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2010 Guidelines on Thoracic Aortic Disease
The document outlines the 2010 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of thoracic aortic disease, emphasizing the importance of early detection of asymptomatic conditions to prevent acute complications. It provides a classification of recommendations for various interventions and imaging techniques alongside critical assessment criteria for risk evaluation, particularly for conditions such as aortic dissection. The guidelines also incorporate management strategies for both acute cases and ongoing patient care, stressing the significance of anatomical and functional evaluations in treatment planning.
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2010 Guidelines on Thoracic Aortic Disease
- 1. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/ SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM Guidelines forthe Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease Circulation. 2010;121:e266-e369.
- 2. Classification of Recommendations ClassI Class IIa Class IIb Class III Benefit >>> Risk Benefit >> Risk Benefit ≥ Risk Risk ≥ Benefit Additional studies with Additional studies with No additional studies focused objectives broad objectives needed needed needed; Additional registry data would be Procedure/Treatment Procedure/ Treatment IT IS REASONABLE helpful should NOT be SHOULD be to perform performed/administered performed/ procedure/administer Procedure/Treatment SINCE IT IS NOT administered treatment MAY BE HELPFUL AND MAY CONSIDERED BE HARMFUL Alternative Phrasing: should is reasonable may/might be considered is not recommended is recommended can be useful/effective/ may/might be reasonable is not indicated is indicated beneficial usefulness/effectiveness should not is useful/effective/ is probably is unknown/unclear/ is not beneficial recommended or uncertain or not well useful/effective/beneficial indicated established may be harmful
- 3. Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence Class I Class IIa Class IIb Class III Benefit >>> Risk Benefit >> Risk Benefit ≥ Risk Risk ≥ Benefit Additional studies Additional studies with No additional studies with focused broad objectives needed objectives needed needed; Additional registry data would be Procedure/Treatment Procedure/ IT IS REASONABLE helpful should NOT be Treatment SHOULD to perform performed/administered be performed/ procedure/administer Procedure/Treatment SINCE IT IS NOT administered treatment MAY BE HELPFUL AND MAY BE CONSIDERED HARMFUL Level of Evidence: Level A: Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses Multiple populations evaluated; Level B: Data derived from a single randomized trial or nonrandomized studies Limited populations evaluated Level C: Only consensus of experts opinion, case studies, or standard of care Very limited populations evaluated
- 4. Critical Issues forThoracic Aortic Diseases As the writing committee developed this TAD guideline, several critical issues emerged: • Thoracic aortic diseases (TADs) are usually asymptomatic and not easily detectable until an acute and often catastrophic complication occurs. • The identification and treatment of stable patients at risk for acute and catastrophic disease presentations (eg, thoracic aortic dissection (AoD) and thoracic aneurysm rupture) prior to such an occurrence are paramount to eliminating the high morbidity and mortality associated with acute presentations. • Imaging of the thoracic aorta is the only method to detect thoracic aortic diseases and determine risk for future complications.
- 5. Critical Issues forTADs • A subset of patients with acute AoD are subject to missed or delayed detection of this catastrophic disease state. – Many present with atypical symptoms and findings, making diagnosis even more difficult. – Widespread awareness of the varied and complex nature of TAD presentations has been lacking, especially for acute AoD.
- 6. Guidelines for ThoracicAortic Disease Recommendations for Aortic Imaging Techniques to Determine the Presence and Progression of Thoracic Aortic Disease
- 7. Recommendations for AorticImaging Techniques to Determine the Presence and Progression of TAD I IIa IIb III Measurements of aortic diameter should be taken at reproducible anatomic landmarks, perpendicular to the axis of blood flow, and reported in a clear and consistent. For measurements taken by CT imaging or MRI, the external diameter should be measured I IIa IIb III perpendicular to the axis of blood flow. For aortic root measurements, the widest diameter, typically at the mid-sinus level, should be used.
