Sustainable development new agenda

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : A NEW AGENDA
( POST 2015)
by
Ritu K. Walia

MAIN ISSUES ARE
 What is Human Development?
 Difference between Development and Growth?
 What is Sustainable Development?
 Why Sustainable Development is New Agenda of
Post 2015 for UN
 What are the sources of finance for sustainable
development

“We recognize that people are at the centre of sustainable development and, in
this regard, we strive for a world that is just, equitable and inclusive, and we
commit to work together to promote sustained and inclusive economic growth,
social development and environmental protection and thereby to benefit all.”
Outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development (Rio+20), “The future we want”

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT
Recent United Nations documents emphasize
“Human Development,” measured by life expectancy, adult
literacy, access to all three levels of education, as well as
people’s average income which is a necessary condition
of their freedom of choice.

Human Development Report 1996, published by the United Nations
Development Program, “human development is the end—
economic growth a means”

ECONOMICGROWTHAND HUMANDEVELOPMENT

According to the classical definition, given by the
United Nations World Commission on
Environment and Development in 1987,
development is sustainable if it “meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs.”
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

OBJECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

•Since the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (“Earth
Summit”)in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the new pathway has been identified to human well-
being, the path of sustainable development. The Millennium Declaration and the
Millennium Development Goals articulated in 2000 placed people at the centre,
generating unprecedented improvement in the lives of many around the world. The global
mobilization behind the Millennium Development Goals showed that multilateral action
can make a tangible difference.
The background
•After it the 2005 World Summit, the 2010 Summit on the Millennium Development
Goals and the lead-up to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
(Rio+20) in 2012.
Three high-level international meetings in 2015 give us the opportunity to chart a
new era of sustainable development
1. The third International Conference on Financing for Development, to be
held at Addis Ababa in July.
2. The special summit on sustainable development, held at United Nations
Headquarters in New York in September.
3. The twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, to be held in Paris in December.

In the decade between 2000 and 2010
An estimated 3.3 million deaths from malaria were averted.
22 million lives were saved in the fight against tuberculosis.
Access to antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected people has saved 6.6
million lives since 1995.
Gender parity in primary school enrolment, access to child and maternal
health care and in women’s political participation has improved steadily.
Some countries have shown real progress in reducing inequalities.
Others have attained universal health coverage.
 Some have evolved into some of the world’s most advanced and
digitally connected societies.
Wages have increased, social protection has been expanded,
connected societies.
Achievements of millennium development goals

‘We must invest in the unfinished work of the
Millennium Development Goals, and use them as
a spring board into the future we want, a future
free from poverty and built on human rights,
equality and sustainability. This is our duty.’
UNDP
Need of the hour

NEW SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources
for sustainable development
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
NEW SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL

COMPONENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SOURCES FOR FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 International Sources of Finance
 Domestic Resource Mobilization and Public
Expenditures

INTERNATIONAL SOURCES FOR FINANCE

DOMESTIC SOURCE OF FINANCE
A. Domestic Resource Mobilization (DRM) — the
process in which countries transparently raise and spend
their own funds to provide for their people – is the long-
term path to sustainable development finance
1. Domestic Resource Mobilization – increasing
available public funds
2. Public Expenditures – improving quality and
efficiency to increase development impact
3. Subnational Finance – vital link to the SDGs
4. Policy Guidance and Technical Assistance –
expanding support to public resource mobilization
and expenditure
B. Engaging and Incentivizing Private Finance

Domestic Resource Mobilization – increasing available public funds
The unspectacular but critical work of building effective and trusted tax
administrations;
Eliminating exemptions and incentives that forego revenue to little useful
end;
Implementing broad-based and simple VATs, complemented with excises
on a limited number of items to address other policy priorities such as public
health;
Building a broad-based and fair PIT;
Establishing a broad-based CIT, at rates competitive by international
standards;
Implementing simplified tax regimes for micro and small enterprises;
Designing and implementing international tax rules, in relation to both
BEPS and EOI, that are sensitive to the circumstances and capacities of
LICs and supported by coordinated international action; and
Establishing fiscal regimes for extractive industries that provide investors
with confidence while ensuring that revenue collections respond
appropriately to changing circumstances.

