Summer report For Mother Dairy fruit & vegetable Pvt Ltd

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Summer Training Report on
“Supply Chain Management of Perishable
Materials(Cauliflower) during Monsoon Season
(July – September)”

As partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of
the Post Graduate Diploma in Management
2011-13

Mother Dairy Fruit &Vegetable Pvt. Ltd
Submitted By:
Krishna Kumar
Roll No. MM1113157

BALAJIINSTITUTE OF MODERN MANAGEMENT
S. No. 55/2-7, Tathawade,
Off Mumbai-Bangalore bypass, Pune - 411 033
Maharashtra, India

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No. Particulars Page No.

I Certificate 3

II Bonafide – Declaration 4

III Acknoledgement 5

IV Executive Summary 6

Ch-1 Details of the Organisation 7

Ch-2 Project Rationale 13

Ch-3 Description & Supply chain Mapping Of Study 20
Area,Advantages and Disadvantages

Ch-4 Possible Alternative Interventions 25 Mother Dairy Fruit &Vegetable Pvt. Ltd

Ch-5 Standard Operating Practices (SOP) 32

Ch-6 Conclusion and Recommendations 36

V Promising Varieties of cauliflower 38

VI Bibliography 40

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr Krishna Kumar Roll No. MM1113157 has completed his
summer internship at Fruit and Vegetable Division of Mother dairy Fruit and
Vegetable Pvt Ltd., Mangolpuri and has submitted his project report entitledSupply
chainmanagement of cauliflower during monsoon Season (July – September)
towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Post Graduate
Diploma in Management 2011-13.

This Report is the result of his own work and to the best of my knowledge, no part of
it has earlier comprised any other report, monograph, dissertation or book. This
project was carried out under my overall supervision.


Date: ……../07/12 _______________________

Signature of the --------------

Place: ______________________

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BONAFIDE-DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project report on, “Supply chain management of
cauliflower during monsoon Season (July – September)” at Fruit and Vegetable
Division of Mother dairy Fruit and Vegetable Pvt Ltd., Mangolpuri, which is being
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Post Graduate
Diploma in Management 2011-13, is the result of the work carried out by me, under
the mentorship of to Mr. Mihir Mohanta (GM, Supply Chain Management)and
guidance of Dr. Vaneet Kathuria (Deputy Manager ) of Mother Dairy F&V Pvt. Ltd.

I further submit that this project work has not been submitted to the MDF&V Unit
before or after for any other purpose.

_______________________

Signature of the Mentor

_____________________

Self - Signature

_______________________

Signature of the Guide

Date: ……../07/12

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satiation and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the project
would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible.

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Mihir Mohanta (GM,
Supply Chain Management) for his valuable guidance, support and encouraging
words during the entire project duration.

I feel privileged in expressing profound sense of gratitude and indebtness to my
company guide Dr. Vaneet Kathuria (Deputy Manager, Procurement) for his
invaluable support, guidance and suggestions which helped me to do the project.

I would like to thanks Mr. D P Aggarwal (Procurement In-charge, Maharashtra)
And Mr. Kumar Kundan (Area In-charge, Indore) who in spite of their busy
schedule has co-operated with me continuously and indeed their valuable contribution
and guidance have been certainly indispensable for my project work.

I owe my wholehearted thanks and appreciation to Mr. Navin Jha (Assistant
Manager) and the entire staff of the company for their cooperation and assistance
during the course of my project.

I would also thank my Institution and my faculty members without whom this project
would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and
well-wishers.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This project mainly focuses on identifying various alternative interventions for enhancing the
shelf life during transportation, storage and selling at Safal booths. This project also focuses
on finding alternatives to face transit challenges as the produce is procured from far of place,
Ujjain (M.P) during monsoon season from July to September.

This project undertaken under MOTHER DAIRY FRUIT & VEGETABLE Pvt. Ltd.
Mongolpuri, New Delhi mainly focuses on Designing the supply chain for the procurement of
Cauliflower from Indore region as there is no alternative region for the company except
Indore. Indore region mainly comprises of the blocks namely Ujjain, Tarana, Mahitpur,
Ghosadi etc.

Mother Dairy was set up in 1974 under the Operation Flood Programme. A wholly owned
company of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). Mother Dairy manufactures,
markets & sells milk and milk products under the Mother Dairy brand , Dhara range of edible
oils, Safal range of fresh F&V, Frozen Vegetables, Processed Fruit & Vegetable Products,
Fruit Pulps & Concentrates in bulk aseptic packaging and fruit juices at a national level.