- 8. Recommendations for ImagingTechniques to Determine the Presence and Progression of TAD I IIa IIb III For measurements taken by echocardiography, the internal diameter should be measured perpendicular to the axis of blood flow. For aortic root measurements, the widest diameter, typically at the mid-sinus level, should be used. I IIa IIb III Abnormalities of aortic morphology should be recognized and reported separately even when aortic diameters are within normal limits.
- 9. Recommendations for ImagingTechniques to Determine the Presence and Progression of TAD I IIa IIb III The finding of aortic dissection, aneurysm, traumatic injury and/or aortic rupture should be immediately communicated to the referring physician. I IIa IIb III Techniques to minimize episodic and cumulative radiation exposure should be utilized whenever possible. I IIa IIb III If clinical information is available, it can be useful to relate aortic diameter to the patient’s age and body size.
- 10. Essential Elements ofAortic Imaging Reports The following table outlines specific qualitative and quantitative elements that are important to include in CT and MR reports 1. The location at which the aorta is abnormal. 2. The maximum diameter of any dilatation, measured from the external wall of the aorta, perpendicular to the axis of flow, and the length of the aorta that is abnormal. 3. For patients with presumed or documented genetic syndromes at risk for aortic root disease measurements of aortic valve, sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta. 4. The presence of internal filling defects consistent with thrombus or atheroma. 5. The presence of intramural hematoma (IMH), penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU), and calcification. 6. Extension of aortic abnormality into branch vessels, including dissection and aneurysm, and secondary evidence of end-organ injury (eg, renal or bowel hypoperfusion). 7. Evidence of aortic rupture, including periaortic and mediastinal hematoma, pericardial and pleural fluid, and contrast extravasation from the aortic lumen. 8. When a prior examination is available, direct image to image comparison to determine if there has been any increase in diameter. Note: This is Table 5 in the full-text version of the TAD Guideline
- 11. Guidelines for ThoracicAortic Disease Recommendations for Initial Evaluation and Management of Acute Thoracic Aortic Disease
- 12. Recommendations for Estimationof Pretest Risk of Thoracic Aortic Dissection I IIa IIbIII Providers should routinely evaluate any patient presenting with complaints that may represent acute thoracic aortic dissection to establish a pretest risk of disease that can then be used to guide diagnostic decisions. This process should include specific questions about: • medical history • family history • pain features This process should also include a focused examination to identify findings that are associated with aortic dissection (outlined in the next 3 slides).
- 13. Estimation of PretestRisk of Thoracic Aortic Dissection High Risk Conditions • Marfan Syndrome 1 • Connective tissue disease* • Family history of aortic disease • Known aortic valve disease • Recent aortic manipulation (surgical or catheter-based) • Known thoracic aortic aneurysm • Genetic conditions that predispose to AoD† * Loeys-Dietz syndrome, vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Turner syndrome, or other connective tissue disease. †Patients with mutations in genes known to predispose to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection, such as FBN1, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, ACTA2, and MYH11.
- 14. Estimation of PretestRisk of Thoracic Aortic Dissection High Risk Pain Features 2 Chest, back, or abdominal pain features described as pain that: • is abrupt or instantaneous in onset. • is severe in intensity. • has a ripping, tearing, stabbing, or sharp quality.
- 15. Estimation of PretestRisk of Thoracic Aortic Dissection High Risk Examination Features 3 • Pulse deficit • Systolic BP limb differential > 20mm Hg • Focal neurologic deficit • Murmur of aortic regurgitation (new or not known to be old and in conjunction with pain)
- 16. Recommendations for Estimationof Pretest Risk of Thoracic Aortic Dissection I IIa IIb III Patients presenting with sudden onset of severe chest, back, and/or abdominal pain, particularly those less than 40 years of age, should be questioned about a history and examined for physical features of Marfan syndrome, Loeys- Dietz syndrome, vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Turner syndrome, or other connective tissue disorder associated with thoracic aortic disease.
