Syntax
- 1. THIS MAY GET COMPLICATED
- 2. The Sentence Patterns of Language By Lanz Manipor
- 3. Before you get confused… Grammar mental representation of a speaker’s linguistical competence what a speaker knows about the language, including its phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and lexicon
- 4. Before you get confused… Syntax the rules of sentence formation the component of the mental grammar that represents speakers’ knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentence
- 5. Syntax σύν syn , "together", and τάξις táxis , "an ordering“ arrangement refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language structure (word order)
- 6. Chief swore president the Justice the in new
- 7. Chief swore president the Justice the in new Sequence is made up of meaningful words
- 8. Chief swore president the Justice the in new Sequence is made up of meaningful words DOES IT MAKE SENSE?
- 9. Chief swore president the Justice the in new Every sentence is a sequence of words But not every sequence of words is a sentence
- 10. Sequence of words that conform to the rules of syntax are said to be …
- 11. well formed Sequence of words that conform to the rules of syntax are said to be …
- 12. well formed GRAMMATICAL Sequence of words that conform to the rules of syntax are said to be …
- 13. Those that violate the syntactic rules are therefore …
- 14. ill formed Those that violate the syntactic rules are therefore …
- 15. ill formed UNGRAMMATICAL Those that violate the syntactic rules are therefore …
- 16. well formed GRAMMATICAL Sequence of words that conform to the rules of syntax are said to be …
- 17. ill formed UNGRAMMATICAL Those that violate the syntactic rules are therefore …
- 18. What Grammaticality is Based On Determined by rules shared by the speakers of a language Example:
- 19. What Grammaticality is Based On Determined by rules shared by the speakers of a language Example: Jack and Jill ran the hill up.
- 20. What Grammaticality is Based On I am proud to be my mother
- 21. What Grammaticality is Based On Vicente believes to be a gentleman
- 22. What Grammaticality is Based On Joana ate the baby
- 23. What Grammaticality is Not Based On Not based on what is taught in school but on the rules constructed unconsciously as children Children acquire most of the syntactic rules of their language even before learning to read. Does not depend on having heard the sentence before.
- 24. What Grammaticality is Not Based On Not based on what is taught in school but on the rules constructed unconsciously as children Children acquire most of the syntactic rules of their language even before learning to read. Does not depend on having heard the sentence before. Example: Enormous crickets in pink socks danced at the prom.
- 25. What Grammaticality is Not Based On Does not depend on the truth of the sentence If it did, lying would be impossible. Example:
- 26. What Grammaticality is Not Based On Does not depend on the truth of the sentence If it did, lying would be impossible. Example: I look like Piolo Pascual.
- 27. Syntactic Rules Accounts for: Grammaticality of the sentence Word order Structural ambiguity Grammatical relations Whether different structures have different meanings The creative aspect of language
- 28. What else do you know about syntax? Ambiguity (Double Meaning) Ex. synthetic buffalo hides synthetic (buffalo hides) (synthetic buffalo) hides Grammatical Relations and how they are understood Ex. Mary hired Bill. Bill hired Mary. Bill was hired by Mary.
- 29. Sentence Structure The TREE DIAGRAM Root (entire sentence) Leaves (individual words) Hierarchical structure (groupings) Constituent structures the child found the puppy the child found the puppy the child found the puppy the puppy
- 30. Sentence Structure Constituent Structure (every sentence has one or more) Synthetic buffalo hides synthetic buffalo hides buffalo synthetic Synthetic buffalo hides synthetic buffalo hides buffalo hides
- 31. Syntactic Categories A family of expressions that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality Ex. The child found the puppy. Your neighbor found the puppy. This yellow cat found the puppy. He found the puppy.
- 32. Syntactic Categories Noun Phrase (NP) – subject or object in the sentence Verb Phrase (VP) – verb by NP or PP Sentence (S) Determiner (Det) Adjective (Adj) Adverb (Adv) Noun (N)
- 33. Syntactic Categories Pronoun (Pro) Preposition (P) Prepositional Phrase (PP) Auxiliary Verb (Aux) –have, be, will, must, etc. Verb (V)
- 34. Phrase Structure Trees A tree diagram with syntactic category information provided (syntactic labels) Constituent structure tree
- 35. Phrase Structure Tree the child found the puppy S the child NP found the puppy VP the Det child N found V the puppy NP the Det puppy N
- 36. Sentence Structure The TREE DIAGRAM Root (entire sentence) Leaves (individual words) Hierarchical structure (groupings) Constituent structures the child found the puppy the child found the puppy the child found the puppy the puppy
- 37. Phrase Structure Tree the child found the puppy S the child NP found the puppy VP the Det child N found V the puppy NP the Det puppy N
- 38. Phrase Structure Tree the puppy found child the S NP VP Det N V NP Det N
- 39. Phrase Structure Tree the puppy found child the Lexical Categories -lowest categories in the tree. Syntactic Categories Node S NP VP Det N V NP Det N
- 40. Phrase Structure Tree the puppy found child the Lexical Categories -lowest categories in the tree. Syntactic Categories Node “ ALL” is important S NP VP Det N V NP Det N
- 41. More Phrase Structure Trees S NP VP Det NP N PP the boy V saw P NP Det N the man Det N with the telescope Three different structural positions representing three grammatical relations.
- 42. More Phrase Structure Trees S NP VP Det NP N PP the boy V saw P NP Det N the man Det N with the telescope Reveal ambiguities
- 43. More Phrase Structure Trees S NP VP Det NP N the boy V saw P NP Det N the man Det N with the telescope NP Reveal ambiguities
- 44. The Infinitude of Language There is no longest sentence in any language Speakers can lengthen any sentence by various means Adding adjectives, clauses, etc.
- 45. The Infinitude of Language Example: House that Jack built (nursery rhyme) This is the farmer sowing the corn, that kept the clock that crowed in the morn, that waked the priest all shaven and shorn, that married the man all tattered and torn, that kissed the maiden all forlorn, that milked the cow with the crumpled horn, that tossed the dog, that worried the cat, that killed the rat, that ate the malt, that lay in the house that Jack built.
- 46. The Infinitude of Language P P P NP Det N the girl with the feather on the ribbon on the brim Limitless aspect of language Is reflected in phrase structure Trees. NP Det N PP NP Det N PP NP Det N PP
- 47. The Infinitude of Language P P P NP Det N the girl with the feather on the ribbon on the brim But as the structures grow longer They become more increasingly Difficult to produce and understand. -due to short term memory limitations -muscular fatigue* -breathlessness, etc.* NP Det N PP NP Det N PP NP Det N PP
- 48. Phrase Structure Rule S NP VP NP (Det) (Adj) N (PP) NP that S NP Pro VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv) PP P NP
- 49. Phrase Structure Rule 1. S NP VP the boy found the ball 2. NP (Det) (Adj) N (PP) the beautiful girl on the piano
- 50. Phrase Structure Rule 3. NP that S NP that S I love Jenny
- 51. Phrase Structure Rule S NP NP NP VP NP the suitor knows “ Embedded” NP that S I love Jenny
- 52. Phrase Structure Rule 4. NP Pro I, You, We 5. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv) blew the boat into the water suddenly
- 53. Phrase Structure Rule 6. PP P NP of the people for the people by the people
- 54. Rules in other language Sweden NP N Det Mann en Japan PP NP P Tokyo kara
- 55. Any question?
- 56. S NP VP Pro V Pro I thank you