Safal is the market leader in the organized fruit & vegetable retail business in Delhi NCR
where it sells an average of 300 MT/day through a network of 350+ exclusive retail outlets
under brand name Safal/ Safal Pure Veg, supported by a state-of-the-art large and
ultramodern Central Distribution Facility located in Delhi with an annual capacity to handle
and process 2,00,000 MT of fresh fruits and vegetables. Safal today operates the largest
number of F&V Stores in Delhi NCR. Outlets are also present in Bangalore under the brand
name Safal Daily Fresh.

Safal has a prominent presence in Export market spread across 40 countries viz., USA,
Europe, Russia, Middle East, Asia and Africa and exports Fresh Fruits & Vegetables (Grapes,
Banana, Gherkin, Onion, etc.), Fruit Pulp & Concentrate, Frozen Fruits & Vegetables, etc.
Astate-of-the-art fruit processing plant of fruit handling capacity of 15,000 MT annually,
setup in 1996 at Mumbai supplies quality products in the international market.

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CHAPTER-1
Details of the organisation


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Mother Dairy as an Organisation:
 Mother Dairy was set up in 1974 under the Operation Flood Programme. A wholly
owned company of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).

 Product Divisions:
1. Milk , under the Brand name “Mother Dairy”.
2.Milk products (Milk, Cultured Products, Ice Creams, Paneer and Ghee), under the
Brand name “Mother Dairy”.
3. Range of Edible oils, under the Brand name “Dhara”.
4. Range of fresh Fruit & vegetables, Frozen Vegetables, Processed Fruit & Vegetable
Products, Fruit Pulps & Concentrates in bulk aseptic packaging and fruit juices, under
the Brand name “Safal”.


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 Vision and Mission:
Vision - Provide quality food and beverages to consumers at affordable prices while
ensuring fair returns to the producers.
Mission - Mother Dairy’s heritage is intrinsically linked to the cooperative movement
in India. With determination & pride we will continue to serve our farmers, rural India
& our consumers. Our values reflect who we are & what we firmly believe in.

 Awards and Recognitions:

1. 3rd Best Employer of India – World HRD Congress (April-2010)

2. SAP Ace Award 2010 – Best run award in Consumer Products.

3. Business Leadership (Fruit and vegetables).

4. Best Maintained Plant Award.

5. Safety Innovation Award : 2005.

6. Rajiv Gandhi Quality Award : 2005

7. Indian Innovation Award: 2005.

 Quality Standards:

Mother Dairy is an IS/ ISO 9062, IS 15000 HACCP and IS 14001 EMS certified
organization. Mother Dairy, Delhi has been awarded ISO 9001:2000 s(Quality

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Management Systems), HACCP, 2002 f 3A (Food Safety Management Systems) and
ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental Management Systems) Certifications. Moreover,
National Accreditation Board accredits its Quality Assurance Laboratory as per
ISO/IEC 17025:1999 for Testing and Calibration Laboratories, Department of Science
and Technology, Government of India.

Safal as a Fruit and Vegetable Unit:
Mother Dairy F&V Pvt. Ltd. (Safal) is a SBU of Mother Dairy. It was set up in 1988 as a
pilot project with the aim to provide remunerative prices to the farmers across the country
thereby giving a thrust to the co-operative culture. It achieves this mission by establishing a
direct linkage between farmers and customers.

Safal is the market leader in the organized F&V retail business in Delhi NCR where it sells

an average of 300 MT/day through a network of 400+ exclusive retail outlets under brand
name Safal/ Safal Pure Veg, supported by a state-of-the-art large and ultramodern CDF
located in Mangolpuri, Delhi. Retail Outlets are also present in Bangalore under the brand
name Safal Daily Fresh.

Safal has also a prominent presence in Export market spread across 40 countries viz., USA,
Europe, Russia, Middle East, Asia and Africa and exports Fresh Fruits & Vegetables
(Grapes, Banana, Gherkin, Onion, etc.), Fruit Pulp & Concentrate, Frozen Fruits &
Vegetables etc.

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 Products:

SAFAL

Fresh Juices
Frozen Processed
F &V & Grocery
Food
Beverages

Aloo
Veg.
Tikki Rice

Juices Drinks
Fruit Veg.
Jam Pickel Ketchup Puree

Products:

Fresh F&V Frozen Juice & fruit Beverages Processed Foods Grocery

F&V Juices Drinks Jam Pickle Ketchup
Fresh Fruits F. Peas Apple Guava Apple Mango Tomato Gold
Basmati
Rice
F. Corn Litchi Mango Mixed Mixed Silver
Fruit Basmati
Rice
Fresh F. Mix Guava Orange Orange Green Parmal
Vegetables Veg Chilly Rice
Corn Pineapple Pineapple Peach
Chatkara
F. Aloo Plum
Tikki

 Product Quality at Safal:

Quality of “Safal” Produce starts from the field itself. Mother Dairy Quality Assurance
professionals constantly provide technical support to Farmers during all stages of

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Supply chain (e.g harvesting, handling, transportation and storage).