Public Expenditures – improving quality and efficiency to increase
development impact
Developing evidence-based public programs, policies and public sector
performance metrics (and investing in country data and national statistical
systems);
Enhancing public investment management capacity;
Reducing and eliminating energy subsidies, and setting prices that internalize
the environmental harm of energy use;
Strengthening independent oversight arrangements, including in the areas of
citizen participation, supreme audit institutions and parliaments;
Strengthening public sector pay, performance and ethics;
Developing nationwide fiscal responsibility laws that address inter alia
frameworks for sustainable sub-national borrowing (relevant to section 3 on sub
national finance); and
Improving gender targeting of public expenditures

Sub national Finance – vital link to the SDGs
Strengthening the capacity of local governments, including to raise their
own revenues, to manage expenditures (including investment
programming) and service delivery, and to borrow and manage debt
prudently;
Developing inter-government fiscal transfer arrangements that take into
account investment needs of sub-national governments, equalize fiscal
capacity and expenditure needs across levels of government, and clearly
delineate spending responsibilities between the different layers of
government;
Implementing user-pays approaches that reduce the financing gap
between the cost of needed investments and the level of revenue
generation from users, while respecting affordability constraints; and
Promoting access to long-term finance to minimize risks in the lifecycle
of infrastructure investments.

Policy Guidance and Technical Assistance – expanding support to public
resource mobilization and expenditure
Improve coordination with each other, donors and client countries in the provision
of policy guidance and capacity building services for DRM and public expenditure to
address the “way ahead” measures described in this section.
Strengthen collaboration on international tax issues with the OECD and the
United Nations;
Support policy networks at the sub-regional, regional and global level, to share
experience and good practices, and knowledge and standards for domestic reform
efforts;
Scale up practicable guidance and tool-kits in key areas, e.g. cost/effectiveness
analysis in adopting and assessing tax breaks and subsidy reforms and regular
review of assumptions and impact
Support the adoption of sound practice guidelines and analytical tools in the area
of public debt management; and
Enhance collaboration in supporting countries and facilitate inter-agency
planning, in sharing tools, standards, and analysis for capacity building to improve
data and statistical systems to monitor tax collection and the impact of public
expenditures.

The private sector will play a pivotal role in financing the post-2015
development agenda. As recognized in the Monterrey Consensus, private
investment underpins economic growth, know-how and technology transfer,
job creation, and productivity gains. Ultimately, functioning, self-sustaining
private sector markets that respond to economic demands are central to the
sustainability of development gains
Engaging and Incentivizing Private Finance

The policy measures to attract investment vary according to country needs
and circumstances, but can include:
A clear and predictable tax regime;
Reasonably open trade policy;
A sound monetary policy framework and sustainable exchange rate
policy;
Streamlined and consistent administrative and regulatory processes;
Predictable investment framework and rule of law;
A regulatory framework that supports open competition and well-
functioning labor markets; and
Structures that support entrepreneurship and innovation.
Role of MDBs and the IMF: policy guidance to countries. A supportive
business environment

WHAT MORE NEED TO DO
•New technologies can open up more sustainable approaches and
more efficient practices.
•Public sector can raise significantly more revenue by reforming tax
systems, fighting tax evasion, correcting inequities and combating
corruption.
• We need ethics-driven investment by the private sector.
•There is need of right incentives, policies, regulations and monitoring,
great opportunities
•We know that governance at both the national and international levels
can be reformed to more efficiently serve twenty-first century realities.
•FDI is a dominant private financing modality in most developing
countries. It is vital for private sector productivity and growth and
can help to diversify the economy

“Overcoming poverty is not a task of charity, it is an act of justice. Like
slavery and apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be
overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings. Sometimes it falls
on a generation to be great. You can be that generation. Let your greatness
bloom.”
Nelson Mandela

“Earth provides enough to satisfy every
man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.”
Mahatma Gandhi

REFERENCES
• Outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development (Rio+20), “The future we want”.
•Umbrella paper on Long-Term Investment Financing for Growth and
Development, prepared by the World Bank and other International
Organizations for the G20.
•Financing for development Post 2015. World Bank Group, Oct 2013.
•“From Billions to Trillions: Transforming Development Finance Post-2015
Financing for Development: Multilateral Development Finance”

Sustainable development new agenda

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