 2010), are planning on using GIIRS as their metrics partner. IRIS and its instantiation in the GIIRS are not operational at this time. The formal GIIRS rating for companies will start in Q2 2011 (B-Labs, 2010c) and the IRIS benchmark database is planned to be launched in early 2011 (GIIN, 2010a)., however, samples of the expected full GIIRS report based on IRIS, including bench marking, is available (Appendix B) The significant similarities to the existing B-Corporation certification report make apparent the GIIRS heritage in the B-Corporation tools. A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 5 May 25, 2011
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  Appendix B –Sample of Proposed GIIRS Report Powered by IRIS A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 6 May 25, 2011
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  7. Bibliography Note: This is the full bibliography for the original paper AccountAbility. (2003). The State of Sustainability Assurance London, United Kingdom: AccountAbility. Arf, A. (2010). CFOZone.com - The Network of Corporate Finance - A surfeit of sustainability reporting standards? Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.cfozone.com/index.php/Newsflash/A-surfeit-of-sustainability-reporting- standardsu.html Bansal, P. (2005). Evolving sustainably: a longitudinal study of corporate sustainable development. Strategic Management Journal, 26(3), 197-218. doi:10.1002/smj.441 B-Labs. (2009). Introducing the B Corporation Berwyn, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.: B-Labs. B-Labs. (2010a). B Corporation - Home. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.bcorporation.net/ B-Labs. (2010b). GIIRS | About | What is Impact Investing. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.giirs.org/about-giirs/what-is-impact-investing B-Labs. (2010c). GIIRS | Company Benefits. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.giirs.org/companies/companies B-Labs. (2010d). GIIRS | For Funds | Pioneer. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.giirs.org/for-funds/pioneer B-Labs. (2010e). GIIRS | What GIIRS Does. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.giirs.org/about-giirs/about Blackburn, W. R. (2007). The sustainability handbook: the complete management guide to achieving social, economic and environmental responsibility. London, United Kingdom: Earthscan. Blackburn, W. R. (2009). Meaning of Sustainability: How It Differs from Sustainable Development, Social Responsibility, Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Responsibility, Environmental Sustainability, Corporate Citizenship, Global Citizenship, and Sustainable Growth. Retrieved 12/9/2010, 2010, from http://wblackburnconsulting.com/the-sustainability-handbook-information-order- online/meaning-of-sustainability/ BSR. (2009). State of Sustainable Business Poll 2009 San Franciso, California, U.S.A: Business for Social Responsibility. A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 10 May 25, 2011
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  Deming, W. E.(1986). Out of the crisis Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Advanced Engineering Study. Dienel, E. (2010, Feb 2). Mandatory Reporting: BSR Debates the Pros and Cons of Requiring Companies to Report on Sustainability. BSR Insight, 1-4. Dimou, M., & Upward, A. (2010). Issue Seminar: Accounting for the Sustainability of the Canadian Economy. Unpublished manuscript. Doig, M. (2003). The Nature of Organizational Sustainability. (PhD, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)). 1-305. Doig, M. (2009). Organisational Sustainability. Retrieved 12/8/2010, 2010, from http://www.unisa.edu.au/corpsocialresp/csr/sustainability.asp Ehrenfeld, J. (2008). Sustainability by design: a subversive strategy for transforming our consumer culture. New Haven: Yale University Press. Germano, W. P. (2001). Getting it published: a guide for scholars and anyone else serious about serious books. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. GIIN. (2009a). Global Impact Investing Network: History. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.thegiin.org/cgi-bin/iowa/aboutus/history/index.html GIIN. (2009b). Global Impact Investing Network: Impact Investing. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.thegiin.org/cgi-bin/iowa/investing/index.html GIIN. (2010a). Benchmarks | IRIS: Impact Reporting and Investment Standards. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://iris.thegiin.org/benchmarks GIIN. (2010b). History | IRIS: Impact Reporting and Investment Standards. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://iris.thegiin.org/history GRI. (2008). GRI - History. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.globalreporting.org/AboutGRI/WhatIsGRI/History/OurHistory.htm GRI. (2010). The Transparent Economy - Six tigers stalk the global recovery—and how to tame them (No. 2010). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Global Reporting Initiative. Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., & Preuss, L. (2010). Trade-offs in corporate sustainability: you can't have your cake and eat it. Business Strategy and the Environment, 19(4), 217-229. doi:10.1002/bse.674 Hill, K. M. (2007). Sustainability reporting 10 years on (No. 2010). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Global Reporting Initiative. A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 11 May 25, 2011
