Survey of Operating Systems for the IoT Environment

Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 6 Issue: 5 Pages: 2479-2483 (2015) ISSN: 0975-0290
2479
Survey of Operating Systems for the IoT Environment
Tuhin Borgohain*
Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, India
Email: borgohain.tuhin@gmail.com
Uday Kumar
Tech Mahindra Limited, Chennai, India
Email: udaykumar@techmahindra.com
Sugata Sanyal
Corporate Technology Office, Tata Consultancy Services, Mumbai, India
Email: sugata.sanyal@tcs.com
*Corresponding Author
----------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------
This paper is a comprehensive survey of the various operating systems available for the Internet of Things
environment. At first the paper introduces the various aspects of the operating systems designed for the IoT
environment where resource constraint poses a huge problem for the operation of the general OS designed for the
various computing devices. The latter part of the paper describes the various OS available for the resource
constraint IoT environment along with the various platforms each OS supports, the software development kits
available for the development of applications in the respective OS’es along with the various protocols
implemented in these OS’es for the purpose of communication and networking.
Keywords –IDE, IP, SDK, WSN, IoT.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: April 10, 2015 Date of Acceptance: April 11, 2015
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
he whole Internet of Things environment is based on
the application of microprocessors and wireless
sensors. The resource constraint environment of these
microprocessors and sensors makes the use of regular
OS’es meaningless due to their high resource and
computing power requirement. Thus, in such a situation,
the development of OS’es meeting the resource constraint
demand of the IoT environment becomes necessary.
II. OVERVIEW
In section III the paper introduces the various
aspects of an OS designed for the IoT environment. In
section IV, the various OS’es available for running in the
IoT environment along with a list of the supporting
platforms, SDKs and the various networking and
communication protocols implemented are surveyed. The
paper is concluded in section V.
III. INTRODUCTION TO OS FOR THE IOT
ENVIRONMENT
The whole integration of the various IoT devices to
the various objects is made possible through the interaction
of software at a dynamic level along with the use of
wireless sensor network and RFID technologies using the
internet infrastructure ([1], [6]). This software interaction
is made possible through the operating system running
behind the scene within each IoT device without which an
IoT device would be nothing more than a non-functioning
device. The flexible features of the various operating
systems of an IoT device has facilitated some interesting
integration of electronic products and technologies to the
daily processes of an individual thus making the processes
a whole lot easier to use and access. Some out of the
multitudes of IoT technology integration and innovations
are smart light bulb ([28]), implementation of real time
passenger information system ([22]), smart tags/NFC tags
([17]) etc.
The OS’es developed for the IoT environment
require very few kilobytes of RAM as well as operate with
low power consumption. Moreover they are specifically
designed and optimized for a particular set of
microprocessor-based platforms beyond which such OS’es
becomes irrelevant in its application ([38]). These OS’es
do not compromise in terms of features relating to
communication, networking, security etc. as compared to
the regular OS’es like Windows OS, Mac OS etc. but
comes built-in with a number of pre-installed, pre-
integrated applications, drivers and other network
protocols. Moreover these OS’es employ a number of
unique security measures for enhancing the IoT
T

2480
infrastructure as a whole and to avoid the compromise of
the stability and usability of the OS.
Though the security issues of the OS’es for the IoT
environment are quite different in comparison to the
security issues of a regular operating system, yet it still
retains the standard security protocols for protecting itself
against unwanted attacks. Now the IoT environment is
made in such a way so as to carry out information
exchange between the various electronic devices over the
internet in the most efficient way possible using the lowest
amount of resources. As such the whole IoT environment
along with its OS becomes prone to malicious attack from
the third party intruders. So the successful implementation
of various encryption and data hiding techniques ([4], [5],
[12], [15], [39]), intrusion detection systems ([16], [33])
etc. in the IoT infrastructure takes a paramount
importance.
[45] takes care of sleep deprivation attack blockage on IoT
elements, to preserve their already fragile power resources.
IV. OS’ES
i. mbed: Developed by ARM in collaboration with
its technological partners, mbed OS is developed for 32-bit
ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers ([29]). The whole OS is
written using C and C++ language. This open source OS is
licensed under Apache License 2.0.