- 17. Recommendations for Estimationof Pretest Risk of Thoracic Aortic Dissection I IIa IIb III Patients presenting with sudden onset of severe chest, back, and/or abdominal pain should be questioned about a history of aortic pathology in immediate family members as there is a strong familial component to acute thoracic aortic disease. I IIa IIb III Patients presenting with sudden onset of severe chest, back, and/or abdominal pain should be questioned about recent aortic manipulation (surgical or catheter-based) or a known history of aortic valvular disease, as these factors predispose to acute aortic dissection.
- 18. Recommendations for Estimationof Pretest Risk of Thoracic Aortic Dissection I IIa IIb III In patients with suspected or confirmed aortic dissection who have experienced a syncopal episode, a focused examination should be performed to identify associated neurologic injury or the presence of pericardial tamponade. I IIa IIb III All patients presenting with acute neurologic complaints should be questioned about the presence of chest, back, and/or abdominal pain and checked for peripheral pulse deficits as patients with dissection-related neurologic pathology are less likely to report thoracic pain than the typical aortic dissection patient.
- 19. Risk-based Diagnostic Evaluation: Patients with Low Risk of TAD Patients with no high-risk features of TAD present are considered at low risk for TAD. The following clinical steps are recommended for low-risk TAD patients: Expedited aortic imaging Proceed with diagnostic • TEE (preferred if clinically unstable) evaluation as clinically • CT scan (image entire aorta: chest to pelvis) indicated by presentation. • MR (image entire aorta: chest to pelvis) Yes Yes Alternative diagnosis No Unexplained identified? hypotension or widened mediastinum on CXR? Yes No Initiate appropriate Therapy. Consider aortic imaging study for TAD based on clinical scenario (particularly in patients with advanced age, risk factors for aortic disease, or syncope)
- 20. Risk-based Diagnostic Evaluation: Patients with Intermediate Risk of TAD The following steps for patients with intermediate risk of TAD should be followed when any single high-risk feature is present. Likely primary ACS. In absence of other EKG consistent Yes perfusion deficits, strongly consider with STEMI? immediate coronary re-perfusion therapy. If No PTCA performed, is culprit lesion identified? CXR with clear Yes Alternate diagnosis? Initiate appropriate therapy. No Yes History and physical exam strongly Alternate diagnosis suggestive of specific alternate diagnosis? confirmed by further testing? No Expedited aortic imaging No • TEE (preferred if clinically unstable) • CT scan (image entire aorta: chest to pelvis) • MR (image entire aorta: chest to pelvis)
- 21. Risk-based Diagnostic Evaluation: Patients with High Risk of TAD Patients at high-risk for TAD are those that present with at least 2 high-risk features (outlined in more detail in the following slides). The recommended course of action for high-risk TAD patients is to seek immediate surgical consultation and arrange for expedited aortic imaging. Expedited aortic imaging • TEE (preferred if clinically unstable) • CT scan (image entire aorta: chest to pelvis) • MR (image entire aorta: chest to pelvis)
- 22. Risk Factors forDevelopment of Thoracic Aortic Dissection Conditions Associated With Increased Aortic Wall Stress • Hypertension, particularly if uncontrolled • Pheochromocytoma • Cocaine or other stimulant use • Weight lifting or other Valsalva maneuver • Trauma • Deceleration or torsional injury (eg, motor vehicle crash, fall) • Coarctation of the aorta Note: Information on this slide is adapted from Table 9 in full-text version of TAD Guidelines
- 23. Risk Factors forDevelopment of Thoracic Aortic Dissection Conditions Associated With Aortic Media Abnormalities Genetic • Marfan syndrome • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular form • Bicuspid aortic valve (including prior aortic valve replacement) • Turner syndrome • Loeys-Dietz syndrome • Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection syndrome Note: Information on this slide is adapted from Table 9 in full-text version of TAD Guidelines
- 24. Risk Factors forDevelopment of Thoracic Aortic Dissection Conditions Associated With Aortic Media Abnormalities (continued) Inflammatory vasculitides • Takayasu arteritis • Giant cell arteritis • Behçet arteritis Other • Pregnancy • Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease • Chronic corticosteroid or immunosuppression agent administration • Infections involving the aortic wall either from bacteremia or extension of adjacent infection Note: Information on this slide is adapted from Table 9 in full-text version of TAD Guidelines
- 25. Aortic Dissection Classification: DeBakey and Stanford Classifications Note: Figure 20 in full-text version of TAD Guidelines. Reprinted with permission from The Cleveland Clinic Foundation.