We, at Mother Dairy Monitor and Control the produce quality during material receiving,
processing and finished product stage against Company Standards & Specifications.

Our state of the art Manufacturing Operations are certified for Quality Management
System (ISO 9001: 2008) and Food Safety Management System (ISO 22000: 2005).

The Core purpose of “Safal” is to bring Fresh, Frozen and Processed Fruit & Vegetable
Quality products that form daily diet of the people.

 Procurement Model:

Primarily all the items procured at the CDF (Collection and Distribution Facility, Mangolpuri)
are divided into two groups:


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• are procured from different regions in India
• 12 items :Mango, Papaya, Banana, Orange, Peas, Apple, Grapes, Mausami, Guava, Potato, Onion and
1. National Tomato.
Items

• are procured from areas in and around 150-200 km range of the Delhi-NCR region.
2.Regional • All other items except 12 National Items.
Items

 Safal’sSupply Chain:
As the vision and mission of the company deals only with providing benefits to the
farmers directly, by eliminating the middle man in between. So, the produce is
procured in four different ways:

I. The first and most preferred procurement option is to buy directly from the
farmers and in case, if one farmer is not able to supply the desired quantity
with desired quality, then from farmers’ Associations.

II. The second preferred option is to employ a middleman between farmer and
company, called as a vendor.

III. The last preferred option is to procure from the Mandi, through a vendor;
which is explained in the following diagram:

Vendor

Farmer's
Farmer CDF Safal Booths Consumer
Association

Commission Azadpur Vendor
Agent Mandi

 Safal is only concerned with the A-grade produce procurement from vendors, thus
minimizing company’s risk.

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Project-Rationale
CHAPTER-2


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Introduction:

In today’s highly competitive global market place, the pressure on organizations tofind new
ways to create and deliver value grows even stronger. Gradually, in emerging economies as
well as mature markets, the power of the buyer has overtaken that of the customer. Prices
have always been a critical competitive variable in many markets and the signs are that, it
becomes an issue to think upon as commoditization of markets continues.

In this context, logistics and supply chain management have become the crucial areas of
management. Though India spends over 12 per cent of its GDP on logistic and supply chain
management, customer value provided is unsatisfactory. This area becomes even more
important in the sector of agribusiness, because most of the agricultural products are
perishable and have a very short shelf life.

Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the oversight of materials, information, and finances as
they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer.
Supply chain management involves coordinating and integrating these three flows both

within and among companies.

The concept of Agriculture supply chain refers to the activities of procurement, order
fulfilment, product design and development, distribution, delivery and customer service
executed by two or more separate organizations in the agribusiness industry, to fulfil
customer orders.

An efficient supply chain can contribute to an increase in the marketable surplus by lowering
down the inefficiencies in production, processing, storage and transportation. It ensures better
prices to the farmers inducing them to invest more in the vital inputs so that productivity
leaps frog. It widens market opportunities for products and thus helps in maintaining an ever
increasing demand for the same. An organized retailing acts as a stimulator to promote

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growth of agro based industries, helping the farmers in
production planning in advance, based on demand
forecast.

Economic efficiency in a system can be examined as:

1. Technical efficiency: In marketing the produce, the technical efficiency is said to have
increased when operational cost is reduced for performing a function for each unit of output.
This can be achieved by reducing physical losses and improvement in the technology to carry
out particular function viz. storage, transportation, handling and processing. A change in the
technique can result in the reduction of per unit cost.

2. Allocative efficiency:Allocative efficiency of farm products either over time or across the
space among the traders, processors and consumers protects the economic interests of the
producers and consumer.

Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd is the market leader of organised F&V Retail
Business in Delhi NCR and has also a prominent presence in Export market spread across 40
countries.

And as doing my project in MDF&VPL (Safal), I have found out that Mother Dairy has

excelled in Allocative efficiency, because the mantra of Allocative efficiency lies in the
vision and mission of the company, which aims to provide remunerative prices to the farmers
across the country for their produce, by eliminating the Intermediaries involved.

But, Safal has to improve its technical efficiency. The main business of MDF&V unit is Agri-
Business and considering the perishability and low shelf life of Agri-Products (i.e. F&V),
there is a lot opportunity to enhance its Technical efficiency; which, in turn, also help in
strengthening its Allocative efficiency.

*PROJECT – TITLE:
Cauliflower supply chain management For Cauliflower during Monsoon season (July-
September).

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OBJECTIVES:
 To do the supply chain mapping for cauliflower for the two areas “Jaipur and Indore”
from where the Cauliflower is procured mainly during Monsoon season.