The software development kit (SDK) for mbed OS
provides the software framework for the developers to
develop various microcontroller firmwares to be run on
IoT devices. These SDK is comprised of core libraries
which consist of the following components given in Table
1:
Networ
king
Test
scripts
Microcontroller
peripheral
drivers
RTOS
and
runtime
environm
ent
Build
Tools
Debug
Scripts
Table 1: Core libraries in mbed OS
The applications for mbed OS can only be
developed online using its native online code editor cum
compiler known as mbed online integrated development
environments (IDEs). While writing of code can only be
done through a web browser, its compilation is done by the
ARMCC C/C++ compiler in the cloud.
In the connectivity front, the mbed OS support the
following connectivity technologies given in Table 2:
Bluetooth
Low Energy
Wi-fi Zigbee IP Zigbee
LAN
Cellular Ethernet 6LoWPAN
Table 2: Connectivity technologies in mbed OS
mbed OS integrates end-to-end IP security (IPv4
and IPv6) through TLS and DTLS in its comm. channels
for increased security of the whole OS environment.
Moreover for management of various devices in its
environment, mbed OS uses OMA Lightweight M2M
protocol.
ii. RIOT: Developed by INRIA, HAW Hamburg
and FU Berlin initially, RIOT OS is compatible with ARM
Cortex-M3, ARM Cortex-M4, ARM7, AVR Atmega and
TI MSP430 devices ([8], [24], [31]). Developed using C
and C++, this open source OS is licensed under LGPL
v2.1.
The SDKs available for development of
applications in RIOT OS are gcc, valgrind and gdb.
Moreover the SDK framework supports application
programming in C and C++.
RIOT OS supports all the major communication
and networking protocols which are tabulated in Table 3:
IPv6 6LoWPAN RPL CoAP
UDP TCP CBOR CCN-lite
OpenWSN UBJSON
Table 3: Networking protocols in RIOT OS
iii.Contiki: Created by Adam Dunkels and further
developed by people from various organisations and
institutions like Atmel, Cisco, ENEA, SAP, Sensinode,
Oxford University etc. ([3], [19], [35]), the Contiki OS is
aimed to be used in various microcontroller devices which
are tabulated in Table 4:
Atmel
ARM
Atmel
AVR
STM32w TI MSP430
TI
CC2430
TI
CC2538
TI CC2630 TI CC2650
LPC2103 Freescale
MC1322
4
Microchip
dsPIC
Microchip
PIC32
Table 4: Microcontroller devices running on Contiki OS
This open source OS is licensed under BSD
License.
The programming model of the Contiki OS is
based on protothreads for efficient operation in resource-
constrained environment.
The Contiki OS features Cooja, a network simulator
which simulates Contiki nodes ([18]). These Contiki nodes
are of three types:
a. Emulated nodes
b. Cooja nodes
c. Java nodes
The various networking protocols supported by
Contiki OS are given in Table 5:
CoAP 6LoWPAN RPL
Table 5: Networking protocols in Contiki OS

2481
The Contiki environment is generally made secure
through the implementation of ContikiSec ([21]) and
through the implementation of TLS/DTLS ([9]).
iv. TinyOS: Developed by TinyOS Alliance, this
open source OS is mainly developed for wireless sensor
networks ([2], [7]). It is written in nesC and is licensed
under BSD License.
The SDK for application development for TinyOS
is comprised of the following three IDEs:
a. TinyDT
b. TinyOS Eclipse Plugin “YETI 2”
c. TinyOS Eclipse Editor Plugin
The various communications and network protocols
implemented in the TinyOS are given in Table 5:
Broadcast based
Routing
Probabilistic
Routing
Multi-Path
Routing
Geographical
Routing
Reliability based
Routing
TDMA based
Routing
Directed Diffusion
Table 5: Communication and networking protocols in
TinyOS
The whole architecture of the TinyOS has been
made secure over the years with the implementation of
TinySec ([44]) and various types of embedded security
layers ([13], [14], [30], [40]).
v. Nano-RK: Developed at Carnegie Mellon
University by Alexei Colin, Christopher Palmer and Artur
Balanuta, Nano-RK is specifically targeted for running in
microcontrollers (presently runs on MicaZ motes and
FireFly Sensor Networking Platform) to be used in
wireless sensor networks. Nano-RK OS is written in C
language and is open source ([10], [43]).