- 26. Recommendations for ScreeningTests I IIa IIb III An ECG should be obtained on all patients who present with symptoms that may represent acute thoracic aortic dissection. Given the relative infrequency of dissection- related coronary artery occlusion, the presence of STEMI should be treated as a primary cardiac event without delay for definitive aortic imaging unless the patient is at high risk for aortic dissection.
- 27. Recommendations for ScreeningTests I IIa IIb III The role of CXR in the evaluation of possible thoracic aortic disease should be directed by the patient’s pretest risk of disease as follows. • Intermediate risk: CXR should be performed on all intermediate-risk patients, as it may establish a clear alternate diagnosis that will obviate the need for definitive aortic imaging. • Low risk: CXR should be performed on all low- risk patients, as it may either establish an alternative diagnosis or demonstrate findings that are suggestive of thoracic aortic disease, indicating the need for urgent definitive aortic imaging.
- 28. Recommendations for ScreeningTests I IIa IIb III Urgent and definitive imaging of the aorta using TEE, CT imaging, or MRI is recommended to identify or exclude thoracic aortic dissection in patients at high risk for the disease by initial screening. A negative CXR should not delay definitive I IIa IIb III aortic imaging in patients determined to be high risk for aortic dissection by initial screening.
- 29. Recommendations for InitialManagement Initial management of thoracic aortic dissection should be directed at decreasing aortic wall stress by controlling heart rate and blood pressure as follows: I IIa IIb III a. In the absence of contraindications, intravenous beta blockade should be initiated and titrated to a target heart rate of 60 beats per minute or less. I IIa IIb III b. In patients with clear contraindications to beta blockade, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel–blocking agents should be used as an alternative for rate control.
- 30. Recommendations for InitialManagement I IIa IIb III c. If SBP > 120mm Hg after adequate heart rate control has been obtained, then ACEIs and/or other vasodilators should be administered intravenously to further reduce BP that maintains adequate end-organ perfusion. d. Beta blockers should be used cautiously in the setting of acute aortic regurgitation because I IIa IIb III they will block the compensatory tachycardia.
- 31. Recommendations for InitialManagement I IIa IIb III Vasodilator therapy should not be initiated prior to rate control so as to avoid associated reflex tachycardia that may increase aortic wall stress, leading to propagation or expansion of a thoracic aortic dissection.
- 32. Acute AoD ManagementPathway STEP 1: Immediate post-diagnosis management and disposition considerations • Arrange for definitive management: – Appropriate surgical consultation – Inter-facility transfer if indicated based on institutional capabilities • If transfer required, initiate aggressive medical management until transfer occurs.
- 33. Acute AoD ManagementPathway STEP 2: Initial management of aortic wall stress • Obtain accurate BP prior to beginning treatment. • Measure in both arms. • Base treatment goals on highest BP reading.
