Food Security: Empty promises of technological solutions

Food Security: Empty promises of technological solutions

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  Development, 2006, 49(4),(33–38) r 2006 Society for International Development 1011-6370/06 www.sidint.org/development Thematic Section Food Security: Empty promises of technological solutions ANURADHA MITTAL ABSTRACT Anuradha Mittal questions if nano-technology is going to provide the next revolution in food and agriculture industry. This powerful new technology is being rushed on to the market by corporations before even basic safety concerns can be addressed. However, she points out there are many downsides in relation to health and environmental threats that are not taking into account by the world’s largest food and beverage corporations pushing nano-technology based solutions KEYWORDS biotech; GMOs; nano-technology; genetic engineering; food sovereignty; hunger; development Introduction In October 2002, the Zambian government turned down the offer from the US Agency for International Development (USAID) of genetically modified food aid, after the Zambian president sent a delegation to South Africa, Europe, and the US to assess the risks associated with the crops, by the Zambian president, concluded that GM food posed too great a risk to be accepted. The pro-GM lobby did not take well to this.‘Better Dead than GM Fed?’was the derisive response of The Economist. Tony Hall, US ambassador to the United Nations food agen- cies, claiming that Africa was on the verge of a catastrophe with its food crisis worsen- ing, he accused ‘well fed’ European experts and lobbyists of being selfish, ignorant Luddites for their opposition to US food aid.‘ ll of it has passed US food safety and envir- A onmental impact testing ^ the most rigorous in the world. For this reason, US biotech and non-biotech foods are mixed together.We do not, and see no need to separate them’, he claimed (Hickey and Mittal, 2003:1). Ambassador Hall’s statement involves a degree of official amnesia. Consider for example, the statement made by Phil Angell, Director of Corporate Communications at Monsanto. ‘Monsanto should not have to vouchsafe the safety of biotech food ... . Our interest is in selling as much of it as possible. Assuring its safety is the FDA’s job’ (http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res ¼ F2091EF93F590C768EDDA9 0994D0494D81, accessed 17 July 2006)). Or consider the StarLink corn controversy that rocked the US’food supply system in September 2000. Made byAventis Crop Science and only approved for animal feed due to concerns that it might cause allergic reactions Development (2006) 49(4), 33–38. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100295
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  Development 49(4): ThematicSection in humans, the StarLink biotech corn slipped into tion in today’s world when production and produc- the US food supply, sparking a nationwide recall tivity in agriculture have grown faster than of more than 300 kinds of corn-based products. demand (Mousseau and Mittal, 2005). GE crops In December 2002, traces of unapproved StarLink will not reverse hunger in theThird World because corn were found in a US shipment bound for the problem is not overall scarcity but unequal ac- Tokyo’s markets. In November 2002, traces of corn cess. The fact that almost 78 per cent of countries genetically engineered (GE) to produce an edible that report child malnutrition are food-exporting vaccine to protect piglets from diarrhoea were countries gives rise to the paradox of plenty. Ac- found in the autumn soy harvest in November cording to the Food and Agriculture Organization 2002 ^ mixed with beans that would soon be (FAO), the food is there. processed into dozens of groceries, from ice cream to salad dressing. World agriculture produces 17 per cent more calories per person today than it did 30 years ago, despite a 70 per cent population increase. Work in FAO shows Conveying a false sense of need, that world agriculture can produce enough to feed urgency, and safety humanity in the future without putting excessive pressure on prices or the environment. The existence In the developing world, where food security is a of 780 million chronically hungry people in the de- much more pressing concern, genetically enhanced veloping world today shows that there is something crops have been seen as a way to increase yields from fundamentally wrong in the distribution of food and the existing arable land. GM crops can help subsis- the resources with which to access it (FAO, 2002: 9). tence farmers provide more and better foods for their families or, in the case of revenue crops such as cot- A striking example of the promise of a techno- ton, get more value from their land by