System and Architecture Sunil Kumar Muttoo

System and Architecture Sunil Kumar Muttoo

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  Advances in IntelligentSystems and Computing 732 Sunil Kumar Muttoo Editor System and Architecture Proceedings of CSI 2015
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  Advances in IntelligentSystems and Computing Volume 732 Series editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected]
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  The series “Advancesin Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia. The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results. Advisory Board Chairman Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India e-mail: [email protected] Members Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba e-mail: [email protected] Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK e-mail: [email protected] László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary e-mail: [email protected] Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA e-mail: [email protected] Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan e-mail: [email protected] Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia e-mail: [email protected] Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong e-mail: [email protected] More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156
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  Sunil Kumar Muttoo Editor Systemand Architecture Proceedings of CSI 2015 123
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  Editor Sunil Kumar Muttoo Departmentof Computer Science University of Delhi Delhi India ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic) Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ISBN 978-981-10-8532-1 ISBN 978-981-10-8533-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8533-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018932994 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
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  Preface The last decadehas witnessed remarkable changes in IT industry, virtually in all domains. The 50th Annual Convention, CSI-2015, on the theme “Digital Life” was organized as a part of CSI@50, by CSI at Delhi, the national capital of the country, during December 02–05, 2015. Its concept was formed with an objective to keep ICT community abreast of emerging paradigms in the areas of computing tech- nologies and more importantly looking at its impact on the society. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) comprises of three main components: infrastructure, services, and product. These components include the Internet, infrastructure-based/infrastructure-less wireless networks, mobile termi- nals, and other communication mediums. ICT is gaining popularity due to rapid growth in communication capabilities for real-time-based applications. New user requirements and services entail mechanisms for enabling systems to intelligently process speech- and language-based input from human users. CSI-2015 attracted over 1500 papers from researchers and practitioners from academia, industry and government agencies, from all over the world, thereby making the job of the Programme Committee extremely difficult. After a series of tough review exercises by a team of over 700 experts, 565 papers were accepted for presentation in CSI-2015 during the 3 days of the convention under ten parallel tracks. The Programme Committee, in consultation with Springer, the world’s largest publisher of scientific documents, decided to publish the proceedings of the presented papers, after the convention, in ten topical volumes, under ASIC series of the Springer, as detailed hereunder: 1. Volume # 1: ICT Based Innovations 2. Volume # 2: Next Generation Networks 3. Volume # 3: Nature Inspired Computing 4. Volume # 4: Speech and Language Processing for Human-Machine Communications 5. Volume # 5: Sensors and Image Processing 6. Volume # 6: Big Data Analytics v
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  7. Volume #7: Systems and Architecture 8. Volume # 8: Cyber Security 9. Volume # 9: Software Engineering 10. Volume # 10: Silicon Photonics & High Performance Computing We are pleased to present before you the proceedings of Volume # 7 on “Systems and Architecture.” The title “Systems and Architecture” covers the most important, pervasive, top-level, strategic inventions, decisions, and their associated rationales about the overall structure and associated characteristics and behavior. It provides an understanding of the architectures of our computing systems. The title also assists the readers to help them and plan the selection of a processor for a particular project. Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a pro- grammer. Computer Organization refers to the operational units and their inter- connections that realize the architectural specifications. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory. It addresses the challenge of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create com- puters that meet functional, performance, and cost goals. It details how a set of software and hardware technologies standards can interact to form a computer system or platform. It refers to how a computer system is designed. The title “Systems and Architecture” also deals with the various innovations and improve- ments in computing technologies to improve the size, capacity, and performance of modern-day computing systems. This volume is designed to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on extending the understanding and establishing new collaborations in these areas. It is the outcome of the hard work of the editorial team, who have relentlessly worked with the authors and steered up the same to compile this volume. It will be useful source of reference for the future researchers in this domain. Under the CSI-2015 umbrella, we received over 100 papers for this volume, out of which 32 papers are being published, after a rigorous review processes, carried out in multiple cycles. On behalf of organizing team, it is a matter of great pleasure that CSI-2015 has received an overwhelming response from various professionals from across the country. The organizers of CSI-2015 are thankful to the members of Advisory Committee, Programme Committee, and Organizing Committee for their all-round guidance, encouragement and continuous support. We express our sincere gratitude to the learned Keynote Speakers for support and help extended to make this event a grand success. Our sincere thanks are also due to our Review Committee Members and the Editorial Board for their untiring efforts in reviewing the manuscripts, giving suggestions and valuable inputs for shaping this volume. We hope that all the participated delegates will be benefitted academically and wish them for their future endeavors. vi Preface
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  We also takethe opportunity to thank the entire team from Springer, who have worked tirelessly and made the publication of the volume a reality. Last but not least, we thank the team from Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM), New Delhi, for their untiring support, without which the compilation of this huge volume would not have been possible. Delhi, India Sunil Kumar Muttoo December 2017 Preface vii
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  The Organization ofCSI-2015 Chief Patron Padmashree Dr. R. Chidambaram, Principal Scientific Advisor, Government of India Patrons Prof. S. V. Raghavan, Department of Computer Science, IIT Madras, Chennai Prof. Ashutosh Sharma, Secretary, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science of Technology, Government of India Chair, Programme Committee Prof. K. K. Aggarwal, Founder Vice Chancellor, GGSIP University, New Delhi Secretary, Programme Committee Prof. M. N. Hoda, Director, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM), New Delhi Advisory Committee Padma Bhushan Dr. F. C. Kohli, Co-Founder, TCS Mr. Ravindra Nath, CMD, National Small Industries Corporation, New Delhi Dr. Omkar Rai, Director General, Software Technological Parks of India (STPI), New Delhi Adv. Pavan Duggal, Noted Cyber Law Advocate, Supreme Court of India Prof. Bipin Mehta, President, CSI Prof. Anirban Basu, Vice President-cum-President Elect, CSI Shri Sanjay Mohapatra, Secretary, CSI Prof. Yogesh Singh, Vice Chancellor, Delhi Technological University, Delhi Prof. S. K. Gupta, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Delhi Prof. P. B. Sharma, Founder Vice Chancellor, Delhi Technological University, Delhi ix
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  Mr. Prakash Kumar,IAS, Chief Executive Officer, Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) Mr. R. S. Mani, Group Head, National Knowledge Networks (NKN), NIC, Govern- ment of India, New Delhi Editorial Board A. K. Nayak, CSI A. K. Saini, GGSIPU, New Delhi R. K. Vyas, University of Delhi, Delhi Shiv Kumar, CSI Anukiran Jain, BVICAM, New Delhi Parul Arora, BVICAM, New Delhi Vishal Jain, BVICAM, New Delhi Ritika Wason, BVICAM, New Delhi Anupam Baliyan, BVICAM, New Delhi Nitish Pathak, BVICAM, New Delhi Shivendra Goel, BVICAM, New Delhi Shalini Singh Jaspal, BVICAM, New Delhi Vaishali Joshi, BVICAM, New Delhi x The Organization of CSI-2015
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  Contents A Mathematical AI-BasedDiet Analysis and Transformation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 L. K. Gautam and S. A. Ladhake Energy Efficient Measures for Sustainable Development of Data Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Taniya Aggarwal, Saurabh Khatri and Anu Singla Analysis on Multiple Combinations of Series–Parallel Connections of Super Capacitors for Maximum Energy Transferring to Load in Minimum Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Pankaj R. Sawarkar, Akhilesh A. Nimje and Praful P. Kumbhare Design and Simulation of OTA Using 45 nm Technology . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Amit Sharma, Sansar Chand and Navneet Gill Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using DRAF . . . . . . 43 Lohini Walia, Gaurav Walia and Umesh Pal Singh Principal Component Analysis-Based Block Diagonalization Precoding Algorithm for MU-MIMO System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 S. B. M. Priya and P. Kumar Low-Power High-Performance Multitransform Architecture Using Run-Time Reconfigurable Adder for FPGA and ASIC Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 K. Sivanandam and P. Kumar A Review of Dynamic Scheduling Algorithms for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Mahfooz Alam, Asif Khan and Ankur K. Varshney Effective Information Retrieval Algorithm for Linear Multiprocessor Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Zaki Ahmad Khan, Jamshed Siddiqui and Abdus Samad xi
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  Design of Energy-EfficientRandom Access Memory Circuit Using Low-Voltage CMOS and High-Speed Transreceiver Logic-I I/O Standard on 28 nm FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Tarun Agrawal and Vivek Srivastava Stub Series Terminal Logic-Based Low-Power Thermal-Aware Vedic Multiplier Design on 40-nm FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Arushi Aggarwal, Bishwajeet Pandey, Sweety Dabbas, Achal Agarwal and Siddharth Saurabh LVCMOS-Based Low-Power Thermal-Aware Energy-Proficient Vedic Multiplier Design on Different FPGAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Arushi Aggarwal, Bishwajeet Pandey, Sweety Dabbas, Achal Agarwal and Siddharth Saurabh Timing Constraints-Based High-Performance DES Design and Implementation on 28-nm FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Vandana Thind, Sujeet Pandey, D. M. Akbar Hussain, Bhagwan Das, M. F. L. Abdullah and Bishwajeet Pandey Input–Output Standard-Based Energy Efficient UART Design on 90 nm FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Rashmi Sharma, Bishwajeet Pandey, Vikas Jha, Siddharth Saurabh and Sweety Dabas Different Configuration of Low-Power Memory Design Using Capacitance Scaling on 28-nm Field-Programmable Gate Array . . . . . . 151 Inderpreet Kaur, Lakshay Rohilla, Alisha Nagpal, Bishwajeet Pandey and Sanchit Sharma Ardudroid Surveillance Bot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Himanshu Verma, Gaurav Verma, Jaswanth Yarlagadda, Ashish Sharma and Sandeep Banarwal Development of Cross-Toolchain and Linux Device Driver . . . . . . . . . . 175 Gaurav Verma, Mohammad Imdad, Sandeep Banarwal, Himanshu Verma and Ashish Sharma Design and Implementation of a Green Traffic Light Controller on FPGA Using VHDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Saumil Sachdeva, Sarthak Chowdhury, Sushant Shekhar and Gaurav Verma Suboptimal Controller Design for Power System Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Shabana Urooj and Abeer Z. Alalmaie Designing and Simulation of S-Shaped Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Air Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Ranjana Singh and Amit Kumar xii Contents