- 34. Acute AoD ManagementPathway STEP 2: Initial management of aortic wall stress Intravenous rate and pressure control No Hypotension Rate/Pressure Control 1 or shock state? Intravenous beta blockade or Labetalol (If contraindication to beta blockade Yes substitute diltiazem or verapamil) Titrate to heart rate <60 + Anatomic based management Pain Control 2 Intravenous opiates Titrate to pain control Systolic BP >120mm HG? Secondary pressure control BP Control Intravenous vasodilator 3 Titrate to BP <120mm HG (Goal is lowest possible BP that maintains adequate end organ perfusion)
- 35. Acute AoD ManagementPathway STEP 2: Initial management of aortic wall stress Anatomic based management Type A dissection Type B dissection 1 Urgent surgical consultation 1 Intravenous fluid bolus + •Titrate to MAP of 70mm HG Arrange for expedited or Euvolemia operative management (If still hypotensive begin intravenous vasopressor agents) Intravenous fluid bolus 2 Evaluate etiology of •Titrate to MAP of 70mm HG 2 or Euvolemia hypotension (If still hypotensive begin • Review imaging study for intravenous vasopressor agents) evidence of contained rupture • Consider TTE to evaluate Review imaging study for: cardiac function 3 • Pericardial tamponade • Contained rupture 3 Urgent surgical consultation • Severe aortic insufficiency
- 36. Acute AoD ManagementPathway STEP 3: Definitive management • Depending on the results from the pressure control or anatomic based management, continued treatment will involve either: – ongoing medical management, or – operative or interventional management.
- 37. Acute AoD ManagementPathway STEP 3: Definitive management Based on results from intravenous Based on results from anatomic rate and pressure control: based management: No Dissection involving Etiology of hypotension the ascending aorta? Amenable to operative management? Ongoing medical management Close hemodynamic monitoring Maintain systolic BP < 120mm Hg (Lowest BP that maintains end organ perfusion) Operative or Complications requiring operative Operative or or interventional management? interventional Yes Yes interventional Limb or mesenteric ischemia management management Progression of dissection Aneurysm expansion Uncontrolled hypertension
- 38. Acute AoD ManagementPathway STEP 4: Transition to outpatient management and disease surveillance • If no complications present requiring operative or interventional management, transition to: – Oral medications (beta blockade/ anti- hypertensives regimen) – Outpatient disease surveillance imaging Note: For full algorithm, see Figure 26 in full-text version of TAD Guidelines
- 39. Recommendations for DefinitiveManagement I IIa IIb III Urgent surgical consultation should be obtained for all patients diagnosed with thoracic aortic dissection regardless of the anatomic location (ascending versus descending) as soon as the diagnosis is made or highly suspected. I IIa IIb III Acute thoracic aortic dissection involving the ascending aorta should be urgently evaluated for emergent surgical repair because of the high risk of associated life-threatening complications such as rupture.
- 40. Recommendations for DefinitiveManagement I IIa IIb III Acute thoracic aortic dissection involving the descending aorta should be managed medically unless life-threatening complications develop (ie, malperfusion syndrome, progression of dissection, enlarging aneurysm, inability to control blood pressure or symptoms).
- 41. Guidelines for ThoracicAortic Disease Recommendation for Surgical Intervention for Acute Thoracic Aortic Dissection
- 42. Recommendation for SurgicalIntervention for Acute Thoracic Aortic Dissection I IIa IIb III For patients with ascending thoracic aortic dissection, all aneurysmal aorta and the proximal extent of the dissection should be resected. A partially dissected aortic root may be repaired with aortic valve resuspension. Extensive dissection of the aortic root should be treated with aortic root replacement with a composite graft or with a valve sparing root replacement. If a DeBakey Type II dissection is present, the entire dissected aorta should be replaced.
- 43. Acute Surgical ManagementPathway for AoD The following steps outline ascending TAD by imaging study. STEP 1: Determine patient suitability for surgery • If not suitable, begin medical management. STEP 2: Determine stability for pre-op testing • If not sufficiently stable, proceed with urgent operative management.
- 44. Acute Surgical ManagementPathway for AoD STEP 3: Determine likelihood of coexistent CAD Yes Assess need for Is patient age >40? preoperative coronary angiography Yes No • Known CAD? • Significant risk factors No for CAD? Yes Urgent operative No Significant CAD by management angiography? Yes Plan for CABG if appropriate at time of AoD repair
- 45. Acute Surgical ManagementPathway for AoD STEP 4: Intra-operative evaluation of aortic valve • Perform intra-operative assessment of aortic valve by TEE. Aortic Regurgitation? or Dissection of aortic sinuses? Yes No STEP 5: Surgical intervention Graft replacement of ascending aorta Graft replacement +/- aortic arch of ascending aorta and repair/ replacement +/- aortic arch of aortic valve Note: For full algorithm, see Figure 22 in full-text version of TAD Guidelines.