increasing yield. Also, crops could be enhanced through bio- logical solution to hunger is Golden Rice. (http:// technology to contain more nutrients and help mini- www.gene-watch.org/genewatch/articles/18-3Mittal. mize the effects of malnutrition. Most importantly, html, accessed 1 July 2006.) Six years ago, when GM crops can help provide these benefits in a sustain- opposition to GE food began to pick up steam able way, so that increasing populations can be fed around the world, the biotech industry mounted without placing additional pressure on natural habi- tats by destroying them for farming uses. (Frequently a $50 million-a-year public relations campaign to Asked Questions About Agricultural Biotechnology, extol the virtues of biotechnology, especially de- http://www.syngenta.com/en/about_syngenta/biotech_ velopments like Golden Rice, for their potential to faq.aspx, accessed 14 July 2006). improve world health and eradicate hunger. Syn- genta’s new version of GE rice supposedly has a The domestic failure of regulatory agencies in the tenfold higher content of beta-carotene, which US to safeguard the interests of the consumers, could fight Vitamin A deficiencies that cause sustainable food producers, and the environment, blindness among children and adults in develop- has not prevented the industry from conducting a concerted international pro-GM campaign, creat- ing countries. Aggressively advertised as a miracle grain to end suffering for millions around the ing a false sense of need and urgency. The key world, Golden Rice was promised by corporate arguments used in this pro-industry publicity public relations to be put in food bowls across blitz are‘poor washing’ ^ we must accept GE foods Asia. if we are to feed the poor in the Third World ^ and Six years later, with millions of dollars spent ‘green washing’ ^ biotech will create a world free and false hopes raised, this technological promise of pesticides and increase yields. by the biotech industry has only distracted attention and funding from what could be real, Poorwashing: Technological solutions to sustainable solutions to malnutrition. World hunger? health officials have concluded that poverty, not a Biotech companies claim that GE food will lack of modern technology, is the fundamental help feed the hungry in the world. Widespread cause of malnourishment. They also point out that 34 and persistent hunger is a fundamental contradic- nutritional deficits can be easily and cheaply
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  Mittal: Food andTechnology corrected with a more varied diet. Green leafy conducting joint research in transgenic crops, vegetables, oranges, and red palm oil all are high animals, and fisheries. Andy Mukherjee, in beta-carotene. a columnist for Bloomberg.Com enthusiastically Six years ago, developers of this grain had been announced, vague on how much Golden Rice a person would have to eat to get enough beta-carotene for the If the nuclear deal promises relief for India’s power- recommended daily vitamin A requirement. The starved industrial sector, the agricultural agreement has the potential to transform the nation’s poverty- data shows that in order for those most vulnerable ridden countryside. The economics are simply un- to this form of blindness, infants, to get enough beatabley Cotton production has been transformed vitamin A from breast milk, their mothers would since Monsanto was allowed to sell its GM cotton have to consume several pounds of cooked rice seeds to farmers in 2002. (http://www.bloomberg. per day. An adult male would need to eat a smaller, com/apps/news?pid ¼ 10000039&sid ¼ a5Y1sbpn3v TA&refer ¼ columnist_mukherjee, accessed 2 April but equally unlikely, amount of cooked golden rice 2006) to meet his daily vitamin A requirement. The new- er iterations of Golden Rice further reduce the Indeed, Bt cotton has transformed both the cotton number of pounds of rice a person would need to production and lives of farmers in India. While eat to meet their vitamin A requirement, but still the Indian government is busy opening its vast do nothing about a more basic problem. The body network of public sector agricultural research in- can only convert beta-carotene into vitamin A if stitutes to US private companies, the first 9 days the diet includes adequate amounts of fat and of March 2006 were marked with 25 farmers tak- proteins. The malnourished people whom Golden ing their own life in Maharashtra’s cotton growing Rice is supposed to help, however, are by definition district of Vidarbha. By 14 April 2006, an esti- also lacking fat and protein in their diets (Green- mated 443 farmers in the region had committed peace Briefing Packet, 2005). suicide to escape indebtedness since the start of Any lingering illusion of altruism on the part of the