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  Trajectory Generation forDriver Assistance System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Rupali Mathur, Deepika Rani Sona, Rashmi Ranjan Das and Praneet Dutta Performance Enhancement of MRPSOC for Multimedia Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 V. Kavitha and K. V. Ramakrishanan A New CPU Scheduling Algorithm Using Round-robin and Mean of the Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 N. Sujith Kumar Reddy, H. Santhi, P. Gayathri and N. Jaisankar Synchronization of Two Chaotic Oscillators Through Threshold Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 A. Chithra and I. Raja Mohamed L3C Model of High-Performance Computing Cluster for Scientific Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Alpana Rajan, Brijendra Kumar Joshi and Anil Rawat Design and Development of Digital Energy Meter on FPGA . . . . . . . . . 261 Kautilya Pachorie, Surabhi Agrawal, Varun Maheshwari, Bhagwan Das Devulapalli and A. K. Saxena Design of a Hypothetical Processor Using Re-configurable Logic in VHDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Ravinder Nath Rajotiya Aspects Involved in the Modeling of PV System, Comparison of MPPT Schemes, and Study of Different Ambient Conditions Using P&O Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Mohammed Aslam Husain, Asif Khan, Abu Tariq, Zeeshan Ahmad Khan and Abhinandan Jain A Novel Approach for Data Classification Using Neutrosophic Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Kanika Bhutani and Swati Aggarwal SDN Layer 2 Switch Simulation Using Mininet and OpenDayLight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Vipin Kumar Rathi and Karan Singh An Architectural Design for Knowledge Asset Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 H. R. Vishwakarma, B. K. Tripathy and D. P. Kothari Contents xiii
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  About the Editor Prof.Sunil Kumar Muttoo is working as a Professor and Head of the Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi. He completed his M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. at the University of Delhi and his M.Tech. (Computer Science and Data Processing, CSDP) at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT-KGP). He is involved in research in the field of steganography and digital watermarking. He has pub- lished more than 60 papers in international/national journals and conference/ workshop proceedings. He has more than 30 years of teaching and research experience. xv
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  A Mathematical AI-BasedDiet Analysis and Transformation Model L. K. Gautam and S. A. Ladhake Abstract Inadequacies in nutritional intake can be considered as a major source of adverse effects on the growth and health of individuals in India. A proper balanced diet is essential from the very early stages of life for proper growth, development, to remain active and to reduce the risk of diseases. For those with diabetes, a proper diabetes diet is crucial which depends upon their energy requirements. So a need has been identified to develop educational software which should perform the routine task of analyzing, optimizing, and transforming diet by considering their energy requirements and medical problems. The different nutritional values present in a diet are generally affected by imprecision, which can be represented and analyzed by fuzzy logic. For diet balancing, a metaheuristic local search algorithm is proposed which works in a local search space recording the history of search to make it more effective and optimized. These proposed methods will help users to improve their nutritional intakes by providing detail analysis of their food intake, by providing an optimized diet plan and by suggesting possible changes to make their diet suitable according to their energy requirements. Keywords Energy evaluation Fuzzy interval Tabu search Mathematical AI model 1 Introduction Inadequacies in nutritional intake can be considered as a major source of adverse effects on the growth and health of individuals in India. The common nutritional problems in India are malnutrition, low birth weight, chronic deficiency in adults, and diet related noncommunicable diseases [1, 2]. To maintain health and increase L. K. Gautam () S. A. Ladhake Sipna College of Engineering and Technology, Amravati, Maharashtra, India e-mail: [email protected] S. A. Ladhake e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 S. K. Muttoo (ed.), System and Architecture, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 732, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8533-8_1 1
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  life expectancy andto decrease the frequency of cardiovascular diseases, one has to improve its dietary habits which is based on the nutrition values. Thus, a need has been identified to develop educational software which will monitor and perform the daily task of analyzing, optimizing, and correcting the user’s diet at home. The nutrition intake can be appropriately evaluated and described by employing fuzzy sets and fuzzy arithmetic. Wisram [3] evaluated the nutritional intake status assessment by comparison of intake with the official recommendation for that person. Figure 1 shows the degree of health when varying the intake of one essential nutrient and holding the rest of the diet constant at an optimal level [3]. The work proposed in this paper focuses on the development of interactive AI-based mathematical functionality as an effective solution to support continuous nutritional management. Firstly, we will discuss the general problem statement, and then, the criteria for energy evaluations are described in Sects. 4, and 5 defines some preliminaries on fuzzy sets and fuzzy interval. The background of tabu search is discussed in Sect. 6, and finally, the integration of all these sections, i.e., a proposed work is described in Sect. 7. 2 Problem Statement A problem exists regarding the inaccurate values of nutrients in foods because the approximate amounts of nutrients available in a certain food are normally known, but there is always a question of their exact amounts. There is often a problem of imprecision with the nutrient values, i.e., their exact amount [4, 5]. This problem may increase if only partial information is available especially for industrially processed foods, but for precisely packed foods (for instance Cheese, Butter, oil, rice, biscuits, etc.), we can obtain the nutrients value precisely. For other foods, for instance vegetables and fruits (banana, apple, etc.), nutrients values varies in a large range, depending on size, growing conditions, freshness, etc. All this values, i.e., precise and imprecise, have to be stored in a database, and a computer then needs to operate on these values. It should be able to compare these values and should perform all the arithmetic operations [1, 4, 5]. Fig. 1 Degree of health 2 L. K. Gautam and S. A. Ladhake
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  3 Energy Requirementsand Its Evaluation The amount of each nutrient needed for an individual depends upon his/her age, body weight, and physiological status which can be calculated in terms of energy [2]. RDA recommends that energy requirement must be assessed in terms of energy expenditure rather than in terms of energy intake. i:e: Total Energy Expenditure ¼ Predicted Body Mass Ratio Physical activity level PAL ð Þ ð1Þ Physical activity ratio values for activities performed in a day can be aggregated over that period to yield the physical activity level (PAL). A detailed table of PAR values for different activities is available in the FAO/WHO/UNU 2004 report [2]. 3.1 Nutrients Consideration The primary macronutrients which are important and are considered are protein, fats, and carbohydrates which are converted into energy in different quantities, i.e., 1 g of protein contribute 17 kJ of energy, 1 g of fat constitute 37 kJ of total energy, 1 g of carbohydrates contribute 17 kJ and 1 g of dietary fiber contribute 8 kJ where 1 kJ = 0.239 kcal [3]. 4 Fuzzy Arithmetic and Computation 4.1 Preliminaries In this section, we review the fundamental notions of fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy Interval. Definition 1. A fuzzy interval is a fuzzy set [6] of real numbers, written M, having membership function µM. 8a 2 0; 1 ½ Ma ¼ frjlM r ð Þ [ ¼ a ðthe a-cut of MÞ is a closed interval: ð2Þ support S(M) = {rjµM(r) 0} is the largest membership area of x (x cannot take a value outside S(M)), whereas the kernel ˙M = {r| µM(r) = 1} is the set of the most plausible values for x, also called modal values, and membership function is uni- modal and upper semicontinuous [6]. Fuzzy Computation. Extension principle [7, 8] is used for performing basic arithmetic operations on trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. Let M and N be two fuzzy A Mathematical AI-Based Diet … 3
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  trapezoidal intervals (m1,m1, a1, b1) and (m2, m2, a2, b2), respectively. Addition and subtraction on M and N is given by [7, 8] (Fig. 2). M þ N ¼ m1 þ m2; m1 þ m2; a1 þ a2; b1 þ b2 M N ¼ m1 m2; m1 m2; a1 þ b2; b1 þ a2 ð3Þ 5 Tabu Search Background Classical methods encounter great difficulty in solving hard optimization problems. In several cases, we need a modified heuristic approach which provides a solution very close to optimality that tackles the difficult problems at hand and improves the computing time of local search techniques. The metaheuristic approach called tabu search (TS) was proposed by Fred Glover in 1986 to over- come local optima, which is now dramatically changing our ability to solve problems of practical significance [9, 10]. Tabu is an intelligent search process which incorporates adaptive memory and responsive exploration (an intelligent search) [11, 10]. Tabu search can be applied directly to many kinds of decision problems, without the need to transform them into mathematical formulations. 6 Proposed Work The proposed AI-based mathematical model comprises three modules, viz. analysis module which helps the user to know the nutrients present in the selected diet and its amount. The second module is an optimized module, which gives the perfect diet planner considering the user’s medical problem, and lastly the transformation module which can make small changes in the user’s diet to make it well balanced while considering the requirements and possible medical problems. Fig. 2 Fuzzy interval 4 L. K. Gautam and S. A. Ladhake