- 46. Guidelines for ThoracicAortic Disease Recommendation for Intramural Hematoma Without Intimal Defect
- 47. Recommendation for Intramural Hematoma Without Intimal Defect I IIa IIb III It is reasonable to treat intramural hematoma similar to aortic dissection in the corresponding segment of the aorta.
- 48. Guidelines for ThoracicAortic Disease Recommendation for History and Physical Examination for Thoracic Aortic Disease
- 49. Recommendation for Historyand Physical Exam for TAD I IIa IIb III For patients presenting with a history of acute cardiac and noncardiac symptoms associated with a significant likelihood of thoracic aortic disease, the clinician should perform a focused physical examination, including a careful and complete search for arterial perfusion differentials in both upper and lower extremities, evidence of visceral ischemia, focal neurologic deficits, a murmur of aortic regurgitation, bruits, and findings compatible with possible cardiac tamponade.
- 50. Guidelines for ThoracicAortic Disease Recommendations for General Medical Treatment and Risk Factor Management for Patients with Thoracic Aortic Diseases
- 51. Recommendation for Medical Treatmentof patients with TAD I IIa IIb III Stringent control of hypertension, lipid profile optimization, smoking cessation, and other atherosclerosis risk-reduction measures should be instituted for patients with small aneurysms not requiring surgery, as well as for patients who are not considered to be surgical or stent graft candidates.
- 52. Recommendations for BloodPressure Control I IIa IIb III Antihypertensive therapy should be administered to hypertensive patients with thoracic aortic diseases to achieve a goal of less than 140/90 mmHg (patients without DM) or less than 130/80 mm Hg (patients with DM or CKD) to reduce the risk of stroke, MI, HF, and cardiovascular death. Beta adrenergic–blocking drugs should be I IIa IIb III administered to all patients with Marfan syndrome and aortic aneurysm to reduce the rate of aortic dilatation unless contraindicated.
- 53. Recommendations for BloodPressure Control I IIa IIb III For patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm, it is reasonable to reduce BP with beta blockers and ACEIs or ARB to the lowest point patients can tolerate without adverse effects. I IIa IIb III An ARB (losartan) is reasonable for patients with Marfan syndrome, to reduce the rate of aortic dilatation unless contraindicated.
- 54. Guidelines for ThoracicAortic Disease Recommendations for Asymptomatic Patients with Ascending Aortic Aneurysm
- 55. Recommendations for AsymptomaticPatients with Ascending Aortic Aneurysm I IIa IIb III Asymptomatic patients with degenerative thoracic aneurysm, chronic aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, mycotic aneurysm, or pseudoaneurysm, who are otherwise suitable candidates and for whom the ascending aorta or aortic sinus diameter > 5.5 cm, should be evaluated for surgical repair. I IIa IIb III Patients with Marfan syndrome or other genetically mediated disorders (vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Turner syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, or familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection) should undergo elective operation at smaller diameters (4.0 to 5.0 cm depending on the condition) to avoid acute dissection or rupture.
- 56. Recommendations for AsymptomaticPatients with Ascending Aortic Aneurysm I IIa IIb III Patients with a growth rate > 0.5 cm/y in an aorta that is less than 5.5 cm in diameter should be considered for operation. I IIa IIb III Patients undergoing aortic valve repair or replacement and who have an ascending aorta or aortic root of greater than 4.5 cm should be considered for concomitant repair of the aortic root or replacement of the ascending aorta.
- 57. Guidelines for ThoracicAortic Disease Recommendation for Symptomatic Patients With Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
- 58. Recommendation for Symptomatic PatientsWith thoracic Aortic Aneurysm I IIa IIb III Patients with symptoms suggestive of expansion of a thoracic aneurysm should be evaluated for prompt surgical intervention unless life expectancy from comorbid conditions is limited or quality of life is substantially impaired.