The application development of Nano-RK OS is
supported by the Eclipse IDE.
The communications within the OS is carried out
with the help of the following protocols given in Table 6:
RT-
Link
PCF
TDMA
b-mac U-Connect WiDom
Table 6: Communication protocols implemented in
Nano-RK
vi. FreeRTOS: Developed by Real Time Engineers
Ltd., the FreeRTOS is developed for platforms listed in
Table 7:
ARM7 ARM9 ARM
Cortex-
M3
ARM
Cortex-M4
ARM
Cortex-A
RM4x TMS57
0
Cortex-R4
Atmel
AVR
AVR32 HCS12 Altera Nios
II
MicroBlaze Cortus
APS1
Cortus
APS3
Cortus
APS3R
Cortus
APS5
Cortus
FPF3
Cortus
FPS6
Cortus FPS8
Fujitsu
MB91460
series
Fujitsu
MB9634
0 series
Coldfire V850
78K0R Renesas
H8/S
MSP430 8052
X86 RX SuperH PIC
Atmel
SAM3
Atmel
SAM4
Atmel
SAM7
Atmel
SAM9
Table 7: Platforms supporting FreeRTOS
Written mostly in C with the addition of a few
assembly functions, this open source OS is licensed under
Modified GPL ([25], [26]).
The application development part for FreeRTOS is
handled through multiple threads, software timers and
semaphores along with a tick-less mode for low
consumption of resources by the running of the various
applications.
V. CONCLUSION
From the above survey it can be seen that all the OS’es
for the IoT environment are well equipped with all the
major networking and communication protocols, security
features as well as optimized for efficient usage of
computing power in a resource constraint environment.
Yet the additional implementation of counter measures to
online dictionary attacks ([11], [20], [32]) in the internet
infrastructure used by the IoT environment with the
additional emphasis on developing a more robust wireless
sensor network ([27], [34], [37], [41]) will contribute to
the protection of user’s credentials during online
transactions ([23], [36], [42]) logging inside one’s
personal account in the cloudand will make the whole IoT
environment much secure and more reliable.
REFERENCES
[1] Hermann Kopetz. "Internet of things." In Real-time
systems, pp. 307-323. Springer US, 2011.
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyOS
[3] Adam Dunkels, Oliver Schmidt, Niclas Finne, Joakim
Eriksson, Fredrik Österlind, Nicolas Tsiftesand Mathilde
Durvy. "The Contiki OS: The Operating System for the
Internet of Things." (2011).
[4] Sandipan Dey, Ajith Abraham, and Sugata Sanyal.
"An LSB Data Hiding Technique Using Natural Number
Decomposition." In Intelligent Information Hiding and
Multimedia Signal Processing, 2007. IIHMSP 2007. Third
International Conference on, vol. 2, pp. 473-476. IEEE,
2007.

2482
[5] Philip P. Dang, Paul M. Chau. "Image encryption for
secure internet multimedia applications." Consumer
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 46, no. 3 (2000): 395-
403.
[6] Jayavardhana Gubbi, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic
and Marimuthu Palaniswami. "Internet of Things (IoT): A
vision, architectural elements, and future
directions." Future Generation Computer Systems 29, no.
7 (2013): 1645-1660.
[7] Philip Levis, Sam Madden, Joseph Polastre, Robert
Szewczyk, Kamin Whitehouse, Alec Woo, David Gay,
Jason Hill, Matt Welsh, Eric Brewer and David Culler.
"TinyOS: An operating system for sensor networks."
In Ambient intelligence, pp. 115-148. Springer Berlin
Heidelberg, 2005.
[8] https://github.com/RIOT-OS/RIOT
[9] Vladislav Perelman. "Security in IPv6-enabled wireless
sensor networks: An implementation of TLS/DTLS for the
Contiki operating system." PhD diss., MSc Thesis, Jacobs
University Bremen, 2012.
[10] http://www.nanork.org/projects/nanork/wiki
[11] Vipul Goyal, Virendra Kumar, Mayank Singh, Ajith
Abraham, and Sugata Sanyal. "A new protocol to counter
online dictionary attacks” Computers &Security, 25, no. 2
(2006): 114-120.