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  Hockerts, K. (1999).The SusTainAbility Radar. Greener Management International, (25), 29. Hollingworth, M. (2009). Building 360 Organizational Sustainability. Ivey Business Journal, (November/December 2009) Hubbard, G. (2009). Measuring organizational performance: beyond the triple bottom line. Business Strategy and the Environment, 18 (3), 177-191. Investors Circle. (2010). Early Stage Impact Investing Happens Here! - Investors' Circle. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://www.investorscircle.net/ Jones, K. (2009). GIIRS is a Bridge that will Make More Money Flow to Good. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://inspiredeconomist.com/2009/08/11/giirs-is-a-bridge-that-will- make-more-money-flow-to-good/ Kolk, A. (1999). Evaluating corporate environmental reporting. Business Strategy and the Environment, 8(4), 225-237. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0836(199907/08)8:4<225::AID- BSE206>3.0.CO;2-4 Krogh, M. (2010). Channeling Investment for Impact: New rating system helps investors move beyond responsibility. Retrieved 11/17/2010, 2010, from http://blog.bcorporation.net/2010/04/channeling-investment-for-impact-new-rating-system- helps-investors-move-beyond-responsibility/ Layard, R. (2006). Happiness and Public Policy: a Challenge to the Profession. The Economic Journal, 116(510), C24-C33. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01073.x Lintott, J. (1998). Beyond the economics of more: the place of consumption in ecological economics. Ecological Economics, 25(3), 239-248. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00042-6 McDonough, W. (2002). In Braungart M. (Ed.), Cradle to cradle: remaking the way we make things. New York: North Point Press. Owen, D., & O'Dwyer, B. (2004). Assurance Statement Quality in Environmental, Social and Sustainability Reporting: A Critical Evaluation of Leading Edge Practice. Proceedings of the Fourth Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference, Singapore. 1- 27. Richards, D. J., & Gladwin, T. N. (1999). Sustainability metrics for the business enterprise. Environmental Quality Management, 8(3), 11-21. doi:10.1002/tqem.3310080303 Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: the art and practice of the learning organization. New York, N.Y.: Doubleday Currency. Upward, A. (2010). Masters of Environmental Studies: Plan of Study (Initial) - Business Process Design and Sustainability. Unpublished manuscript. A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 12 May 25, 2011
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  Victor, P. A.(2008). Managing without growth : slower by design, not disaster. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. WCED. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (The Brundtland Commission Report). Retrieved 11/15/2010, 2010, from http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm Zadek, S., & Raynard, P. (2004). The Future of Sustainability Assurance (No. 86). London, United Kingdom: Certified Accountants Educational Trust; The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants; AccountAbility. 8. Notes 1 Examples of social systems which meet current needs and wants include: finding investments to make, finding sources of funds to borrow from, choosing which products or services to buy/consume, choosing whether to volunteer/become involved/contribute, choosing whether and with whom to seek employment, choosing whether to sell/offer products and services to another. 2 Examples of social systems which act to changes needs, wants and the social systems that meet them include: government (via policy development and implementation), non-governmental actors (NGO’s, including political parties, environmental and social groups), and companies (via the media / marketing activities). 3 Global Impact Investor Network (GIIN) http://www.thegiin.org 4 Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS) http://www.giirs.org/about-giirs/about. 5 Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS) http://iris.thegiin.org A.Upward #211135423 Term Paper - Extract ENVS5150 13 May 25, 2011