agriculture season on 2 June 2005. biotechnology companies dims when the subject of patents is raised. As with any product of scienti- What is driving this rash of suicides? fic research with a large market potential, the methods and techniques used in the process are Last December, India Together reported on the sui- heavily patented; the production of Golden Rice cide of Ramesh Rathod in the village of Bondgavhan, requires 70 of them. Licensing rights stemming Vidarbha. (http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/ from this proprietary information can mean huge mar/agr-counting.htm, 6 accessed April 2006) profits. So, when Syngenta, which owns many of He had purchased Bollgard brand MECH 162 vari- the patents on the rice, claims that1month of mar- ety from companies with commercial licence from keting delay would cause 50,000 children to go Mahyco/Monsanto for Rs 1800 ($36) per 450 g, blind, it is not acting out of corporate big-hearted- compared with Rs 450 ($9) that farmers pay for ness or concern for these children. It is just doing non-Bt seeds. what big business does best: looking out for the Ramesh’s hopes were dashed when his Bt cotton bottom line. crops had a severe pest attack and the leaves of his cotton plants turned red before drying up. After having spent a lot of money on inputs and Greenwashing: Increasing yields without the yield destroyed irreparably, he was in no posi- pesticides and increasing costs tion to pay back the loans he had taken out. Left In March 2006, India and US entered an agree- behind to pay back the debt and shoulder the re- ment on farm research and education. Known as sponsibility of a family including a young son and the India^US Knowledge Initiative on Agricultur- a daughter, Ramesh’s grieving widow, Dharmibai, al Education, Research, Services and Commercial used Endosulphane and Tracer ^ two costly pesti- Linkages, the agreement is about the US and India cides ^ against the bollworm pest, but the three 35
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  Development 49(4): ThematicSection acres of land did not even yield three quintals of the proving ground for technologies that can be cotton. adapted for surveillance, social control and biowar- fare. (http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid ¼ In April AFP reported the suicide of 34-year old 485, accessed 20 July 2006) Indian cotton farmer Chandrakant Gurenule. He too had bought the genetically modified cotton Nano-technology, involving the manipulation of seeds for his 15-acre (six-hectare) farm, only to matter at the scale of atoms and molecules, where watch his crops fail for two successive years.When size is measured in billionths of metres, is being there was no hope left, despite him selling off the touted as the next revolution in the food and agri- pair of bullocks he used to plough the fields, and culture industry. Most of the world’s largest food pawning his wife’s wedding jewellery, he doused and beverage corporations ^ including Unilever, himself in kerosene and lit a match on 1 April Nestle, and Kraft ^ are conducting research and Ł 2006. development on nano-scale technologies to engi- It is estimated that more than 4100 farmers neer, process, package, and deliver food and nutri- committed suicide in the western state of ents. Major agribusiness firms, such as Syngenta, Maharashtra in 2004. Increasing cost of produc- BASF, Bayer, and Monsanto are reformulating tion along with sliding global prices and dumping their pesticides at the nano-scale to make them of cheap subsidized cotton from outside the more biologically active and to win new monopoly country has been compounded by failure of Bt seeds. patents. It is estimated that over the next two dec- Devastated by bollworm pest, Bt crops have been ades, the impacts of nano-scale convergence on attacked by ‘Lalya’or ‘reddening’as well, a disease farmers and food will exceed that of farm mechan- unseen before which affected Bt more than the ization or of the Green Revolution (ETC Group, non-Bt cotton crop, resulting in 60 per cent of 2004). farmers in Maharashtra failing to recover costs Just like the biotech industry, the nano-tech in- from their first GM harvest. Some studies show dustry promises to feed the world and eradicate that farmers are spending Rs 6813 ($136.26) per poverty. Similar to the GM crops, this powerful acre compared to Rs 580 ($11.6) on non-Bt cotton new technology is being rushed on to the market since GE cotton requires more supplemental in- by corporations before even basic safety concerns secticide sprays. It is this failure of the Bt cotton can be addressed. Despite the fact that health and that resulted in the Genetic Engineering Approval environmental threats can occur from the pro- Committee (GEAC) of India banning Mech 