[12] Chi-Kwong Chan, Lee-Ming Cheng. "Hiding data in
images by simple LSB substitution." Pattern
recognition 37, no. 3 (2004): 469-474.
[13] David J. Malan, Matt Welsh, and Michael D. Smith.
"A public-key infrastructure for key distribution in TinyOS
based on elliptic curve cryptography." In Sensor and Ad
Hoc Communications and Networks, 2004. IEEE SECON
2004. 2004 First Annual IEEE Communications Society
Conference on, pp. 71-80. IEEE, 2004.
[14] Arijit Ukil, Jaydip Sen, and Sripad Koilakonda.
"Embedded security for Internet of Things." In Emerging
Trends and Applications in Computer Science
(NCETACS), 2011 2nd National Conference on, pp. 1-6.
IEEE, 2011.
[15] A. V. N. Krishna, S. N. N. Pandit, and A. Vinaya
Babu. "A generalized scheme for data encryption
technique using a randomized matrix key." Journal of
Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography 10, no.
1 (2007): 73-81.
[16] Animesh Kr Trivedi, Rajan Arora, Rishi Kapoor,
Sudip Sanyal, and Sugata Sanyal. "A Semi-distributed
Reputation Based Intrusion Detection System for Mobile
Adhoc Networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:
1006.1956 (2010).
[17] Jeffrey C. Reynar, and Ziyi Wang. "System and
method for incorporating smart tags in online content."
U.S. Patent 7,003,522, issued February 21, 2006.
[18] Anuj Sehgal. "Using the Contiki Cooja Simulator."
(2013).
[19] Adam Dunkels, Bjorn Gronvall, and Thiemo Voigt.
"Contiki-a lightweight and flexible operating system for
tiny networked sensors." In Local Computer Networks,
2004. 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on, pp.
455-462. IEEE, 2004.
[20] Benny Pinkas, and Tomas Sander. "Securing
passwords against dictionary attacks." In Proceedings of
the 9th ACM conference on Computer and
communications security, pp. 161-170. ACM, 2002.
[21] Lander Casado, and Philippas Tsigas. "Contikisec: A
secure network layer for wireless sensor networks under
the contiki operating system." In Identity and Privacy in
the Internet Age, pp. 133-147. Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
2009.
[22] K. Ganesh, M. Thrivikraman, Joy Kuri, Haresh
Dagale, G. Sudhakar, and Sugata Sanyal. "Implementation
of a real time passenger information system." arXiv
preprint arXiv: 1206.0447 (2012).
[23] Alain Hiltgen, Thorsten Kramp, and Thomas
Weigold. "Secure internet banking
authentication." Security & Privacy, IEEE 4, no. 2 (2006):
21-29.
[24] Emmanuel Baccelli, Oliver Hahm, M. Gunes, M.
Wahlisch, and Thomas C. Schmidt. "RIOT OS: Towards
an OS for the Internet of Things." In Computer
Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), 2013
IEEE Conference on, pp. 79-80. IEEE, 2013.
[25] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeRTOS
[26] http://www.freertos.org/
[27] Koustubh Kulkarni, Sudip Sanyal, Hameed Al-
Qaheri, and Sugata Sanyal. "Dynamic Reconfiguration of
Wireless Sensor Networks." IJCSA 6, no. 4 (2009): 16-42.
[28] Ihor Lys, and George G. Mueller. "Smart light bulb."
U.S. Patent 6,528,954, issued March 4, 2003.
[29] https://mbed.org/technology/os/
[30] Sachin Babar, Antonietta Stango, Neeli Prasad,
Jaydip Sen, and Ramjee Prasad. "Proposed embedded
security framework for internet of things (IoT)." In
Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology,
Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems
Technology (Wireless VITAE), 2011 2nd International
Conference on, pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2011.
[31] http://www.riot-os.org/
[32] Yongzhong He, and Zhen Han. "User authentication
with provable security against online dictionary
attacks." Journal of Networks 4, no. 3 (2009): 200-207.

2483
[33] Manoj Rameshchandra Thakur, and Sugata Sanyal.
"A Multi-Dimensional approach towards Intrusion
Detection System." arXiv preprint arXiv:
1205.2340(2012).