 To study the cauliflower supply chain and to find possibilities to reduce the post-
harvest losses at each stage of supply chain.

 To find out the possible alternatives for transportation to minimise the Transit losses.

 To find out the possible alternatives for Packaging to maximize the shelf Life and to
minimise the losses during storage.

CAULIFLOWER:
Cauliflower is one of the most important winter vegetables of India. India produces 4.694 M
mt of Cauliflower per year from 0.256 M ha area with an average productivity of about 18.3
mt/ha. In West Bengal, the area under cauliflower is 57,000 ha with total production of 1.670
M mt and average productivity of 29.3 mt/ha.

The major cauliflower producing states are Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam,
Haryana, MP and Maharashtra. It is consumed as a vegetable in curries, soups and pickles.

QUALITYOF CAULIFLOWER PROCURED BY SAFAL:

The Quality standard fixed by MDF&V Unit for the procurement of cauliflower curds is very
Strict.Curds should be:
 White in colour.
 Fully Compact.
 Not pungent.
 With no or very less sulphur content.
 Sweet in taste.
 Weight of a Curd should not exceed by 700 gms.

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PRODUCTION ZONES OF CAULIFLOWER:
The demand for cauliflower in Delhi is almost same all-round the year,But the procurement
cannot be done from any one place, so Safal procures the Cauliflower from 12 production
zones for a specific time interval.

The forecasted demand for cauliflower in accordance with main production zones from where
the cauliflower is procured; are as follows:

Area State Target Qty. for 2012. Procurement Duration
(mt. tonnes)
Panipat Haryana 1057 October - February
Bahadur Garh Haryana 1085 October - February
Sonepat Haryana 903 October - February
GBelt 245
Alwar Rajasthan 85 October - February
Jaipur Rajasthan 376 August - October
Solan Himachal Pradesh 614 April - August
Hapur Uttar Pradesh 239 August - October

Gajraula Uttar Pradesh 205 December - April
Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh 0 October - February
Indore Madhya Pradesh 0 August - September
Mandi Delhi 459 Round the year

PROCUREMENT MODEL:
 Cauliflower comes under Regional items and hence are procured from areas in and
around 150-200 km range of the Delhi-NCR region, with few exceptions when
demand is not satisfied in and around, especially in monsoon season.

 For Cauliflower, Safal presently has Multi-Vendor Model. It can procure directly
from the Farmers, from the farmer’s associations, Vendors or From Azadpur mandi.

 Safal, primarily buys only A-grade Cauliflower from the Farmers/ Vendors and thus,
minimizes the Risk Factor at its side.

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 However, during the period between the dispatch of Cauliflower to the booths and
their sale there are considerable losses due to low shelf-
life and logistic problem.

STUDY AREA:
Out of the above 12 production zones, I have to focus mainly on areas from where the supply
comes in monsoon season, i.e. Jaipur (Pushkar) and Indore Areas.

 Jaipur Area:
It is located in Rajasthan and provides the supply mainly during Monsoon season from
August to October.


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 Indore Area:
It is located in Madhya Pradesh and it also provides the supply mainly during Monsoon
season from August to September.


Advantages of Procurement from these two regions:

The only advantage of procurement from these regions is that there is no other place from
where cauliflower can be procured, it is the only source and the firm has to fulfil the demand
of the market.

Dis-Advantages of Procurement from these two regions:
The main disadvantages are

 Distance, which leads to transit challenges.

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 Cauliflower has low shelf life and the transit time is high, which leads to Packaging
Challenges.

CHAPTER-3
Description of the Study Area
Supply Chain Mapping of the Area
Advantages, Disadvantages of Procurement

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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA:

Indore Region was assigned to me as my study Area, but the office is at Ujjain because of the
proximity to the villages from where the produce is procured.

Ujjain District:

Ujjain District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The historic city of
Ujjain is the district headquarters. Ujjain is situated on the Malwa Plateau in Central India.
The soil is black and stony. Soybean, wheat, jowar and bajraalong with Onion, potato and
green vegetables (e.g. Cauliflower) are the main crops grown.

The district has an area of 6,091 km², and a population of 1,986,597 (2011 Census). Ujjain
has a sex ratioof 954 females for every 1000 males,[1] and a literacy rate of 73.55 %.The
district is bounded by the districts of Shajapur on the northeast and east, Dewas to the
southeast, Indore to the south, Dhar to the southwest, and Ratlam to the west and northwest.
The district is part of Ujjain Division.