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  6.1 Diet AnalysisModule A record for each patient is created which contains his/her physical parameters, level of physical activity, and possible medical problems. Considering these entire parameters, energy requirement is calculated by considering Eq. (1). The user is then allowed to choose a food present in a hierarchy and enter the portion for evaluation which gives the correct assessments and suggestions. This evaluation is done by using fuzzy interval which is trapezoidal mentioned in Sect. 4.1. After computing the total energy, it is compared with the prescribed norms, in order to assess whether it is compatible. Let norms and data, represented by the possibility distributions P and D, respectively. Degree of possibility of matching and degree of necessity of matching are given by N(P, D) and p(P, D) p P; D ð Þ ¼ sup min lpðlÞ; ldðlÞ ; N P; D ð Þ ¼ 1 p P; D ð Þ ð4Þ The result of which is displayed to the user by using interfacing techniques. 6.2 Optimization Module The food database consists of some diet plan based on different energy requirement prescribed by nutritionist. This diet plans gives total say n combinations. A measurement of appropriate energy and nutrient intake with a respect to the recommendations, or optimal intake, is evaluated by metaheuristic search logic which is further displayed in decreasing order. Optimization solutions provide assistance in the selection of a better diet plan. This module is adaptive in nature as it enhances its diet combinations from transforming module and increasing its efficiency. 6.3 Diet Transformation Module This module aims at telling the user how he/she may modify his/her diet to make it according to his/her energy requirements and adapted to his/her possible medical problems. It is indeed a difficult task for the user to perform certain modification in their diet to make it well balanced as modifying the weight of a food, for instance, often leads to have the transformation of several nutrients modified at the same time. The diet provided by the user generates a state space which can be solved by applying minimum transformation using an algorithm. Let us assume that for each diet m in “generated diets,” the following is known: • The minimum cost of transformation from the initial diet m to noted g; • An estimation of the cost to transform m to its closest solution g. A Mathematical AI-Based Diet … 5
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  Proposed Transformation Algorithm1. 1. Consider the initial diet m 2. searchList is empty. 3. While the stopping criteria is not satisfied do Check the value of meal according to energy requirement .Generate diet m’s neighbors by applying transformations Operations by considering history and constraints.(i.e. m’)Then compute evaluation term f = g+h(goal amount) 4. m - m’ 5. Update the search list. 6. End and return the best solution met. From the above mention algorithm, a specific diet plan is generated by evaluating the required energy requirement and by applying small changes. 7 Concluding Discussion The AI-based mathematical model for diet optimization and transformation solves the common nutritional problems of public health problems in India using fuzzy arithmetic and a search space metaheuristic algorithm. Imprecision of data is represented by fuzzy sets, whereas fuzzy arithmetic provides all the necessary computations on these values, which are then compared with the prescribed values present in a database and can be shown to the user by using suitable interfacing techniques. A diet optimization module discussed in Sect. 6.2 gives best diet plan available according to the user’s energy requirements. The contents of the daily diet BLSD (breakfast, lunch, snacks, and dinner) are already stored in the database which can be selected on the basis of constraints, preserving their eating practices by using local search metaheuristic algorithm. Finally, the proposed transformation algorithm balances the diet by developing the state space, considering the needs of user and applying minimum possible changes. For the future, we intend to deal with optimizing diet, based on cost (price) as an additional objective function. It would enlarge the state space of metaheuristic search algorithm and would greatly help in finding more optimized solution. 6 L. K. Gautam and S. A. Ladhake
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  Declaration The consent frompatient is not required in this paper as no patient is physically involved in this study (or during analysis). The data collected during this study are from right resources. L. K. Gautam References 1. Buisson, J.C.: Nutri Educ, a nutrition software application for balancing meals, using fuzzy arithmetic and heuristic algorithm. Artif. Intell. Med. 42, 213–227 (2008) 2. Indian Council of Medical Research: Nutrient requirement and recommended dietary allowances for Indians. National Institute of Nutrition (2010) 3. Dietary Guidelines of Indians: National Institute of Hyderabad (2010) 4. Buisson, J.C.: Knowledge development expert systems and their application in nutrition. Knowledge based systems–—techniques and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp. 37–65 (2000) 5. Buisson, J.C., Garel, A.: Balancing meals using fuzzy arithmetic and heuristic search algorithms. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 2003(11), 68–78 (2003) 6. Zadeh, L.A.: Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility. Fuzzy sets Syst 7. Zadeh, L.A.: Fuzzy sets. Inf. Control 8, 338–353 (1965) 8. Zimmermann, H.J.: Fuzzy set theory and applications. Academic Publisher (2001) 9. BoussaïD, I., Lepagnot, J., Siarry, P.: A survey on metaheuristics. Inform. Sci. 237, 82–117 (2013) 10. Glover, F., Laguna, M.: Tabu Search. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (1997) 11. Bluma, C., Puchingerb, J., Raidlc, G.R., Roli, A.: Hybrid metaheuristics in combinatorial optimization: a survey. Appl. Soft Comput. 11, 4135–4151 (2011) A Mathematical AI-Based Diet … 7
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  Energy Efficient Measuresfor Sustainable Development of Data Centers Taniya Aggarwal, Saurabh Khatri and Anu Singla Abstract Information technology (IT) industry today has become the most immense and developing industry of this era. With the growing demands of net- working, storage, multimedia, computation, communication, and information, there is a need felt for setting up and maintaining the data centers. Data centers now are the biggest consumers of energy of the IT industry. The energy cost is the most driving factor of data centers. In extend to investment and maintenance price, energy efficient methods and equipment should be implemented in data centers to accomplish the overall progress of the IT sector. Energy management in these centers not only reduces the operating cost of data centers but also reduces emer- gence of power generation. This paper gives a comprehensive overview about the energy consumption in the data centers and provides energy efficient techniques that would contribute to the continuous and sustainable development. Keywords Data center Energy efficiency Virtualization Computer room air conditioners Blade servers Operation and maintenance T. Aggarwal () School of Computer Sciences, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India e-mail: [email protected] S. Khatri School of Mechanical Engineering, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India e-mail: [email protected] A. Singla Chitkara University Research and Innovation Network, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 S. K. Muttoo (ed.), System and Architecture, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 732, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8533-8_2 9
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  1 Introduction There havebeen the biggest changes in infrastructure of information technology (IT) mainly due to social media, cloud, mobility, greater computing capacity, and big data. The IT business has flourished enormously in last two decades. The rapid growth of IT activities and business has resulted in establishment of large number of data centers. Data centers are the dedicated physical and virtual IT infrastructures used by organizations to support their businesses. Data centers consist of servers, storage equipment, and networking systems. These systems are used to run appli- cation software, store, process and serve data to the client. A data center generally requires substantial backup power supply systems, cooling systems, excessive network connections, and some policy-concerned security systems for running the organization’s key applications. Energy con- sumption of data centers has increased manifolds. Resources reveal that if complete data centers become a nation, it will be attributed as twelfth largest user of elec- tricity internationally. The processors, server power supplies, other server compo- nents, storage and communication equipment account for almost 52% of total consumption of a data center [1]. It has become imperative to incorporate green IT technologies in data centers [2]. The motive may be: • Reduction in energy bills. • Increase in business profitability and sustainability. • Optimal utilization of hardware resources with extended useful life. • Reduce maintenance requirements and less chances of downtime. • Less carbon emission. To identify site infrastructure and design topologies of different data centers, a four tiered scale is adopted (a brief provided in Table 1). Tier 4 is the most robust infrastructure for data center. Table 1 Data center tiers [6] No. of tier Redundancy of capacity components No. of power distribution paths serving IT equipment Example I No Single non-redundant Computer room with one UPS, generator, and HVAC cooling system. No redundancy of any system component II Yes Single non-redundant Similar to Tier I. Redundant capacity components are provided in addition III Yes Multiple Similar to Tier II. But IT equipment is supplied with two distinct UPSs IV Yes Multiple Multiple paths provided to supply IT equipment. Back power support is provided by redundant generators 10 T. Aggarwal et al.
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  The paper isdivided into eight sections. Section 1 provides introduction of data centers while Sect. 2 discusses the energy consumption in data centers. Sections 3 and 4 provide the scope of energy conservation by adopting energy efficient technologies and or by efficient operation and maintenance. Conclusions are drawn in Sect. 7, and the future scope is presented in Sect. 8. 2 Scope of Energy Efficient Technologies and Techniques in Data Centers The 2% of global CO2 emissions come from IT industry as reported in [3]. Data centers contribute one-fourth of the total CO2 emission by IT and are growing at a faster pace. Many data centers are consuming far more energy than they need to in relation to the service they provide. This statement can be witnessed by the fact that initial setup of data center costs is only 5% of the total cost of its working for the period of nearly 15–20 years and energy being the major part of it. Overall energy ingesting in data centers is the sum of energy consumed by several units in operation. A significant management of energy is possible with the reduction of energy usage of each unit and synchronizing the overall setup. The paper presents the four elementary components of data centers including electrical system, cooling system, IT system and operation and maintenance of the data centers [4]. Section 3 explains the energy management for electrical system, and Sect. 4 sums up the cooling processes and the measures to be taken for energy efficient cooling process. The information for energy management of IT equipment and peripherals is carried out in Sect. 5 while energy efficient operational and maintenance strategies are discussed in Sect. 6. 3 Energy Saving in Electrical System The electrical systems installed in data centers need to be of high efficiency benchmarks that minimize transmission and heat loses. Developing IT industry has increased the total power requirement of data centers by 5%. In this electronic age, backup and retrieval of data are invaluable. The power consumed varies for every data center and depends on the building design and its architecture. The power flow schematic in a data center is shown in Fig. 1. The major components, their description, and energy efficiency measures are listed in Table 2. Energy Efficient Measures for Sustainable … 11
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  4 Cooling System Coolingsystem plays an important role in effective working of data centers. Cooling system consumes 35–40% of the total power consumption. There is large potential of energy saving by adopting energy efficient technologies in cooling systems Cooling system processes can be divided in two parts: A. Conventional method (room cooling technique) B. Contemporary method Contemporary method is quite preferable energy efficient system. In this mechanism, racks are arranged in such a way that inlet face toward cold aisle gets cold air from rack and the hot air leaving rack does not go toward the outlet of other racks. Pipes flow through perforated tiles. Perforated tiles and even perforated doors can reduce energy consumption up to 83%. The working of instruments is tem- perature sensitive. Any increase in operating temperature limits can lead to shut Fig. 1 Power flow schematic in a data center [6] 12 T. Aggarwal et al.