[34] Javier López, and Jianying Zhou, eds. Wireless sensor
network security. Vol. 1. IOS Press, 2008.
[35] http://www.contiki-os.org/
[36] Yuri Khidekel, Alex Balashov, and Vladimir
Bashmakov. "Secure transaction system." U.S. Patent
Application 09/792,391, filed February 23, 2001.
[37] Mingbo Xiao, Xudong Wang, and Guangsong Yang.
"Cross-layer design for the security of wireless sensor
networks." In Intelligent Control and Automation, 2006.
WCICA 2006. The Sixth World Congress on, vol. 1, pp.
104-108. IEEE, 2006. Liu, An, Mihui Kim, Leonardo B.
Oliveira, and Hailun Tan. "Wireless Sensor Network
Security." International Journal of Distributed Sensor
Networks 2013 (2013).
[38] http://micrium.com/iot/iot-rtos/
[39] Harshavardhan Kayarkar, and Sugata Sanyal. "A
survey on various data hiding techniques and their
comparative analysis." arXiv preprint arXiv:
1206.1957(2012).
[40] Kresimir Grgic, Drago Zagar, and Visnja Krizanovic.
"Security in IPv6-based wireless sensor network—
Precision agriculture example." In Telecommunications
(ConTEL), 2013 12th International Conference on, pp. 79-
86. IEEE, 2013.
[41] Adrian Perrig, John Stankovic, and David Wagner.
"Security in wireless sensor networks." Communications of
the ACM 47, no. 6 (2004): 53-57.
[42] Sugata Sanyal, Ayu Tiwari, and Sudip Sanyal. "A
multifactor secure authentication system for wireless
payment." In Emergent Web Intelligence: Advanced
Information Retrieval, pp. 341-369. Springer London,
2010.
[43] Anand Eswaran, Anthony Rowe, and Raj Rajkumar.
"Nano-rk: an energy-aware resource-centric rtos for sensor
networks." In Real-Time Systems Symposium, 2005. RTSS
2005. 26th IEEE International, pp. 10-pp. IEEE, 2005.
[44] Chris Karlof, Naveen Sastry, and David Wagner.
"TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless
sensor networks." In Proceedings of the 2nd international
conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pp.
162-175. ACM, 2004.
[45] Tapalina Bhattasali, Rituparna Chaki, Sugata Sanyal;
“Sleep Deprivation Attack in Wireless Sensor Network”:
International Journal of Computer Applications, Volume
40,Number 15, pp.19-25, February 2012, ISBN: 978-93-
80866-55-8, Published by Foundation of Computer
Science, New York, USA, DOI: 10.5120/5056-7374.
Biographies and Photographs
Tuhin Borgohain is a 3rd
Year student of
Assam Engineering College, Guwahati. He
is presently pursuing his Bachelor of
Engineering degree in the department of
Instrumentation Engineering.
Uday Kumar is working as Delivery
Manager at Tech Mahindra Ltd, India. He
has 17 years of experience in engineering
large complex software system for
customers like Citibank, FIFA, Apple
Smart objects and AT&T. He has developed products in
BI, performance testing, compilers. And have successfully
led projects in finance, content management and
ecommerce domain. He has participated in many campus
connect program and conducted workshop on software
security, skills improvement for industrial strength
programming, evangelizing tools and methodology for
secure and high end programming.
Sugata Sanyal is presently acting as a
Research Advisor to the Corporate
Technology Office, Tata Consultancy
Services, India. He was with the Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research till
July, 2012. Prof. Sanyal is a:
Distinguished Scientific Consultant to
the International Research Group: Study of Intelligence of
Biological and Artificial Complex System, Bucharest,
Romania; Member, "Brain Trust," an advisory group to
faculty members at the School of Computing and
Informatics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette's Ray P.
Authement College of Sciences, USA; an honorary
professor in IIT Guwahati and Member, Senate, Indian
Institute of Guwahati, India. Prof. Sanyal has published
many research papers in international journals and in
International Conferences worldwide: topics ranging from
network security to intrusion detection system and more.

Survey of Operating Systems for the IoT Environment

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Survey of Operating Systems for the IoT Environment (20)

More from Eswar Publications (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Survey of Operating Systems for the IoT Environment