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The economy of Ujjain is mainly dependent on the agricultural activities of the nearby
villages. Two main crops are grown each year: wheat as the major Rabi crop, soybean as the
major Kharif crop. Ujjain agriculture is sensitive to changes in rainfall and failure of


S. No Agro-ecological Characteristics
Situation
1 Shallow Soils – rain fed Shallow black calcareous (Kamliakheri series) depth Up to 45 cm
Very shallow – Panchderia series. low water retention capacity, short
duration preferred.
[Ujjain (57.3), Tarana (41.8), Mahidpur (29.4), Kachrod (15.9), Ghatia
(13.5), Barnagar (10.8)]

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2 Medium to deep soil - Medium black to deep soil having depth > 45 cm – Sarol, Baloda,
rain fed Malikheri series.
(61.5), Barnagar (60.6)]
3 Medium to deep soil - Medium black to deep soil having depth > 45 cm – Sarol, Baloda,
irrigated Malikheri series.
(15.1), Barnagar (20.2)]
4 Gravelly soil Gravelly soil mainly forest soil.
(9.9), Barnagar (8.4)]
Monsoon cycles can lay a devastating toll on agriculture and the local economy.

Ujjain experiences a warm sub-tropical climate, typical of the interior Indian subcontinent.

Ujjain district consists of 6 Blocks/ Taluka and 1096 villages.

Name of Block No. of village
Badnagar 187
Khachrod 218
Mahidpur 222
Tarana 211
Ujjain 130
Ghatia 128

SUPPLY CHAIN MAPPING OF THE AREA:

S.No. Village Distance* Direction* Area under TentativeSowing
(Km) Cultivation period
(Acres)

1 Durji Karariya 25-30 40-50 E
2 Shipra 20-25 100-125 E/M/L
3 Mali Khedi 25-30 50-75 E
4 Muksy 60-65 70-75 L
5 Baroda 40-45 25-30 M/L
6 Peer Kadadia 35-40 25-30 M
7 Daka-Chakalia 30-35 25-30 E/M

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8 Palasia 45-50 25-30 E/M
9 Silotiya 35-40 25-30 E/M
10 Musa-Khedi 30-35 25-30 E/M
11 Beejal Bor 40-45 25-30 E/M/L
12 Nagora > 30 km 25-30 E/M/L
13 Lohar Papaliya 35-40 25-30 E/M

* Distance and direction is taken, using Indore City as Base.

Advantages of Procurement from Indore (Ujjain) region:

The only advantage of procurement from this region is that there is no other production zone
from where cauliflower of A-Grade Quality can be procured during Monsoon season in the
month of August and till 15th September, So, it is the only source and the firm is compelled to
procure cauliflower from here; as the Firm has to fulfil the demand of the market.

S.No. Tentative Tentative General Produce Flow Rate Despatch
Sowing Harvesting Quality Obs. Trend Packaging
Period Period (Rs/Curd
)

1 Early July Small, less Agra, Bhopal, Kanpur 15-20
compact,
yellowish Curd

with pungent
smell Traditional
2 Mid August Sweet, New 20-25 &Tradition
Compact, Delhi,Ahmedabad, al along
white curd of Agra, Bhopal, Kanpur with Crates
appropriate at the
size with no Bottom
pungency
3 Late September Large, Agra, Bhopal, Kanpur 15-20
bloomed,
yellowish curd
with pungent
odour.

Dis-Advantages of Procurement from this region:
The main disadvantages are

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 Distance, which leads to transit challenges. The distance between Delhi and Ujjain is
810 kilometres, which leads to high transit time.

 Cauliflower has low shelf life and the transit time is high, which leads to Packaging
Challenges.

 Monsoon Season enhances the perishability rate and lowers the Shelf life, as it
increases the atmospheric humidity level, which is a common reason for the rotting of
Cauliflower.

Interventions taken/ can be taken by Safal to address these challenges:

Transit Challenges Packaging Challenges
* Pre-Cooling Technology *Paper Wrap
*Refrigerated Transportation *Farm Wrap
*Compromised Refer. Transportation *EAS
*Modified Atmosphere Packaging
*MIP


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CHAPTER-4
Possible Alternative Interventions


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As mentioned in chapter-3, there are possible interventions to address these challenges. Firstly, we
will discuss interventions to handle transit challenges and then to handle Packaging Challenges.

Interventions To Handle Transit Challenges:

1. PRE-COOLING TECHNOLOGY:

Pre-cooling is the rapid removal of heat from freshly harvested produce. This process
is typically done before the produce is shipped to market or put into cold storage.

Why Precooling?

Metabolic activity in fresh fruits and vegetables continues for a short period after
harvest. The energy required to sustain this activity comes from respiration, which
involves oxidation of sugars to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat. A
commodity's storage life is influenced by its respiratory activity. By storing it at low
tempr, respiration is reduced and senescence is delayed, thus extending storage life.