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  down of system.So this operation needs to be performed with high precision. The configuration of hot aisle and cold aisle is shown in Fig. 2. Components of cooling system: A. Chilling unit—Chilling unit is used to transfer energy from one surface to other. Chilling unit used in cooling system can be of different types. Table 3 shows the brief energy efficient strategies for direct expansion system and chilled water system: Table 2 Components of electrical system Equipment Description Energy efficient measures DG sets Used as power backup Steady load conditions and air filtration Transformers Used for stepping up/down voltage Use K-20 over K-1 or K-13 transformers Transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS) Save sensitive electronic device from voltage fluctuations Must be installed with every PDU Uninterrupted power supply (UPS) Save data and devices during instable power Optimize UPS for maintaining load more than 40% Power distribution unit (PDU) Distribute power to IT loads Optimizing the load on PDU systems Advanced power strip Divides power and provides networking between cabinets and server racks Regular monitoring and maintenance Cabling Transmit power to all the units Maintaining them at high voltage, hence low current and heating Fig. 2 Hot aisle/cold aisle configuration [6] Energy Efficient Measures for Sustainable … 13
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  B. Water pumpingunit—Water pumping unit is used in cooling systems with water cooling chillers to pump water. Some energy efficient measures are as follows: • Installation of high efficiency pumps • Entire area utilization in cooling towers • Reducing pressure of chilled water supply • Annual checking and calibration of the condenser water supply temperature sensors. C. Precision air conditioner (PAC)—Working of cooling system under the pre- scribed temperatures is of utmost importance. Adoption of PAC helps in attaining this by precisely managing heating, cooling, and ventilation require- ments of system. D. Air distribution system—Air distribution system is responsible for distribution of cold air to data center and then recovery of hot air. The process of dis- tributing air to system in itself contains potential to save a lot of energy. Energy efficient techniques which can be implemented are • Taking cold air closer to heat source. • Installing rack with low self-weight. • Use of efficient economizers lower the energy usage intensity by 13%. • Installation of temperature and humidity sensors for monitoring air intake conditions. 5 IT Equipment To achieve the maximum efficient output, energy efficient IT equipment should be selected keeping the purchase cost aside. The power flow and the consumption by various equipments in typical data center are shown in Fig. 3. The breakup of power consumed by IT equipments is shown in Fig. 4. Table 3 Savings observed with cold aisle containment (CAC) unit implementation [6] Savings observed in direct expansion system Traditional approach With aisle containment (%) With integrated CAC (%) - 21 33 Saving observed in chilled water system - 15 28 14 T. Aggarwal et al.
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  The energy efficienttechnologies and techniques for IT equipment are discussed below: A. Energy efficient server—Blade servers: Though servers are the most space consuming units but are also the main driving unit of IT sector. Computing servers continuously consume power for running I/O resources, buses, disks, and memory etc. [5]. Most of the servers run below 20% utilization but consume full power [6]. The internal cooling systems can be improved by using variable speed fans in place of constant speed fan for cooling, thereby saving energy. The new energy efficient tech- nologies are developed. Blade server follows modular infrastructure that con- verges server, storage, and network structure [7]. It speeds up the operations performed which results in speedy delivery of applications and services running in physical and virtual environments. The modular design optimizes the use of Fig. 3 Power consumption by various equipment [6] Fig. 4 Power consumption by IT equipments [6] Energy Efficient Measures for Sustainable … 15
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  physical space andenergy consumption. It enhances the energy efficiency and performance of data center [1]. Blade servers in comparison with power edge rack servers consume around 10% less energy [1]. B. Server virtualization: The data centers contain a large number of servers, but workload is distributed to a few only keeping the remaining servers idle. The unutilized expensive hardware resources not only consume power and but also require cooling arrangements and periodic maintenance. Power consumption of servers depends on the activity performed. A low-end server may consume nearly half the peak power during idle conditions [8]. It is important to decommission or repurpose the idle servers [9]. Virtualization of servers offers energy savings. Server virtualization increases resource utilization and reduces energy costs by partitioning physical servers into numerous multiple virtual servers. Each vir- tual server runs its own operating system and applications. The virtual servers run efficiently and reduce energy costs by 10–40% [1]. The application of dynamic reallocation of virtual machines to real-world cloud data centers minimizes energy consumption [10]. C. Following technologies may improve the data center efficiency [11]: • Multi-core processors: Servers with multi-core processors are able to per- form multiple tasks simultaneously in a short span of time reducing power and heat up by 40%. • Chip-level cooling: In this approach, heat is moved away from the chip. • Installing new servers over outdated ones may save the energy by 5%. • Technique of high server density should be adopted. • 4–5% of total power is consumed by storage systems. This consumption can be reduced by using efficient storage thin chips and by reducing redundancy of data. A comprehensive power usage study of workloads of data centers is provided in [8]. 6 Operation and Maintenance in Data Center After the designing of data center, operation and maintenance play the major role. The extreme usage of energy can be reduced to lower levels by performing fol- lowing jobs: A. Training of officials and involving operation team in designing—Training officials working in data center easily help in bringing energy requirements of load low. By involving operation team in designing, energy in data center can be managed efficiently with help of designing considerations. B. Regular metering—Metering different parameters at appropriate positions can help in getting information about status of energy usage thus helping in ana- lyzing the performance of system. 16 T. Aggarwal et al.
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  Other documents randomlyhave different content
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  Sweat.—This is agame which is almost as charmingly artistic as its name, and one which is particularly lovely for the banker. It also has the merit of extreme simplicity, and although cheating is hardly necessary as a rule, still there are times when it may be resorted to with great profit to the sharp. It is played with a layout arranged in the following manner:— 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 59. The banker shakes up three dice in the box, and the numbers thrown win for the players. Those who have staked their money upon the numbers which have turned up receive the amount of their stakes; the bank takes all that has been laid upon the figures not represented in the throw. If two dice fall with the same number uppermost, those who have staked upon that number will receive twice the amount of their bets. If all three dice turn up the same, that number is paid three times over. It does not require a great mathematician to see that even at the best of times there is an overwhelming percentage of the chances in favour of the banker. It is five to three that he wins any individual bet; the player has only three chances—those provided by the three dice, whilst the bank has the chances resting upon the remaining five squares of the layout. If we suppose, for example, that the bets upon all the squares are of an equal amount, which is just about the most unfortunate arrangement for the banker, the worst that can happen to him is that all three dice turn up differently. Then the players who have staked upon the winning numbers will receive the stakes of those who have lost, the bank gaining and losing nothing. If two of the dice turn up the same number, the banker receives four shillings, say, and pays
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  three. If allthree dice turn up the same, he pays three shillings and receives five. Cheating is introduced into this game by the banker in the case of a player persistently backing a high number time after time, the method being to ring in a dispatcher which will fall low. This will materially lessen the player's chances. If in addition to this a low number is secured upon one of the other dice, the chances against the player become five to one. If the player should happen to be backing a low number, of course a high dispatcher would be used and a high number secured upon the other die. Hazard.—This is a game in which the electric dice are particularly useful to the sharp. It is played with four dice, only two of which, however, are used at one time. The player has the option of throwing with any two of the dice, or exchanging them for the other two whenever he pleases. There are two kinds of throws which must be specially mentioned in connection with this game, viz. those which are called respectively 'crabs' and 'nicks.' A player is said to throw a crab when the dice turn up either 'pair sixes,' 'pair aces,' or 'deuce and ace.' These throws instantly lose the stakes or 'set- money.' A nick is thrown when the aggregate number of pips turned up amounts to eleven or seven. Either of these numbers being thrown, the player throwing wins the set-money. Apart from a nick or a crab, the first throw made by the player is called the 'main,' and he must go on throwing until one of three things happens. Either he eventually throws a crab and loses, or he throws a nick, or he throws a number corresponding to that of his main. In the event of either of the two latter events occurring, he wins the stakes. In the case of a player winning with a nick, however, he still goes on throwing; when he wins or loses in any other way, the throw passes to his opponent. When the main is either four or ten, the chances against his throwing it again before either a nick or a crab turns up are in the
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  ratio of twoto one. Against five and nine the chances are as six to four. Against eight and six the probabilities are six to five. Obviously, then, the best main to throw is either eight or six, and if the sharp can contrive to make his main either of these two numbers, he stands a better chance of winning than one who does not. He may therefore, for instance, ring in a loaded die to fall four, and secure the other die to fall two, leaving the following throws to chance. Having thrown a main of four or ten, he might secure a six in the latter case or an ace in the former; this would render his chances of throwing the same number again about equal. The most certain method of cheating, however, and that which leaves no uncertainty as to the result, is to ring in a loaded die to fall six, and secure either an ace or a five upon the other. This obviously results in a 'nick,' and wins the set-money. Where electric dice are used, cheating at this game is the simplest thing imaginable. One pair of dice being made to fall six and the other one, they may be combined to give any desired result. If the sharp uses a pair, one of which will fall six and the other turn up one, the application of the current will cause him to throw a nick whenever he pleases. If he gives his dupe a pair which can be made to fall both sixes or both aces, the sharp can force his opponent to throw a crab every time if he chooses to do so. And yet there are some who will argue that science has conferred no real benefit upon humanity. Those people are certainly not sharps—they are undoubtedly flats of the first water. Before concluding the present chapter, it behoves us to attend, for a moment, to the methods of falsification connected with that well-known little device, the 'dice-top' or 'teetotum.' It deserves just a slight mention, although the fact that it is not of great importance is evidenced by the very terse reference made to it in the various catalogues. This is what one of them says upon the subject:— 'Dice Tops.—For high and low. Sure thing. Made of best ivory, $4. Black walnut, just as good, $1.25.'