12, duction, use and disposal of nano-particles, a Mech 184, and Mech 162 varieties in Andhra handful of food and nutrition products containing Pradesh while Mech12 was banned all over Southern invisible and un-labelled nano-scale additives are India. (http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp? on supermarket shelves and a number of pesti- fodname ¼ 20060501&fname ¼ Farmers+%28F%29 cides containing nano-scale materials have been &sid ¼ 3&pn ¼ 1, accessed 10 April 2006) released in the environment and are commer- cially available. It is known that ultrafine (nano) particles in air Nano-technology: Another revolution in pollution can be up to 50 times more damaging to the countryside lung tissue than fine particles of the same chemi- cals. Scientists believe that ultrafine particles are From soil to supper, nanotechnology will not only change how every step of the food chain operates but more toxic due to both their small size and their it will also change who is involved. At stake is the ability to carry loads of toxic metals and hydrocar- world’s $3 trillion food retail market, agricultural ex- bons into the lungs, exacerbating breathing port markets valued at $544 billion, the livelihoods problems and asthma. Nano-particles can also da- of some 2.6 billion farming people and the well-being mage the body’s natural defenses or, conversely, of the rest of us who depend upon farmers for our dai- ly bread. Nanotech has profound implications for cause increased responses to common allergens. farmers (and fisher people and pastoralists) and for They can also lead to the formation of free 36 food sovereignty worldwide. Agriculture may also be radicals, highly reactive elements that can
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  Mittal: Food andTechnology damage or destroy cells and cause inflammation, The insurance industry’s concerns are, however, heart and lung disease. In a summer 2002 study, important. Both Allianze Insurance and Swiss RE fifteen per cent of rats exposed to nano-tubes in have developed briefings that point to the hazards the lungs unexpectedly died immediately, and a and lack of regulations and call for minimizing 2004 study showed damage to the brain in fish exposures and note that some nano-technologies exposed to nano-particles. In the absence of may be excluded from coverage (http://www. long-term studies, little is known about the envir- allianz.com/Az_Cnt/az/_any/cma/contents/796000/ onmental persistence or impact of engineered saObj_796424_allianz_study_Nanotechnology_engl. nano-particles and it is difficult to predict which pdf, accessed 15 July 2006). The Royal Society, the of these new materials may bioaccumulate and leading organization of scientists in the UK, has persist (Margulis, 2005). warned that new nano-materials should be tested It is the small farmers and agricultural workers as new materials, that environmental uses of in the developing world, however, who would be nano-particles should be prohibited and that any most adversely affected by nano-technology. ETC nano-particles escaping from factories should Group notes that be treated as hazardous. The Royal Society also recommends that any products containing Poor farmers are seldom in a position to respond nano-materials be labelled for consumers. quickly to abrupt economic changes. Particularly at risk are farm communities and countries in the glo- bal South that depend on primary export commod- ities such as rubber and cotton ^ products that could The turning tide be displaced by new nanotech materials (ETC Group, Given the environmental and health risks and 2004). concerns around the impact of such technologies However, the federal agencies do not seem eager to on small farmers and developing countries, there slow the industry. A Food and Drug Administra- is a need for a wide debate and true public partici- tion presentation states that ‘to date there have pation from all sectors, including farmers, civil so- been no issues with current products as a result ciety organizations, and social movements. of size’ and alarmingly claims that ‘existing Developments in technology without transpar- pharmtox tests are probably adequate for most ency and safeguards, and with the rush to market nano-products’ (http://www.fda.gov/nanotech- new products that may cause serious economic, nology/OhioNano.ppt#1, accessed 17 July 2006). health and environmental problems, will generate The Environmental Protection Agency is just a public backlash. The industry can choose to starting a process to consider the risks of engi- dismiss concerns around safety, environmental neered nano-particles under its outdated chemi- risks, intellectual property rights and corporate cal regulations (the 1976 Toxic Substances ethics. However, it cannot ignore the possibility Control