Examples of products that are highly perishable and must begin cooling as soon as
possible after harvest are: cauliflower, broccoli, tomatoes, leafy vegetables, cabbage,
carrots and radishes.

The normal shelf life of Cauliflower is 1 or 2days, but when precooled, the shelf life
for cauliflower increases at least 5 times to 10 Days for best flavour and nutrition.

Methods?

Pre-cooling rapidly lowers the temperature of freshly harvested produce and is done
immediately following harvest to minimize spoilage. There are five principal methods
of pre-cooling fresh produce:

• Room cooling

• Forced-air cooling

• Hydro-cooling

• Ice cooling &

• Vacuum cooling

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Which method is best fit for Cauliflower?
Forced Air- Cooling method is best fit for Cauliflower. In forced air cooling, chilled air is
forced to flow around each piece of produce. This close contact of chilled air with the
produce results in rapid, even cooling throughout the mass of produce. For piled bulk
produce, air ducts are used to distribute the chilled air through the produce. For palletized
produce, pallets loaded with bulk or containerized produce are aligned with air ducts that
direct chilled air through them. The air can be channelled to flow either horizontally or
vertically.
In a horizontal flow system, the air is forced to flow horizontally from one side of the pallet
load to the other through holes in the sides of the pallet bin or containers (see Figure B). In
stacking containers, the side holes must line up for the air to pass from one side of the stack
to the other. In this system, the top and bottom of the pallet or containers must be sealed to
prevent air from bypassing the produce.
In a vertical flow system, the air is forced to flow vertically from the bottom to the top of the
pallet through holes in the bottom of the pallet, and containers if used, then out the top (see
Figure C). In this system, the sides must be sealed to prevent the air from bypassing the
produce. Also, if containers are used, the holes in the tops and bottoms of the containers must
line up, so the air can travel vertically from one container to the next. This method is faster
than room cooling because a flow of chilled air is in direct contact with the produce.


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If implementation of Forced Air Cooling Method is not possible, then Room cooling can also
be used.

2. REFRIGERATED TRANSPORTATION/ COMPROMISED REFER.
TRANSPORTATION:

Refrigerated transportation refers to the mode of transportation in which Temperature
and Humidity level, both can be controlled; while compromised refer. Transportation
refers to the mode of transportation in which Temperature level can be controlled but
Humidity level cannot be controlled , and as discussed above, if cauliflower is stored
at 40C, it’s shelf life at least increases by five times.

So, the use of these modes of transportation can be advised, if found Economical.

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Interventions To Handle Packaging Challenges:

1. STANDARD PACKAGING:

It refers to normal packaging materials used for packing the produce. It includes paper
wrap (e.g. Normal newspaper, Butter-Paper etc.) and farm wrap (Tart, Leaves etc.).

2. MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING (MAP):

Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) is a technique used for prolonging the shelf-
life period of fresh or minimally processed foods. The modification process often tries
to lower the amount of oxygen (O2), moving it from 20.9% to 0%, In order to slow
down the growth of aerobic organisms and the speed of oxidation reactions. The
removed oxygen can be replaced with nitrogen (N2), commonly acknowledged as an
inert gas, or carbon dioxide (CO2), which can lower the pH or inhibit the growth of
bacteria.

Re-balancing of gases inside the packaging can be achieved using active techniques
such as gas flushing and compensated vacuum or passively by designing “breathable”
films known as Equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging (EMAP).

In gas-flushing, the package is flushed with a desired gas mixture, as in compensated

vacuum, the air is removed totally and the desired gas mixture then inserted

EMAP films developed to control the humidity level as well as the gas composition in
the sealed package are beneficial for the prolonged storage of fresh fruits, vegetables
and herbs that are sensitive to moisture. These films are commonly referred to as
modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging (MA/MH)films.

3. MODIFIED INTERACTIVE PACKAGING (MIP):

The basic concept of MIP is the ability of fresh produce to adjust its respiration rate
via its Biofeedback mechanism. The produce does the work, so as to ramp its
metabolism down from high rate of packing to much lower, steady rate in storage and
distribution.

When the product is placed in MIP, the fractures allow the product to create an

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atmosphere, it’s most happy with. The product’s biofeedback mechanism allows the
product to “go to sleep”.

COMPARISON BETWEEN STANDARD PACKAGING, MAP AND MIP:

MIP VS MAP & Std. Packaging

MIP has reduced rate of Shelf Life
deterioration compared to MAP and Std.
Packaging. This is due to the Biofeedback
Mechanism allowing the produce to create
its desired atmosphere placing it into a
relaxed state of Dormancy.

Protocols are easily broken with MAP and
Std. Packaging methods, resulting in rapid
deterioration of product shelf life.