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  Fig. 60. From eventhis scanty information, however, we may gather two things. Firstly, that the top can be made to fall either high or low, as required—consequently there is some trick in it; and, secondly, that the trick, whatever it may be, does not depend upon the material of which the top is made, since black walnut is just as good as ivory. Better, in fact, because cheaper. The little instrument itself is shown in the adjoining illustration. Here then we have a little hexagonal top, with dice-spots upon its sides. It is spun with the thumb and finger, and the number of spots which fall uppermost in the genuine article, at the time of its running down, depends entirely upon chance. Not so, however, with the tops advertised as above. They can be made to fall in any desired manner. The spindle, instead of being fixed, as it should be, can be turned round within the body of the top. Attached to one side of the spindle, within the top, and revolving when the spindle is turned, there is a small weight which can be set to face either of the sides. The side opposite which the weight is allowed to remain is the one which will lie upon the table when the top comes to rest. These teetotums are largely used in the States to 'spin for drinks,' and a very favourite way of working them is as follows. A man will enter some bar whilst the bar-keeper is alone, custom being slack. He produces one of the little articles referred to, and having initiated the bar-keeper into its capabilities, induces him to purchase it. In all probability the bar-keeper sets to work with his new toy, and wins many a drink in the course of the next few weeks. After awhile, however, two accomplices of the man who 'traded' the top will present themselves at the bar, pretending to be more or less intoxicated. Naturally, the bar-keeper thinks he has a safe thing, and tries the dice-top upon them. They lose a few bets, then pretend to lose their temper, and want to bet heavily upon the results given by the top. To this, of course, their dupe has not the least objection; he
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  is only tooready to fall in with their views. But in the meantime, one of them, under pretence of examining the top slightly, contrives to ring in another of exactly similar appearance, but which is set to fall low when the spindle is turned to face in the same direction as that given to the other when intended to throw high. The bar-keeper thus falls an easy victim to the snare. Turn the spindle as he may, the top absolutely refuses to fall in the direction he requires. This, then, exhausts all we have to consider with reference to dice and their manipulation. If we have not learnt very much in this branch of the art of cheating, it is because there is not very much to learn. Simple as the devices are in this kind of sharping, they are largely utilised, even at the present day, and notwithstanding the fact that 'palming' and kindred methods of concealing small articles are so generally understood. The great point in the sharp's favour, in this as in all other manipulations, is that his dupes are not expecting trickery, and consequently do not look for it. It is highly probable that as much money has changed hands over games of dice as in connection with any other form of gambling, horse-racing, perhaps, excepted. Years ago, of course, the dice-box was a much more familiar object than at the present day; still even now it flourishes with undiminished vitality in many parts of the world. Well, those who deal with the dice will always pay dearly for experience, which may be bought too dearly sometimes. Caveat emptor.
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  CHAPTER XI HIGH-BALL POKER Thegame of 'high-ball poker' is one which is essentially American, both in origin and character. It is somewhat simpler than the proper game, but possesses no particular advantages over poker, as played with cards, beyond the fact of its comparative simplicity. On the other hand, the appliances required for playing it are more expensive, and not nearly so convenient. Possibly the original idea of its introduction arose from the fact that the fraudulent manipulation of the cards, in the other game, had become notorious, and it was hoped that this kind of thing would be obviated by using balls instead. It is far more likely, however, that this variety of the game presented certain advantages to the sharp which the other did not possess, and hence its popularity in certain quarters. It would be unwise, however, to hazard an opinion one way or the other. All we need trouble ourselves about is that cheating at this game is both simple and tolerably safe. No special skill is required on the part of the sharp, and very little special apparatus, to enable him to win whenever he pleases, and as long as he can get people to play with him. The game is played with a leathern bottle, something like those used in 'pool,' but smaller in the neck. Into this bottle are put twenty-four balls about an inch in diameter, each of which is numbered upon a facet, the numbers running from one to twenty- four consecutively. The players sit round the table, and the bets are arranged in the same manner as at poker. The player whose turn it is to deal shakes up the balls in the bottle, and deals one to each
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  player, himself included,no player being allowed to see the balls which are dealt to the others. The players look at the balls they have received, each one noting the number which has fallen to him, and coming in or declining to play accordingly, stake their bets. This being done, a second ball is dealt to each player, and the two balls thus received constitute his hand. The betting now proceeds as at poker, the rules being precisely the same, except that the balls rank according to their numerical value, and that the complications arising from 'pairs,' 'threes,' 'fours,' and 'flushes,' cannot arise. Those who have bad hands will fall out of the game for the time being, sacrificing the stakes they have put into the pool, whilst those who consider their hands good enough to bet on will remain in and 'raise' each other. If one player can so increase the stakes as to drive all the others out, he will take the pool without showing his hand; or a player may be 'called,' and then the hands are shown, the best one winning the whole of the stakes. The reader will perceive that cheating might be practised in connection with this game in a variety of ways. The dealer, in putting the balls into the bottle, might contrive to secrete a high number, which could be held out for a time, and afterwards rung in to his own hand, in place of a low one. In a conspiracy of two or three players, nothing could be easier than for them to signal to each other the value of their hands, and thus arrive at a fairly approximate knowledge of what hands they might have to contend with. They could then act in accordance with the information thus gained, and either stand out or raise the other players, as the nature of their hands may dictate. If, in addition to this, each of the conspirators was provided with duplicates of two or three of the highest numbers, the one who had the best hand could substitute for the lower number in his hand the highest number in either of the hands held by his accomplices, and thus, in all probability, constitute himself the winner, the accomplice meanwhile substituting his best number for that discarded by his partner in the conspiracy. They would not require many duplicate balls each; just two or three of the highest numbers would be quite sufficient.
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  There are, however,great objections to any manipulation of this kind; more particularly since cheating can be accomplished, by mechanical means, in a much more simple and effective manner. The method of cheating usually adopted, therefore, takes the form of a 'bottle-holdout,' which can be caused to retain any of the highest numbers and to deliver them to either of the players, at the will of the dealer. Fig. 61. This holdout is, of course, within the bottle itself, and is operated by pressure upon the slightly flexible sides. Fig. 61 is an illustration of a bottle of this kind, part of one side being cut away to allow the holdout to be seen. A represents the position of the various parts at such times as the holdout may be either inoperative or containing the balls. B will serve to indicate the position they assume when the sides are pressed, and the holdout is either receiving or delivering the balls.
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  The holdout itselfconsists of a kind of scoop, pivoted to a bracket in such a way that it will either turn up against one side of the bottle, or lie open beneath the neck. This scoop a has a projecting tail-piece or lever, against which a spring d constantly presses, and retains the scoop in contact with the side of the bottle. To the end of this lever is jointed a rod c, the further end of which just reaches across to the opposite side of the bottle. It is obvious, then, that if the bottle is squeezed by the dealer, the pressure being applied to the point of contact with the rod, and to some point behind the bracket to which the scoop is pivoted (between b and d, in short), the end of the lever will be pressed towards the side of the bottle, and the scoop will consequently be turned down into the position shown at B. The whole of the working parts, together with the inside of the bottle, are painted black, in order to prevent any possibility of the device being seen by looking down the neck. In returning the balls to the interior of the bottle, the dealer carefully notes their value. The low ones are allowed to fall in the proper manner, but when a high one is dropped inside, the bottle is squeezed in the manner above indicated, the scoop comes down, and that ball therefore falls into the holdout. Then in dealing the device is utilised in the same way. The low balls are dealt to the dupes, but in the act of dealing to a confederate, or to himself, as the case may be, the bottle is pressed and high balls only are dealt. As a rule one ball only is held out. There is not very much in this game beyond the ingenuity of the holdout employed, and the money which may be won by its means. But since the necessity of including it among the explanations given in this book is obvious, and since there is no definite section of the subject to which it can be referred, it has had to receive, however unworthily, the distinction of having a chapter to itself.
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  CHAPTER XII ROULETTE ANDALLIED GAMES Roulette, and the various modifications of the game, which have been introduced from time to time, have all had, to a greater or less extent, a fascination for the gambler. That roulette itself still maintains a prominent place among the multitudinous methods of dissipating wealth to which gamblers are addicted, can be fully vouched for by those who have visited the gaming-tables of such a place as Monte Carlo. Despite the efforts of civilisation, 'the man that broke the bank,' or is said to have done so, is still prominent among us; but the bank that broke the man is, unfortunately, much more in evidence. The methods of play adopted by the great gaming establishments of the world are unquestionably as fair as the nature of things will allow them to be. No man can run an establishment of any kind without profit, and the profits of these gaming-houses result from the apparently small chances in favour of the bank which are universally allowed. The fact that the apparently small chances against the players as a body are not generally recognised as being in reality great, cannot be said to be the fault of the bankers themselves. They build palatial edifices, lay out luxurious gardens, pay their crowds of retainers handsome salaries, and still have profits sufficient to bring them in princely incomes, the entire expenses of the whole being defrayed at the cost of the players, and through the medium of those insignificant chances in the bank's favour. It is strange that the players cannot see it, but they do not seem to realise that it is they themselves who pay for these things;
• 45.