Act), and setting up a‘voluntary pilot pro- that its customers, including farmers and gram’ for assessing currently or imminently mar- consumers, may not be as willing to dismiss these keted nano-materials (http://www.epa.gov/oppt/ concerns. npptac/nanowgoverviewdraft050921finalv2.pdf, Civil society organizations such as ETC Group accessed 18 July 2006). In the meanwhile the US have demanded that all food, feed, and beverage Patent and Trademark Office has established a products incorporating manufactured nano-par- new classification for nano-technology patents. ticles be removed from the shelves and new ones ETC Researcher, Kathy Jo Wetter notes be prohibited from commercialization until com- panies and regulators have shown that they have ‘It’s ironic that a company can win a monopoly patent taken nano-scale property changes into account. because their nano-scale product is recognized as Similarly, nano-scale formulations of agricultural novel, but food and safety regulators have yet to ac- knowledge the novelty of the nano-scale’ (http:// products such as pesticides and fertilizers should www.voyle.net/Nano%20Debate/Debate2004-0022. be prohibited from environmental release until htm, accessed 12 July 2006). a regulatory regime specifically designed to 37
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  Development 49(4): ThematicSection examine these nano-scale products finds them of cotton and other crops, they shouted slogans safe (ETC Group, 2004). damning the GM seeds and the high-yielding Innovest Strategic Value Advisors (a financial crops that have pushed them into poverty, indebt- services leader in analyzing the economic impact edness and hunger. Their demand to make Orissa of environmental and social issues), in a report an organic state followed 200 villages in the tribal commissioned by Greenpeace, warned share- belt of the area that have already declared them- holders that Monsanto, the world’s leader in selves ‘organic villages’ and are cultivating indi- developing and marketing GE seeds, is facing genous seeds on more than 17,000 acres. substantial market risks that could threaten fu- The opposition in the developing world is ture earnings of the company due to genetic con- matched by growing resistance in the US. Mendocino, tamination, sustained market rejection both in Marin, Trinity, Santa Cruz counties in California the US and abroad, competition and product fail- and Brooklin in Maine have declared their ures (http://www.greenpeace.org/international/ municipality a Genetically Modified Organisms press/releases/monsanto-investors-face-catast, (GMO) Free Zone. Recently, the Sierra Club, the accessed 20 July 2006). largest grassroots environmental organization in Concerned over the adverse impact of Bt cotton the US, together with the Sierra Club of Canada, cultivation in India, farmers burnt huge stacks of sent a letter to the World Bank challenging its the harvested produce in Maharashtra on 11 May involvement, together with the Global Envi- 2006. Krishan Bir Chaudhary, Executive chair- ronmental Facility, in biotech ‘harmonization’ man of Bharat Krishak Samaj, the largest farmers programs in Africa and Latin America. organization in India, said, ‘We had to take this It is time for corporations to accept that step to bring to the knowledge of the government food and agriculture are sacred for farmers and and biotech companies that farmers will no longer communities worldwide. In spite of all their bear the injustice caused due to failure of Bt efforts, as long as corporations attempt to gag cotton’. In March 2005, more than 3000 tribal the voices of the poor, indigenous people, the women participated in seed satyagraha, or non- peasants, civil society, they cannot claim to offer violent resistance, in Orissa, India. Around the us an agricultural system that is just, sustainable, bonfire of hybrid and genetically modified seeds or honourable. References ETC Group (2004) Down on the Farm:The Impact of Nano-ScaleTechnologies on Food and Agriculture, Ottawa: Etc Group. Greenpeace Briefing Packet (2005) All That Glitters is Not Gold:The False Hope of Golden Rice, Greenpeace. FAO (2002) Reducing Poverty and Hunger: The Critical role of Financing for Food, Agriculture and Development’, Rome: FAO. Hickey, Ellen and Anuradha Mittal (eds.) (2003) Voices From the South: The Third World debunks corporate myths on genetically engineered crops, Oakland: Food First Books. Margulis, Charles (2005) ‘Nanotechnology: New promises, new problems, Center for Environmental Health briefing paper. Mousseau, Frederic and Anuradha Mittal (2005) Inequity in International Agricultural Trade: The marginalization of developing countries and their small farmers’, Oakland,The Oakland Institute. The Economist (2002) ‘GM Crops in Africa’, 19 September. 38