When protocols are broken and put back
in place with MIP technology, the product
wakes up , Resets its own atmosphere and
goes back to sleep. Each time a protocol is
broken, The MIP resetting cycle repeats
ensuring maximum shelf life Performance.

Eg. Oxy Fresh Films- Extended freshness packaging uses the MIP technology and is best
suited for packaging of Cauliflower for maximum shelf life performance.

33

4. ETHYLENE ABSORBANT SACHET (EAS):

Ethylene is a natural ripening agent found in several fruits and vegetables. It is often
used by produce growers to artificially expedite the ripening process of particularly
susceptible commodities such as bananas and tomatoes. While some produce thrives
in ethylene gas, others deteriorate quickly in high-ethylene environments. It’s
important to store sensitive commodities away from heavy ethylene emitters.

Cauliflower is an Ethylene emitter as well very sensitive to ethylene gas, which
results in fast deterioration and lowering shelf life. Hence, Removal of ethylene is
very essential.

Ethylene Absorbers extend the shelf life of fruits, vegetables and flowers in a
packaged or bulk environment! Made with natural occurring Zeolites, Ethylene
Absorbing Sachets remove unwanted Ethylene gas through the oxidation process,
thereby ensuring the quality of freshness of the produce while In Transit or In
Storage.Ethylene Absorbing Sachets can be used with a wide variety of Agricultural
products, including Cauliflower.

Ethylene Absorbing Sachet Advantages:

 Eliminates decay, mold, discoloration, wilting, softening, scald, loss of crunch and
many other negative effects caused by ethylene gas.
 Use during domestic and international shipments traveling via ocean, truck, rail and
air.
 Non-toxic, chemically inert, can be disposed of as normal waste.
 By removing ethylene gas, the shelf life of the produce is increased substantially.

34

CHAPTER-5
Standard Operating Practices (SOP)


35

STANDARD OPERATING PRACTICES(SOP):

1) The first thing which should be taken into account is regarding rains. There should be no
rain on the previous day of harvesting.
2) Harvesting should be done only in the sunny day.
3) Cauliflower should be harvested in between 8:00 am to 11:00 am.
4) The produce should arrive and unloaded at shed/ Pre-cooling Area/ Washing place at least
at 12:00 pm
5) Basic sorting and Minimal processing should be carried out just after the arrival. Minimal
processing consists of steps:
a) Selection of curd size up to 700 grams.
b) Stalk length = 3-4”
c) Cutting of excess cauliflower leaves leaving Behind 2 soft small leaves.
d) Wrapping the curds into white paper, if necessary.
6) Crate lining with white paper.
7) Crate can be filled with standard weight e.g. 12- 14 Kg/Crate or with normal approximate
weights.
8) Next, the cauliflower is precooled/ dried to reduce humidity for at least 2-4 hours,
depending upon the weather conditions.
9) Finally, these crates are loaded into trucks and despatched for CDF at different time

intervals, based on transit timing needed by the driver and No-entry timings at New-
Delhi.

36

VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS:

COST OF CAULIFLOWER IN UJJAIN
As on 28th July 2012
S.No. Activity/ Activities Cost (Rs/kg)
1 Estimated rate of Cauliflower(@Purchase from farmer) 32.50
{Rs. 200/Palli)
(1 palli = 10 curds of 500-700 Gms)
2 Labour rate for Loading and Unloading , cutting, shredding, 1.20
grading and sorting.

3 Miscellaneous Expenses (Knife = Rs 400, Paper=Rs.1000, 1.00
Thermometer =Rs. 500, Pedestal Fans, Octroi, Overheads etc.)

4 Cost of Thermocol Padding (Rs. 750) 0.25

5 Transit cost (From Ujjain to CDF, New Delhi) (Rs.17000 for 4.25
4000 Kg)
6 Transit Cost reward to the Truck Drivers. (Rs. 3100) 0.80

Cost of Cauliflower (Rs/ Kg) as on 28th July 2012 40.00


INAAM SYSTEM OF TRUCK DRIVERS IN UJJAIN:

This Inaam system of Truck Drivers simply mean that if you pay higher reward to the truck
drivers, they’ll make your produce reach the destination in less time then normal.

Reward -Amount

Rs. 5,100 Rs. 3,100 Rs. 2,100 Rs. 1,100

Time -Taken 16-20 hrs 20-22 hrs 22-25 hrs 25-28 hrs

37

TRADE DEFICIT:

Taking so much precaution and safety issues into consideration, let us assume that the
Spoilage for cauliflower for that truck on 29th July 2012 is 20%.