  or, if theydo see it, they play with the wild hope of being among the few fortunate ones and sharing in the plunder. Taken as a whole, it may be estimated that the profits of these places amount to five per cent. or over of every pound that is staked upon the tables. That is to say, every player who places a sovereign upon the green cloth puts, definitely and unmistakably, at least a shilling into the pockets of the proprietors, who have, in the long run, absolutely no risk whatever. They have merely to furnish the accessories, and the players will provide all the rest, simply paying their money to the bank and taking all the risk themselves. No player can gain at the expense of the bank; if one should happen to make his fortune at play, he can only do so by the ruin of some other player. That is the plain state of the case, and there is no getting over it. It is not, however, with the so-called genuine gambling concerns that we have now to deal, but with the little hole-and-corner dens which may be found in various parts of the world, and particularly in the two continents of America. In such as these the roulette-table is frequently a familiar object, and very often it is not quite such a genuine piece of apparatus as it appears. Those who may not happen to be acquainted with the arrangement should understand that it is an oblong table, having a circular cavity at one end, in which the roulette revolves. The roulette (literally 'little wheel') is simply a revolving disc surrounded by a number of cavities into which a ball is allowed to roll. These cavities are numbered, and those who have staked upon the number of the particular hole into which the ball finds its way receive their stakes back, together with an amount equivalent to the money they have staked multiplied by the number of holes remaining vacant in the roulette, minus a certain percentage which is reserved in favour of the bank. This is the essential principle of the game, though in reality it is played with many complications of chances, into which it is not necessary here to enter. Cheating in connection with the roulette-table is accomplished by means of a 'faked' or falsified roulette. This is arranged so that the
• 46.
  numbers around theperiphery are not consecutive, but alternately high and low. Indeed, this is the usual arrangement, therefore there is nothing suspicious in that fact. The numbered divisions into one of which the ball eventually rolls are formed by equidistant copper bands, set radially from the centre of rotation; and, in the false roulette, the copper partitions are so constructed as to be movable in two sets, one moving one way, and the other in the opposite direction. Each alternate partition belongs to the opposite set to its two immediate neighbours, consequently the movement of the partitions alternately in opposite directions tends to widen one set of cavities and narrow the others. If, then, the original width of the cavities was only just sufficient to allow the ball to drop into either of them, a very slight movement in one direction or the other will serve to prevent the ball from falling into any cavity of one set, whilst allowing it readily to enter either of the other set. Before spinning the roulette, then, the man whose place it is to do so notes the disposition of the bets. If they are principally staked upon the high numbers, he just gives a little twist to the centre of the roulette, in the direction which slightly closes the high numbers and correspondingly opens the low ones. Then the high numbers are bound to lose. Should the bets, on the other hand, be principally upon the low numbers, the spindle is turned in the other direction, thus closing the low numbers and opening the high ones. In this way the bank can never lose by any possible chance. The movement given to the alternate partitions is, of course, very slight, one- sixteenth of an inch being ample for the purpose. To enable the reader to better understand the principle involved in this system of cheating, we will investigate its application to a simple modification of the roulette which is sometimes used, and which affords great convenience for the method of falsification we have been considering. This is a wheel composed of a circular centre-piece, with two flat circular plates larger in diameter than the centre or 'hub,' one being fixed above and the other below it. Radially between these flanges, and at equal distances apart, are fixed partitions, which thus convert the periphery of the wheel into a
• 47.
  number of chambersor divisions. A (fig. 62) represents the plan of a wheel of this kind, and B shows the same in elevation. Fig. 62. Now, these radial partitions mentioned above are not all fixed to the wheel in the same manner. Each alternate one is attached to the centre or hub, and the others are fixed to the flanges or cheeks. C in the illustration represents the latter, and D the former. The two halves of the wheel C and D being put together, they appear to constitute a genuine wheel such as A. It is obvious, then, that if these two halves can be made to move just a little in opposite directions around their common centre, each alternate division will become slightly narrower or wider than its immediate neighbours, as the case may be. Then, if the divisions are numbered alternately high and low, it stands to reason that the high numbers can be closed and the low ones opened, or vice versa, at will. In the illustration, E represents the wheel after the two sections have been turned one upon the other in this way. It will be seen that n is a narrow division, and w a wide one; whilst right and left of these the divisions are alternately wide and narrow. A wheel of this kind would be mounted upon a spindle, in the centre of a circular depression in the table-top. After it has been set spinning, a ball is thrown into the
• 48.
  circular hollow, downthe sloping sides of which it rolls, and finally arrives in one of the divisions of the wheel, in this case entering by the periphery. In order to give the thing more the appearance of a game of skill, a wheel of this kind is sometimes mounted at one end of a sort of bagatelle-table, and, whilst it is spinning, the players are allowed to drive the ball into it with a cue from the far end of the table, each player in succession taking his turn at the ball. Needless to say, however, this plan presents no particular advantage to the player. If he has backed a high number, and the high numbers are closed against him, it is evident that he cannot possibly cause the ball to enter the division he requires, do what he may. It should also be noted that in the roulette the divisions, in addition to being numbered alternately high and low, are also alternately coloured red and black, and the players have the option of betting upon either colour. That is to say, if the ball rolls into a red division, irrespective of its number, those who have staked upon the red will receive the value of their stakes, whilst those who have wagered upon black will lose their money. Even in this case, however, the chances in favour of the bank will tell in the long run, because the 'zeros,' the numbers reserved for the bank, are neither red nor black, and if the ball enters a zero neither red nor black will win. The alternate arrangement of the red and black divisions will indicate, at once, that the same device which controls the entrance of the ball into the high or low numbers can also be made to cause either red or black to win, at the pleasure of the bank. In that case there is not much need to trouble about the effect of 'zero' one way or the other. A gentleman, well known in artistic circles, has favoured me, through a mutual friend, with the following interesting account of a swindle perpetrated in connection with roulette here in London. He entitles it 'A True Gambling Experience'; and it is here given as nearly as possible in his own words.
• 49.
  'Some time ago,a friend of mine wrote to me, asking if I would like to go to a gamble at the rooms of a Mr. X——, who had acquired a certain notoriety by gaining large sums at Monte Carlo. Indeed, his name was mentioned almost daily in the London Press. I went, and the game of roulette was played, the guests being regaled at about midnight with a most excellent supper and Pol Roger ad lib. 'The company was mixed—a few men from club-land, a well- known money-lender, and two fair ladies. One lady was our hostess, the other was the celebrated Baroness ——. The game was played quite fairly, the board being one of those ordinarily used in England, with one zero. The stakes were limited to 20l. upon the even money chances. 'At the end of the evening, our host—the much-talked-of gentleman of Monte Carlo—who had won about 1,000l. during the sitting, appointed another evening, and asked me if I would mind taking the bank. I consented, provided that I might stop when I had lost as much as I cared to risk. This was acceded to, and I took the bank on the following week, when I arose a loser of some 300l., but had such consolation as was to be derived from partaking of a supper similar in character to the first, everything being absolutely en prince. A game of baccarat followed, and a friend of mine was fortunate enough to win some hundreds from our host. I myself, having settled up all my losings at roulette, was a gainer of fifty sovereigns or so. At the end of the evening, our host excused himself from payment, on the ground that he had had a very bad week racing, and had a very heavy settlement to make on the Monday, I know, he said, you and your friend will not mind waiting until next week, when we will have another evening. Of course we agreed to wait until the next meeting. 'Some days after, I had a letter from Mr. X——, stating that he had much pleasure in sending me a cheque (enclosed), and remarking that he intended having an evening at the rooms of a friend of his, near Charing Cross. The evening arrived, and I duly
• 50.
  wended my wayto the address Mr. X—— had given me. I found about twenty people assembled, among them my friend and another man I knew. I went up to the former and asked him if Mr. X—— had paid up the money he owed him. Oh yes, he said, he has paid me in those, pointing to a heap of counters in front of him. The game had commenced when I arrived, and I noticed that the limit of the stakes was double that of the former occasions, viz. 40l. upon the even money chances. I further noticed that a Frenchman (who could not speak a word of English) was turning the wheel, and Mr. X—— was acting as croupier. The board was not similar to that used on former occasions. 'The game proceeded, the Frenchman rolling the ball, and Mr. X —— raking in the losing and paying out the winning stakes. Every now and then a man would retire hard hit, whilst others were constantly arriving. Business was brisk, a good trade was being carried on, but nobody knew how certain the bank was of winning. A Rothschild could not have stood against that board, as I afterwards discovered. 'Presently, one of the players got up and said, I think that is seven hundred I owe you, X——, and proceeded to try and write a cheque for the amount upon a blank sheet of paper; but finding he could not write distinctly, he called to the money-lender, who filled in the body of the cheque, and then the half-tipsy punter signed it and left. Several large cheques were paid to X—— upon various players taking their departure; and I, having lost 10l. punting in sovereigns, wrote a cheque for that amount. In the meantime, my friend who had been paid by X—— some hundreds in counters, as before mentioned, had lost them all, and had a debit of about 400l. against him. He was staking the maximum each time on either red or black. Sometimes he had a maximum on one of the other chances. The luck (?) was dead against him, and he only won once in every three or four coups. He came into the next room with me and had a brandy and soda. My luck is terrible, he said, awful! but I am going to sit it out. The chances must average up presently. Such,
• 51.
