Syntax
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This document discusses syntax and syntactic categories. It defines syntax as the study of sentence patterns and rules that determine word order and structure in a language. There are various syntactic categories including parts of speech, phrases, and sentences. Phrases are groups of words that function as a unit, and there are five main types: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and preposition phrases. Phrase structure trees are used to represent syntactic categories and the hierarchical structure of phrases in a sentence. Basic phrase structure rules are provided.
Syntax
- 2. Think ????? What is that enables us to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences?
- 3. Unlike words, sentences are not finite in number, and are not learned individually. However, native speakers of a language can use and understand sentences in their language that they have not previously encountered.
- 5. Knowing a language includes the ability to construct phrases and sentences out of morphemes and words. The part of grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of these structures and their formation is called SYNTAX. In other words, SYNTAX is the study of sentence patterns of language.
- 6. • The aim of this study is to show you what syntactic structure is and what are the rules that determine syntactic structure are like. • What is meant by “structure” here, is word order. The meaning of a sentence depends on the order in which words occur in a sentence.
- 7. Compare the following sentences: I sing because I am happy. I am happy because I sing. The two sentences above have the same categories and number of words, but different in structure (word order):thus, they have different meanings.
- 8. SYNTACTIC CATEGORY Syntactic Category is a set of words and/or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics. Syntactic categories commonly include: 1. Parts of Speech (Determiner,Adjective,Noun,Pronoun,Prepos ition,Adverb,Auxiliary,Verb),etc;
- 9. 2. Phrase Structure Grammars: (Noun, Phrase, Adjective Phrase, Verb Phrase, Adverb Phrase, Preposition Phrase);and 3. Sentence, as the core of the structure.
- 10. • The syntactic categories are illustrated in a tree diagram, called phrase structure tree, by supplying the name of the syntactic category of each word grouping. Sentence Verb Phrase Noun Phrase Adjective Preposition Phrase Determiner Noun Verb Verb Phrase Preposition
- 11. These names are often referred to as syntactic labels(usually written by the initials of the categories ), such as:
- 12. • Sentence : S • Determiner : Det • Adjective : Adj • Adverb : Adv • Noun : N • Verb : V • Pronoun : Pro • Preposition : P • Auxiliary Verb :Aux • Preposition Phrase : PP • Adverb Phrase :AdvP • Adjective Phrase : AdjP • Noun Phrase : NP • Verb Phrase :VP Syntactic Labels
- 13. Dealing with the phrase structure grammars as a part of syntactic category, it is important to comprehend the concepts of: Noun Phrase (NP) Adjective Phrase (AdjP) Verb Phrase (VP) Adverb Phrase (AdvP), and Preposition Phrase (PP). But first of all, let us see what the definition of PHRASE is.
- 14. PHRASE • A phrase is a sequence of words or a group of words arranged in a grammatical construction, and functions as a unit in a sentence. • There are five commonly occurring types of phrase. They are: Noun Phrase (NP) Adjective Phrase (AdjP) Verb Phrase ( VP) Adverb Phrase (AdvP) Preposition Phrase (PP)
- 15. A. NOUN PHRASE • A noun phrase refers to a phrase that built upon a noun which functions as the headword of the phrase. • Example: 1. The young man threw the old dog a bone. (NP) (NP) (NP) 2. Pretty girls whispered softly. (NP)
- 16. B. ADJECTIVE PHRASE • An adjective phrase refers to a phrase that modifies a noun. It built upon an adjective which functions as the headword of the phrase. Examples: 1. She seemed extremely pleasant. (aDjp) 2. You are much quicker than I. (AdjP)
- 17. C. VERB PHARSE • A verb phrase refers to a phrase that composed of at least one verb and the dependents of the verb, in which the verb functions as the headword of the phrase. Examples: 1. He has been singing. (VP) 2. The child found the puppy. (VP)
- 18. D. ADVERB PHRASE • An adverb phrase refers to a phrase that often plays the role of telling us when , where, why, or how an event occurred, in which the adverb functions as the headword of the phrase.
- 19. Examples: 1. We are expecting him to come next year. AdvP 2. He ran very quickly. AdvP
- 20. E. PREPOSITION PHRASE • A preposition phrase refers to a phrase that begins with a preposition, in which the preposition functions as the headword of the phrase. Examples: 1. He arrived by plane. (PP) 2. Do you know that man with a scar? (PP)
- 21. PHRASE STRUCTURE TREE • Phrase structure tree (also called constituent structure tree), is a tree diagram with syntactic category information provided. A phrase structure tree shows that a sentence is both linear string of words and hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrases (combination of phrase structures)
- 22. • A phrase structure tree is a formal device for representing speaker’s knowledge about phrase structure in speech.
- 23. For instance, we can make the phrase structure tree the following sentence: “The child found the puppy”
- 24. The child found the puppy. S The child NP Found the puppy VP The Det Child N Found V The puppy NP The Det Puppy N The phrase structure tree above is correct, but it is redundant. The word “child” is repeated three times. The word “puppy” is repeated four times; and so on.
- 25. • We can streamline by writing the words only once at the bottom of the diagram. • Thus, the phrase structure tree of the sentence above can be shown below:
- 26. s NP VP Det N V NP Det N The child found the puppy In the simplified version of phrase structure tree above, no information is lost. The syntactic category of each individual word appears immediately above that word. In this way, “the” is shown to be a determiner, “child” is a Noun, and so on.
- 27. BASIC PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES: 1 2 3 4 NP VPS NP (Det) (Adj) N (PP) VP V (NP) (PP) (Adj) PP P NP
- 28. 1. S NP VP S NP VP
- 29. 2. NP Det N S NP VP Det N
- 30. 3. VP V PP S NP VP Det N V PP
- 31. 4. PP P NP S NP VP Det N V PP P NP Det N
- 32. s NP VP Det N V PP P NP Det N The girl laughed at the monkey.
- 33. LET’S TRY …
- 34. EXERCISES: 1. The angry bear chased the frightened little squirrel. 2. The dog saw a man in the park. 3. Meagan is a trainer. 4. The dog is sleeping on the porch.