Therefore, Trade Deficit = 20 % of Cost of cauliflower procured

= (20 /100) * Rs. 40.00

= Rs. 8.00

Hence; Cost of procurement of A-Grade Cauliflower at CDF = Rs. 48.00/Kg.

But, The model price of A-Grade Cauliflower at CDF on 29th July 2012 was Rs. 45.00/Kg,
which would have resulted in a loss.

Loss/ Kg = Rs. 3.00


38

CHAPTER-6

Conclusion & Recommendations


39

Conclusion and Recommendations:

1. Harvesting should be done only if the previous day, it hadn’t rained.

2. Cauliflower should be harvested only in a sunny day.

3. Ethylene generation, coupled with high temperature and humidity is considered to
be responsible for Post-harvest losses. So, proper steps should be taken to ensure its
absence.
4. Ethylene generation, high temperature, humidity can be taken care of by EAS,
Precooling and drying up by pedestal fans.
5. To maintain the low temperature, Cauliflower should be transported either by a
Refrigerated trucks or Comprised refer. Trucks or thermocol padded trucks.
6. Proper Temperature of the produce should be recorded at different Time intervals.
7. The use of white paper (Patangi paper) reduces the chances of black and brown
spots.
8. Upon observation, a trend is found between the price fluctuation in Azadpur Mandi
and the rainfall in this procurement area. When it rains in this area, prices go high in

Azadpur Mandi and while Prices falls in Local Mandis and Vice-versa. This may
Demand-Supply Gap.

40

Appendices


41

Promising Varieties of Cauliflower
Varieties Developed By Avg yield Characters

Cauliflower September Maturity
Very early, Sowing in middle to end of May,
PAU
Early Kunwari - harvesting from mid Sept.to mid Oct. Suitable for
Ludhiana
Northern Planins
Cauliflower October Maturity
Curd compact slightly conical,non ricey &
Pant Shubhra Pantnagar 200 q/ha
creamish white. Maturity 120 days
Curd compact self blanching, white & medium
Pusa Deepali IARI Delhi - size. No riceyness. Sowing time end of May to
Early June. Harvesting in late Oct.
Cauliflower November Maturity
Curd compact,creamy white, medium size.
IARI New Planting time mid sept-late sept. Maturity in 130
Pusa Synthetic 225 q/ha
Delhi day. Suitable for growing & seed production in
north Indian plains
Curds compact and white, Av.wt 700-800gm,no
IARI New riceyness, best temp for curding is 12-16 oc,
Pusa Shubhra 205 q/ha
Delhi Highly resistant to black rot. Can be grown in all
zones
For Indo-gagetic plains. Curds compact white and
Improved IARI, New
- large. Maturity late Nov. Not suitable for hot
Japanese Delhi

season.
Curds highly compact, creamy-white Av.wt907
gm. Most suitable for Humid Bengal-assam basin
IARI, New
Pusa Hybrid-2 25 t/ha & Sub-Humid Satluj Ganga alluvial Plains.
Delhi
Harvesting in mid Nov. to mid-Dec. in North
Indian plans
Cauliflower Snowball
High yielding for Indo-gangetic plains. Curd
Pusa snowball- IARI
- compact, medium size, snow white. Optimum
1 Katrain
temp.10-16 oC.Sowing in mid Sept- Oct.end.
Curd white & remain white on exposure.
Pusa snowball- IARI
- Transplanting-Oct.end to mid of Nov.in North
2 Katrain
India. Harvesting in January end (10-15 oC)
Curd snow white, self-blanched, hi-dome.
Pusa snowball IARI
- Maturity 90-95 days after transplant. Resistant to
K-1 Katrain
black rot. Last to mature in snowball group

42

Bibliography


43

Web Links Visited:

1. Madhya Pradesh Agricultural Marketing Board (Mandi Board)
http://www.mpmandiboard.org/
2. Mother Dairy Website
http://www.motherdairy.com
3. NCAPH, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt of India
http://www.ncaphindia.com
4. Krishiseva Website
http://www.krishiseva.com
5. NHRDF website
http://www.nhrdf.org
6. Fruit and Vegetable Supply Chain-An Indian Perspective, By Dhanush Kuttuva
http://blogs.apics.org/intl/2010/02/03/fruit-vegetable-supply-chain
7. Krishi vigyan Kendra, Ujjain Website
http://www.kvkujjain.org
8. Google
www.google.co.in

9. Wikipedia
www.wikipedia.org
10. Krishi Shewa Sangathan
www.krishisewa.com

Articles Followed :

1. Forced Air precooling of Fruits and Vegetables
By Mahesh Aswaney (Chairman & MD , California Humifresh India Pvt. Ltd.)
2. Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Precooling.
By John Kienholz and Ike Edeogu (Alberta agriculture, Food & Rural development)

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