  however, was notthe case. He lost more and more, whilst beads of perspiration stood upon his forehead. 'Relaxing for a moment my attention from my friend and his play, and glancing at the roulette revolving, I noticed the ball roll into division No. 3, red. Strange to say, however, when the roulette came to rest, the winning number proved to be No. 26, black. Even then the thought did not occur to me that there was anything wrong; but shortly afterwards a similar event occurred, and then I felt sure there was a swindle somewhere. I went into the cloak-room where we had left our outer apparel, and putting on my opera hat and cape, returned to the scene. I pulled my hat well over my eyes and watched the board. Having a quick eye, and being used to roulette, I soon fathomed what is possibly the most beautiful swindle ever invented. The partitions which form the divisions into which the ball runs were constructed in one piece and movable, altogether apart from the numbers between which they were situated. In pressing upon the roulette to stop its motion in the usual manner, a sort of ratchet movement could be actuated which would turn the whole of the divisions round, carrying the ball with them, from one number to the next. Thus red could be turned into black, manque into passe, or pair into impair, according to the manner in which the stakes were placed. 'I was so completely upset by my discovery of this colossal swindle that I unfortunately committed a faux pas which enabled the gang to escape punishment. After I was thoroughly certain of the modus operandi, I looked round the room to see what help was at hand in the event of a tussle; but, not liking the look of the crowd, I decided to obtain assistance from the outside. Before doing so, I felt that my clear duty was to speak to the host, who had lent his rooms to Mr. X——. I motioned him apart, and on telling him that I wished to speak to him privately, he took me into his bedroom. Mr. Z——, I said, I think it my duty to tell you that this game is a gigantic swindle. The men who have lost have been cheated out of their money, and I described the process to him. It cannot be true, said
• 52.
  he, I haveknown X—— for years, and have been engaged in several large financial transactions with him, and I would stake my life upon his integrity. Well, I said, that may be so, but I am certain of what I say, and I shall prevent all the payment I can. As for my cheque of 10l., I shall stop it at the bank. (That cheque has never been presented from that day to this). 'I went out into the passage, leaving Z—— in his bedroom, and at that moment the well-known Mr. ——, F.R.C.S. was admitted at the door. I whispered to him, Play small and watch it, and went off for a detective. I was afterwards informed by my sawbones friend that play was stopped directly I left. 'The rest of the tale is soon told. I met my unfortunate friend outside his house, and found he had ended in losing 1,300l. His state was truly pitiable, and his relief was great when I told him that he need not pay a penny, as he had been duped. 'The next day private detectives were busy; but, unfortunately, the mechanical board had escaped them, and Mr. X—— and his confederates had cleared out of London. 'Would you believe it? X—— went to a well-known firm of solicitors, and wanted to commence an action against me; but they advised him to refrain from so doing. 'I traced many of the punters who had lost money that evening, and stopped the payment of very much that would otherwise have found its way into the pockets of the swindlers. The men whose interests I thus protected never thanked me. All I contrived to do for myself was to make many enemies. For the future I intend to leave the exposure of swindlers to those who are accustomed to that kind of work.' Under the general term of 'spindle-games,' a great variety of revolving wheels and pointers is sold. In all cases the 'game' consists of betting against the bank, upon the chances of a ball rolling into a
• 53.
  certain compartment, orof a pointer coming to rest opposite a certain number or division upon a dial. Countless are the dodges and devices resorted to with the object of controlling the chances or of removing them altogether. Things of this kind are commonly used for the purposes of cheating at race-meetings and horse fairs 'out west.' We have already seen how anything in the nature of a roulette can be sophisticated so as to give the bank every advantage, and insure certain loss to the players; and from this we may judge that something similar is possible in the case of a pointer or 'spear.' Indeed, the possibilities in this direction are endless, and all sorts of brakes and such devices for bringing the pointer to rest at a given spot have been invented. As an example we will investigate one system, which is in all probability the most ingenious ever devised, and which is but little known. Some years ago, the head of a well-known firm of electricians and experimentalists in Manchester was approached by an American, with a view to their undertaking the manufacture of a piece of apparatus, part of the drawings for which he submitted. The firm agreed to make what was required, and the work was commenced. As to what the apparatus could possibly be, or for what use it was intended, the manufacturers were completely in ignorance. Never having had experience of anything of the kind before, the whole thing was a mystery to them: all that they could infer from the utterances of their customer was that it was something in the nature of an experiment, and one which was of the greatest importance. Expense was absolutely no object whatever; all they had to concern themselves with was to see that the apparatus was thoroughly well and accurately made, and in accordance with the drawings given them. The contrivance itself was a sort of circular table-top; but, instead of being made of one solid thickness of wood, it was constructed in three sections or layers. The top and bottom pieces were simply plain discs, whilst the central one was a ring. These, being fastened together, made a kind of shallow box, the interior of
• 54.
  which could bereached by removing either the top or bottom of the whole arrangement. Into this internal circular cavity was fitted a disc of such a size that it was capable of turning freely within the table top without rattling about. Radially from the centre of this disc were cut about six or eight slots, at equal distances from each other, and sufficiently large to contain each a bar-magnet. The magnets being fixed into their respective slots, the disc carrying them was placed into the cavity prepared for its reception, and the outer wood-work was firmly glued together. To all outward appearance, then, the thing became simply a table-top, made in three thicknesses, the 'grain' of the middle thickness crossing that of the other two; an arrangement often adopted in cabinetwork to prevent warping. In the under side of the table-top, however, there was cut a small slot, concentric with the outer edge. This gave access to the movable piece within the interior, and a small stud was fixed into that piece, projecting a little beyond the under surface, so that by its means the inner piece could be revolved a short distance to the right or left. This incomprehensible scientific instrument having been completed to the satisfaction of the American gentleman, it was taken away by him, and the firm expected to hear nothing more of it. In this, however, they were mistaken. A few days afterwards their customer again called upon them, bringing with him another drawing, and requesting them to make this second device in accordance with his instructions. The drawing presented for the inspection of the firm this time was a representation of a very heavy iron pointer, so constructed as to revolve upon a pivot at its centre. Strange to say, the length of the pointer was just about equal to the diameter of the internal disc of the table-top previously made. The head of the firm began to 'smell a rat.' That pointer had served to point out to him the solution of what was previously inexplicable. Having formed his own conclusions, he openly taxed the American with having lured him into making an apparatus for cheating. Perfectly unabashed, the man admitted the soft impeachment, and quite calmly and collectedly revealed the full particulars of his
• 55.
  system, as thoughit were nothing at all unusual, and quite in the ordinary way of business. It appeared that this innocent form of amusement was intended to be taken 'out west,' and brought into action principally at horse- fairs. The table-top which the firm had made was destined to be covered with green cloth, in the centre of which a circle was marked out, its circumference being divided into spaces coloured alternately black and red. The number of these spaces was twice that of the magnets within the table. Thus, by moving the stud projecting below the table-top the magnets could be made to lie beneath either colour whilst the proprietor lied over the whole. Obviously, then, the iron pointer would always come to rest above one of the magnets, and in this way the colour at which it was allowed to stop could be decided by the operator. His plan of working was simply to note which colour had the most money staked upon it, and set his magnets so as to cause the pointer to stop at the other. Using an apparatus of this kind, the man had already made thousands of dollars; and he only required this improved and perfected machine to enable him to go back and make thousands more. The Americans are pretty generally regarded as being a smart people—but are they? In some ways, perhaps. All this being explained to the head of the Manchester firm, the natural exclamation which fell from him was, 'But suppose anyone among the bystanders happened to bring out a mariner's compass?' It appeared, however, even in that case, that all was not lost, and that the swindler would be equal to the occasion. Quietly putting his hand between his coat-tails, he drew out a neat little 'Derringer,' about a foot long, and observed, 'Wal, sir, I guess that compass would never git around my table. You kin bet on that.' That's the sort of man he was.
• 57.
  CHAPTER XIII SPORTING-HOUSES We nowcome to a consideration of the so-called 'sporting- houses,' otherwise, the firms who supply sharps with the appliances and tools of their craft. These places are many, and, as a rule, prosperous. Their dealings in 'advantage goods,' as these things are called by the fraternity, are of course 'under the rose,' and the real nature of their business is covered by the fact that they are supposed to be dealers in honest commodities of various kinds. Some of these people keep 'emporiums' for the ostensible sale of genuine gambling appliances, such as faro-tables, billiard-tables, dice, cards, c. Others will run businesses which are far removed from anything in the nature of gambling. The cheating business is, of course, kept in the background, although no great secret would appear to be made of it; the inference being, one may suppose, that it is not criminal to sell these things, although it is undoubtedly so to use them. Until quite recently it was no uncommon thing to find advertisements in certain of the American newspapers, to some such effect as 'Holdouts and other Sporting Tools.—Apply to Messrs. So- and-So,' giving the name and address. An advertisement of this kind would, of course, be simply Greek to the majority, although the sharps would understand its meaning readily enough. Upon applying to the advertiser, a sharp would receive a voluminous price list, setting forth the manifold beauties and advantages of the wares at his disposal, and showing conclusively that no other dealer had things so good to sell, and that the advertising firm was the most fair
• 58.
  SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. dealingand conscientious in the world, if their own account of themselves might be trusted. The first specimen of these literary and artistic productions to which we shall refer is a very exhaustive affair; so much so, in fact, that space will not allow it to be reprinted in its entirety. Besides cheating appliances it quotes all kinds of genuine gambling tools, which are of no importance to us in our present inquiry. Such parts, then, as have no reference to cheating have been excised, to avoid crowding these pages with unnecessary matter. The reader who has conscientiously followed, and taken pains to understand the explanations contained in previous chapters, will have no difficulty in arriving at a very fair notion of the various items given, and the significance of much that, otherwise, would possess no meaning for him. This catalogue is issued by a firm in San Francisco. THE ONLY SPORTING EMPORIUM ON THE PACIFIC COAST. (Name) (Name) , COMPANY. DEALERS IN AND MANUFACTURERS OF Sporting Goods. (Address) STREET, READ THIS! OUR TERMS ARE STRICTLY CASH.
• 59.
  All orders MUSTbe accompanied by a deposit, and no order will be entertained unless the deposit is indorsed or sent with the order, to show a guarantee of good faith. On small orders send the full amount, and thus save the double charges. Goods sent C. O. D. ONLY where a deposit comes with the order or guarantee from the Express Agent. All remittances can be sent by Express, Mail, Post Office Order, Stamps, or Registered Letter. All business strictly confidential, and all inquiries answered by return mail. WE WILL NOT DEVIATE FROM THE ABOVE TERMS. Always say whether you want Letters and Goods sent by Mail or Express. (Name and Address.) FARO TOOLS Dealing-boxes, plated $10 00 square, heavy German silver 16 00 square, heavy German plated 20 00 plated, sand tell 15 00 heavy German silver, sand tell 20 00 heavy German plated, sand tell 25 00 side lever, heavy plated 50 00 square, size-up 60 00 end squeeze, plain 75 00 end squeeze and lock up 100 00
• 60.
  end squeeze plain,to squeeze top and bottom 85 00 end squeeze lock-up, to squeeze top and bottom 100 00 balance top, plain 75 00 balance top to lock up 100 00 end squeeze, lock-up and size-up 125 00 end squeeze, lock-up and needle 125 00 latest style combination box, to work in four different ways, size-up, end squeeze, and needle, to lock up to a square box 175 00 shuffling board with needle 12 50 needle for table 2 50 very latest combination box to work in five different ways, size-up, sand tell, end squeeze, and needle, lock-up to a square box 200 00 In ordering, state exactly the kind of top that is desired, also if the box is to have bars inside or to be without bars. Our boxes are made with a view to simplicity, durability, and finish, are guaranteed to work perfectly, and pronounced by experts to be the best in the United States. Boxes of any style made to order and repaired. We are constantly making improvements in this line. Lever boxes altered into end squeeze. Trimming shears, metal block $40 00 metal block, to cut, size-up, and the odd 50 00 latest improved, with extra set screw 65 00 Lever pattern, metal block 40 00 to cut, size-up, and the odd 50 00 latest improved, with extra set screw 65 00
• 61.
  metal block, smallsize, suitable for travelling 35 00 metal block, small size, suitable for travelling to cut, size-up, and the odd 45 00 latest improved, to cut, size-up, and the odd, with extra set screw, and attachment, to hold monte cards while trimming 75 00 In ordering shears or lever-pattern trimmers, state what kind and style you want. Trimming plates (new style), our own design, to cut any size card, rounds or straights. A knife, razor, or any other sharp instrument can be used $7 50 Cutter, for cutting round corners on cards (something new), our own invention 20 00 for the odd only 20 00 Trimming shears sharpened and squared equal to new at short notice. You can do more and better work with our shears and trimmers than any other manufactured in the United States. They are made of the very best materials, and under our personal supervision. The cutting parts are made of the finest steel, and forged by hand, making them all that could be desired. Shuffling boards, very thin iron, broadcloth cover $3 00 for the odd 15 00 Faro dealing cards, best quality, either squared or unsquared, per dozen 15 00 per deck 1 25 best quality, cut for size-up 1 75 cut in any form, either wedges, rounds, and straights, end strippers, or any other kind, ready for use, per deck 2 50
• 62.
  In ordering cardscut, always send a king or ace that fits your box, or if your box is numbered, send the number, and state particularly how you want them done. Cash is required with all orders for trimmed cards. High-ball layouts, 3 by 4 feet $6 00 Other sizes and styles painted to order. High balls, walrus ivory, each 20 boxwood 10 High-ball bottles, leather, two in set, one square, $2 50, one holdout $7 50 $10 00 CLUBROOM FURNITURE Faro tables $75 00 to $100 00 Poker tables, our own invention 250 00 Dice tables, electric, complete, our invention 150 00 Poker and DICE TABLE combined 350 00 Grand hazard dice table, electric, complete, our own invention 175 00 Electric dice, 1/2 inch, each 2 50 Ivory dice top, to throw high or low as required, and one square to match 7 00 Ivory dice, 1/2 inch, round or square corners, each 25 9/16 inch, round corners, each 35 5/8 inch, round corners, each 45 3/4 inch, round corners, each 80 Ivory dice, 7/8 inch, round corners, each 1 25 1 inch, round corners, each 2 00 Horse for crap game, 1/2 inch, per pair 50 for top and bottom and 3 fair 1 00 3 high, 3 low, and 3 fair loaded (Eastern), per set 6 00
• 63.
  $25 00, 3000, 50 00, and loaded, our own manufacture, 1/2 inch, each 2 50 loaded, our own manufacture, 5/8 inch, each 2 75 loaded, our own manufacture, 3/4 or 7/8 inch, each 3 00 In ordering dice, please state which side you want to come up; also state if you want a square set to match. All kinds of ivory dice made to order. Bone dice, per dozen 25c. to 50c. Dice boxes, leather 25c. and 50c. smooth inside $1 00 KENO OUTFITS Keno, consisting of globe and stand, 100 cards, pegging boards, 100 pegs, ball board, 90 walrus balls and buttons, very fine $70 00 with boxwood balls, very fine 60 00 with walrus globes, plain globe 50 00 with boxwood balls, plain globe 40 00 Indicators, for registering cards sold 10 00 Pull-up peg board, for 100 cards 20 00 Keno cards, 9 rows, 5 in a row, 100 cards 15 00 Keno globe, for holding out extra balls 65 00 SHORT GAMES Vest holdout, our own pattern $25 00 Sleeve holdout 150 00 Table holdout, to work with the knee 15 00 The bug, to hold out extra cards from the table 1 00 Table reflector 5 00
• 64.
  Reflector, in sevenhalf-dollars 7 50 Reflector, in one half-dollar 2 50 Reflector, in one dollar $3 50 Reflector in pipe 5 00 Reflector to work on any ring 2 00 Reflector to fasten to greenbacks 2 00 Reflector plain 1 50 Reflector attached to machine, can be brought to palm of hand at will 25 00 Dummies, to imitate a stack of twenties, used to show in bankers' or money-brokers' windows, to represent $100 $2 75 to represent $200 3 25 to represent $300 3 75 to represent $400 4 00 to represent $500 5 00 Nail pricks, each 50 Acid fluid, for shading cards, 3 colours, very fine and entirely new, complete with directions, per set, 6 bottles 5 00 single bottle, any colour 1 00 MARKED CARDS Per dozen 10 00 Per deck 1 00 Glazed backs, round corners, per dozen 14 00 Glazed backs, round corners, per deck 1 25 By mail, 5 cents per deck extra. Strippers, cut to order for any short game, per dozen 7 00 cut to order for any short game, per deck 75 By mail, 5 cents per deck extra. In ordering these cards, state what kind of card preferred, and be particular to give full directions—just what you want them for, and
• 65.
  what cards youwant stripped. The next catalogue to which we refer hails from the State of New York, and is that from which extracts have been made during the progress of this book. It is particularly amusing, and deserves careful perusal on that account.
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  THE LATEST SLEEVEHOLDOUT The finest machine in this country. All late improvements, better made than some machines that are sold for $300. A better machine than the Kepplinger, of San Francisco, holdout. Made of fine and light pen steel, and works as well in shirt sleeves as with a coat on. The machine is fastened in a double shirt sleeve. The cards go in between the wristband and cuff. The wristband and cuff closes up when the cards are in, and anyone may look up your sleeve to your elbow and cannot see anything wrong. The holdout is worked by spreading your knees. The string runs through steel tubing that has capped pulley wheel joints. The string cannot bind or catch, and will work smoothly, easy, and noiselessly, every time alike. Give length of arm and size of shirt worn when ordering. Price, $100. Will send one C. O. D. $75, with privilege to examine, on receipt of $25. KEPPLINGER VEST, OR COAT MACHINE New, never before advertised. Made on same principle as the sleeve holdout, and works by spreading knees. String goes through adjustable tubing. Vest closes up tight when cards are in, and looks to be all buttoned up tight. Works equally well in coat. (This is almost a nickle-in-slot machine, and I will guarantee perfect satisfaction to anyone that wants a first-class vest or coat holdout.) Sent in vest all ready to put on and work. Price $75. Will send one C. O. D. $60, privilege to examine and try in express office, on receipt of $15. STUD POKER HOLDOUT Very light and compact, works under any ordinary cuff. Cards come out to palm of hand and go back out of sight. Works automatically by resting arm on edge of table. Also a good machine to cap the deck with. Price $30. Sent C. O. D. $20, privilege to examine, on receipt of $15.
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  ARM PRESSURE VESTMACHINE This machine weighs about three ounces, and is used half way down the vest, where it comes natural to hold your hands and cards. The work is done with one hand and the lower part of the same arm. You press against a small lever with the arm (an easy pressure of three-quarters of an inch throws out the cards back of a few others held in your left hand), and you can reach over to your checks or do anything else with the right hand while working the holdout. The motions are all natural, and do not cause suspicion. The machine is held in place by a web belt; you don't have to sew anything fast, but when you get ready to play you can put on the machine, and when through can remove it in half a minute. There are no plates, no strings to pull on, and no springs that are liable to break or get out of order. This machine is worth fifty of the old style vest plates for practical use, and you will say the same after seeing one. Price $15. Will send one C. O. D. $10, with privilege to examine, on receipt of $5. Will send one by registered mail on receipt of price, with the understanding that you may return it in exchange for other goods if not perfectly satisfactory. ARM PRESSURE SLEEVE MACHINE Same price and style as the arm pressure vest machine. (This holdout is the lightest and smoothest working arm pressure sleeve holdout made.) TEN DOLLAR SLEEVE HOLDOUT Light and compact, can be put on or taken off in two minutes, works by raising and lowering your arm. A good machine for small games. Sent by registered mail on receipt of the price. AUTOMATIC TABLE HOLDOUT Lightest made, fastens by patent steel claw. Can be put under a table and taken off instantly, as there are no screws or anything to
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